The certificate transmitted to us by the Court of Civil Appeals while doubtless intended to cover fully the case and the entire and precise case pending before them does not state the facts quite so fully as same appear in the opinion which accompanies same. I think in view of the reference in the certificate to the opinion of the court that said opinion may and should be looked to in explanation of certain of the facts and dates stated generally in the certificate before us. It appears that Bender had for some little time before November 13, 1906, been fully aware of the financial condition of the corporation in which he had purchased stock. It is also shown that some little time before the date last named he had approached McKallip, one of the defendants in the court below, as to the financial condition of the company, who said to him that he (McKallip) "would pull it out of the hole." With full knowledge, therefore, of the condition of the company of which he was an employee and relying on McKallip to pull the company out of its financial difficulties or at least having such promise in mind the stockholders' meeting of November 13, 1906, was held. At this meeting it was proposed by Kennedy and McKallip to surrender each $24,000.00 of the capital stock issued to and owned by them and by Greenaway to surrender to the company $5,000.00 of his stock to be cancelled and instead thereof other certificates of stock issued and sold "for the purpose of relieving the financial condition of thecompany and putting it on its feet as a going concern." Clearly this was an act designed and the only effect of which could be to surrender for the benefit of the company $53,000.00 in stock of same, theretofore owned by the three parties named. A resolution was offered to accept this proposition and that the stock be placed on the market at a minimum price of fifty cents on the dollar, the proceeds to be used to pay the debts of the company and any residue to be put in the treasury for the use of the company. Thereupon it is shown that "this resolution having been read and seconded, the minutes show that appellee Bender offered an amendment in substance that, inasmuch as certain stockholders, himself among the number, had bought and paid for their stock at par, the stock so held by them should be *Page 154 increased so as to give them two shares for each share so held, that is, to double their stock and make it really cost fifty cents on the dollar of its face value. Appellee testified that one Blair, another stockholder who had bought at par, offered this amendment and he seconded it, but that is immaterial. As amended the resolution was unanimously adopted, and it is clearly and undisputably shown that appellee was present and acted with the others in adopting the amended resolution." The effect of this resolution, appellant's acceptance of it and the fact that he either did in fact or was entitled to avail himself of its terms, had the effect to take and withdraw from the company shares of the par value of the amount then held by Bender and to secure to himself from defendants a consideration evidently deemed by all the parties sufficient to indemnify him for any difference in value between the price in fact paid by him for the shares purchased by him and the minimum price at which they were by all the parties valued in the resolution above referred to. Unless we ascribe to Bender the wicked purpose of deceiving the public and perpetrating on intending purchasers a patent swindle we must believe that he in common with other stockholders believed this stock to have some value and the resolution is some evidence, and I think strong evidence, that the stock was worth at least fifty cents on the dollar. With this resolution passed, not only acquiesced in by appellant, but procured by him, whereby his stock was doubled at the expense of the surrender of part of their shares by the appellants, he appeared satisfied, accepted additional stock from his vendors and made no further complaint but went on his way serenely until December 26 thereafter, almost a month and a half, when the company was placed in bankruptcy. Evidently from all the facts it must be clear that appellee believed the stock moving to him from appellants was worth something. He says in his testimony that he relied on the statement of McKallip that he "would pull it out of the hole." If believing the stock obtained from appellants, without other consideration, was of sufficient value to reimburse and make him whole on his investment, he could undoubtedly as effectually conclude himself as if payment had been made to him in money. That he did conclude himself and that the facts show this without dispute I am strongly inclined to believe. That the facts are sufficient in support of this issue to require its submission to the jury I have not the shadow of a doubt. The opinion of Associate Justice Reese who wrote the opinion of the court in opposition to his own views, is to my mind convincing, but in view of my inability to agree with my associates, whose long service and recognized learning will give their opinion such general acceptance, has seemed to make it appropriate for me to write my views here at length though in doing so I shall to some extent but repeat the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals and largely avail myself of the authorities cited by them.
