After demurrer had been sustained to the appellants' amended complaint, judgment of dismissal was entered, the appellants having elected to stand on the record, and they have now appealed.
The amended complaint seeks damages for a libel. It alleges that Louis Graham has been for some years past, and still is, a member of the police department of the city of Seattle, and that the respondent is the publisher of a daily newspaper in that city. On June 3, 1924, it alleges, the respondent maliciously published of and concerning the appellant certain false and defamatory matter to the effect that he had been involved in criminal conduct while a police officer and had been discharged by reason thereof from the department; that Louis Graham was not involved in any crime or criminal conduct while on the police force, or at any other time, and was never discharged from the department; that the publication in question was calculated to provoke the appellants to wrath and to expose them to hatred, ridicule and obloquy, and to deprive them of the benefits of social intercourse, and to the injury of Louis Graham in his occupation, and has caused them great suffering and mental anguish. Sufficient of the article in question for the purpose of this opinion is as follows:
(Headlines) "40 Officers Involved in Crime, Records Show Booze Is Cause of Trouble. "Some of Accused are Back Again on Force, Doing Duty Here." *Page 389 In the body of the article appears this:
"In the past few years more than 40 Seattle policemen, according to the records, have been dismissed or suspended for offenses ranging from burglary and manslaughter to being drunk on duty. . . . Here is an incomplete list of some of the former policemen: . . . Patrolman Louis Graham, fired, 1920. . . ."
The appellant's name, as above, appears in a list of 32 police officers.
The question for consideration, as stated by the respondent, is, first, is the article libelous per se; second, if libelousper se, does qualified privilege excuse the respondent?
(1) There being no allegation of special damages, the complaint to be sufficient must set up matters which are libelousper se. Wilson v. Sun Publishing Co., 85 Wash. 503,148 P. 774, Ann. Cas. 1917B 442. This court has had under consideration the question of what constitutes libel per se. Quinn v. ReviewPublishing Co., 55 Wash. 69, 104 P. 181, 133 Am. St. 1016, 19 Ann. Cas. 1077; Lathrop v. Sundberg, 55 Wash. 144,104 P. 176, 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 381; Wells v. Times Printing Co.,77 Wash. 171, 137 P. 457; State v. Sefrit, 82 Wash. 520,144 P. 725; Wilson v. Sun Publishing Co., supra; Dick v. NorthernPac. R. Co., 86 Wash. 211, 150 P. 8, Ann. Cas. 1917A 638;Olympia Water Works v. Mottman, 88 Wash. 694, 153 P. 1074;Cyclohomo Amusement Co. v. Hayward-Larkin Co., 93 Wash. 367,160 P. 1051; McKillip v. Grays Harbor Publishing Co.,100 Wash. 657, 171 P. 1026. We have stated the answer to be that any publication which falsely charges a person with the commission of a crime or comes with § 2424, Rem. Comp. Stat. [P.C. § 8953], is libelous per se, and the determination of whether a given article is libelous per se is one for the court to make, and in doing that the article should be *Page 390 read as an entirety and considered in its natural and obvious sense and not extended by the conclusions of the pleader, and the defamatory matter must be certain and apparent from the words themselves. Applying these rules, it seems hardly open to serious contention that the article set out in the amended complaint is not libelous per se. To the most lowly understanding the natural meaning of the words quoted is that forty officers in the Seattle police department have within a few years been dismissed for the reason that they have committed crimes, the maximum of which is manslaughter and the minimum, drunk on duty, and that the appellant Louis Graham was dismissed from the department in 1920 for having committed one of those crimes. Certainly the article, thus charging appellant with the commission of a crime, if untrue, as alleged, is libelous per se. It is also libelousper se in that it is such a charge, even though not that of committing a crime, as would bring him into public hatred, contempt and ridicule, and charges a socially odious and disgraceful act tending to injure his character, blacken his reputation and make him contemptible in public esteem, to deprive him of public confidence and to injure him in his occupation.
The respondent places some reliance on the opinion of this court in Wood v. Star Publishing Co., 90 Wash. 85,155 P. 400, where we held that the article there under consideration was not libelous per se for the reason that it did not charge the commission of a crime. The court held there that the article did not charge a crime, although the complaint asserted that the plaintiff had been charged with the crime of attempting a bribery, where as the facts set out in the article itself showed that the plaintiff could not have been so guilty. That being true, the article was not libelous per se in not charging the commission of a crime, there being, as *Page 391 the opinion states: "No language used which tends to expose him to public hatred, ridicule, or obliquy. . . ." The article in that case was, therefore, not libelous in any respect.
In the case at bar, the article not only charges the appellant with the commission of a crime, but, unlike the article in theWood case, the language used tends to do things which come within § 2424 supra.
(2) The second point urged against this amended complaint is that the article was proper under a qualified privilege, and respondent asserts that matters concerning the administration of the government or public justice or