It is the settled law in this State that there is a substantial distinction between actions for rescission and an action, such as this, for deceit. It is clear that in actions for deceit the person aggrieved may elect to affirm the contract, when executed, retain what he has received, and sue for such damages as he has suffered. The extent *Page 155 and circumstances under which he may do this are, as I believe, not only correctly but admirably stated in the recent case of McDonough v. Williams, 77 Ark. 261, 8 L.R.A. (N.S.) 452,92 S.W. 783, where the Supreme Court of Arkansas quotes with approval the following excerpt from the Supreme Court of Minnesota, contained in Thompson v. Libby, 36 Minn. 287,31 N.W. 52: "If the contract be executed in whole or in part, before the fraud is discovered, it is well settled that the purchaser need not rescind, but may retain the property and also bring his action for damages on account of the deceit. But to allow a purchaser who has discovered the fraud while the contract is still wholly executory to go on and execute it, and then sue for the fraud, looks very much like permitting him to speculate upon the fraud of the other party. It is virtually to allow a man to recover for self-inflicted injuries. The fraud is really consummated, and the damages incurred, by the acceptance of the property and paying for it. And if this is done after the fraud is discovered, the purchaser can not say that he sustained this damage by reason of the fraud. It seems to us that if a party discovers the fraud before he enters upon performance of the contract, he must decide whether he will go on under it or rescind. He can not say it is a good contract for the purpose of authorizing him to accept the property, but not binding on him as to the price to be paid for it." It is clear, therefore, that but for the transactions of the stockholders' meeting of November 13, 1906, Bender on proof of the facts found by the court would be entitled to recover. Did this transaction, in the light of what had occurred, and was known to him therefore, and of what followed, either prove as a matter of law or tend to show as a conclusion or inference of fact that he had waived his cause of action? That such was the effect of his conduct, in the light of all the circumstances, is supported by the highest authority as well as, I conceive, by the soundest legal reason. The following is stated to be the law by the American and English Encyclopaedia of Law, Vol. 14, p. 171: "The rule that affirmance of a contract with knowledge of fraud does not bar an action for damages is subject to the limitations that the party defrauded must stand towards the other party at arm's length, must comply with the terms of the contract on his part, must not ask favors of the other party or offer to perform the contract on conditions which he has no right to exact, and must not make any new agreement or engagement respecting it. If he does so he waives the fraud."
In the case of Schmidt v. Mesmer, 116 Cal. 267, which was an action of deceit for damages for alleged false and fraudulent representations with respect to a certain lease, that court said: "The appellants took possession of the premises on the 1st of January, 1894; and, if the respondent made the representation alleged, the falsity of that representation must have been discovered, and it was admitted that it was discovered, immediately after the plaintiffs took possession. The averments of the complaint show that. Nevertheless, they occupied the premises until the commencement of this suit, which was about seventeen months afterward, without making any complaint whatever as to said false representations, or giving respondent any notice whatever that such false representation was claimed. Some *Page 156 time in January, 1895, or later, the appellants asked the respondent to reduce the rent, but without any intimation whatever that any alleged false misrepresentation, as charged in the complaint, had been made by respondent. Respondent refused to reduce the rent.
"Appellants failed to pay all the rent for the month of February, 1895, and failed to pay any of the rent for the months of March and April, but asked further time to pay said rent, and were allowed by respondent's agent to give their note for said rent, payable six months thereafter, which note they gave. Said note was not paid when due, nor was the rent for said months of March and April paid. This suit was commenced in the month of May, 1895.
"It is no doubt the law, that while, where a party seeks to rescind a contract into which he was induced to go by the fraudulent representations of another party, he must rescind at once upon the discovery of the fraud, and restore the other party, as near as may be, to his former condition, yet he may elect to go on with the contract, and sue to recover damages for the deceit, without giving any warning to the other party that he intends at some future time to charge him with fraud. This rule, when applied to a continuous contract which runs through a series of years, sometimes, no doubt, works an injustice to the party charged with fraud. It is true that one actually guilty of fraud is not entitled to much consideration; but the real difficulty usually is to determine whether or not the alleged fraud actually existed, and the issue has generally to be determined upon conflicting testimony, and in accordance with the preponderance of evidence. In such a case it is evident that the party who keeps his intended charge of fraud secret for years has a great advantage in preparing for a future intended action, which he alone anticipates, over his adversary, who has had no intimation of such action or such charge of fraud, and has had no reason to preserve or discover evidence concerning it. But this rule, which relieves a party when he chooses to sue for damages from many of the acts required of him when he elects to rescind, is subject to some limitations. If, after his knowledge of what he claims to have been the fraud, he elects not to rescind, but to adopt the contract and sue for damages, he must stand toward the other party at arm's length; he must on his part comply with the terms of the contract; he must not ask favors of the other party, or offer to perform the contract on conditions which he has no right to exact, and must not make any new agreement or engagement respecting it; otherwise he waives the alleged fraud.
"Cooley says: `The fraud may be waived by an express affirmance of the contract. Where an affirmance is relied upon, it should appear that the party having the right to complain of the fraud had fully, and with a full knowledge of his rights, in some form clearly manifested his intention to abide by the contract, and waive any remedy he might have had for the deception.' (Cooley on Torts, 505.)
"In Doherty v. Bell, 55 Ind. 205, the court say: `If the appellee, with full knowledge of all the facts, as we think it fair to presume from the allegations in the reply it was intended to charge he had, and after the appellants became the owners of it, agreed to pay the note, provided a certain extension of time was allowed him, and in *Page 157 consideration thereof such an extension was given him, we must regard him as having ratified the execution of the note, and as having waived whatever objection or defense he may have had to the manner of its execution.'
"In St. John v. Hendrickson, 81 Ind. 350, the court say: "We fully recognize and approve the rule that a party may retain what he receives, stand to his bargain, and recover for the loss caused him by the fraud. We do not mean to run counter to this rule. We neither hold, nor mean to hold, that affirmance by retention of the thing bargained for cuts off an action for damages. We do hold that where a party, with full knowledge of all the material facts, does an act which indicates his intention to stand to the contract, and waive all right of action for fraud, he can not maintain an action for the original wrong practiced upon him. Where the affirmance of the contract is equivalent to a ratification, all right of action is gone. . . . Nor are we unmindful of the settled rule that the defrauded party has an election of remedies. . . . We do decide that where a party, with full knowledge, declines to repudiate a transaction known to him to be fraudulent, and fully and expressly ratifies it, he can neither rescind nor maintain an action for damages.'
"In Edwards v. Roberts, 7 Smedes M., 544, the court say: `If a party has knowledge that he has been defrauded, and yet subsequently confirms the original contract by making a new agreement and engagement respecting it, he thereby waives the fraud, and abandons his claim to equitable relief.'
"In Negley v. Lindsay, 67 Pa. St., 217, 5 Am. Rep., 427, the court say: `Judge Baldwin, who may be regarded as belonging to our judiciary, in Blydenburgh v. Welsh, Bald., 338, held that if, after a party has acquired a knowledge of facts tending to affect a contract with fraud, he offers to perform it on a condition which he has no right to exact, he thereby waives the fraud, and can not set it up in an action on the contract. This, said he, is a waiver of the objection to the contract on the ground of fraud, if he was informed of all matters which bore upon that question.' (See, also, Blydenburgh v. Welsh, supra; Kerr on Fraud and Mistake, 298; People v. Stephens, 71 N.Y. 527; Nounnan v. Sutter County Land Co., 81 Cal. 1.)"
I have carefully examined the decisions referred to in the foregoing opinion and they all, in effect, and some of them directly, support the decision in Schmidt v. Mesmer, supra. I can not agree that the statement in the opinion of the majority, to the effect that, "when the stock was donated by the three stockholders, it was for the purpose of relieving the financial condition of the company and shows no purpose to compensate Bender for his damages. That purpose did not exist either on the part of the donors or on the part of the corporation or on the part of Bender" — is a correct statement of the transaction as a fact or as a matter of law.
It may be conceded that the original offer of these three donors contemplated only a rehabilitation of the company in which, if Bender profited at all, it would only be in the same sense and to the same extent and degree as any other stockholder. If this resolution had been adopted unamended, then I would concede that the evidence did *Page 158 not show such benefits flowing to Bender as would or should have estopped him. But Bender, against the interest of the company, to the extent of his own interest, prevented the adoption of this resolution and demanded that these donors donate to him as much, in par value, as the stock theretofore purchased by him. He thus obtained a special benefit without compensation to the company and one flowing from the men who he knew, if this testimony is to be believed, had deceived him as to the value of the stock sold him. Why should they give him, without payment to themselves or compensation to the company, additional stock except on the theory of their obligation so to do in view of all the facts and except on the theory and in the belief and authorized assumption, considering his silence and the absence of further demand, that this was and would be satisfactory.
It must be remembered that he then knew and for some time had known, as he testifies, of the misrepresentations made to and of the fraud practiced on him. He had theretofore complained to McKallip. He knew therefore that the defendants were advised of his knowledge of the facts and of his cause of action against them. Now it was with reference to this condition of affairs that they all acted. I concede that it is always a matter of intention as to whether in such cases there is a waiver. But this intent may always be proven by circumstances or inferred as a conclusion of fact from circumstances fairly justifying same. Sometimes, too, the law conclusively ascribes such intent to parties where their actions are inconsistent with any other idea. Let it be remembered too that all the parties had acted and voted on the idea and in the belief that the stock was worth fifty cents on the dollar. That the concern thereafter went into bankruptcy and the stock afterwards became of less value or of no value could not alter the fact or change the rights of the parties. If at the time of the transactions noted above the parties believed the stock had a certain value, the effect and true intent of their conduct will be determined as if it in fact had such value. We must remember too that nothing is more unstable or fluctuating in value than such property. A stock today may be in strong demand and in six weeks, due to a collapse in the money market, a storm, flood or drought affecting the market for output of a factory or from dishonesty or inefficiency of management, it may become of practically no value. The complete silence of Bender for six weeks, his failure to complain or demand other or further settlement or compensation for the wrong done him is, under all the circumstances of this case, the strongest evidence that he had accepted the additional stock as in full settlement of loss sustained by him. He can not and ought not to be allowed to play fast and loose with the proposition. He can not by turns blow hot and cold. He can not be allowed, in effect, to compel an issue of stock to himself, flowing from his vendors, in an amount, at a value fixed by all the parties, sufficient to fully compensate him for any loss sustained or wrong done him, and then when the lapse of time and changed conditions have disappointed his expectation, disregard this settlement and proceed, as if nothing had occurred, for further and additional reimbursement in money. To permit this is to allow him to take all the advantages of the first adjustment, receive additional *Page 159 stock from his vendors, hold same and speculate on the same, accept all the benefits and profits of the success of the business, and if the business proves, as happened in this case, a disappointment, then to repudiate the whole transaction, escape its legal effect, and demand of his vendors compensation by way of damages in money for the loss sustained. Holding these views, which I do not deem it necessary to further elaborate or illustrate, I am driven to the necessity, most reluctantly, to enter my dissent.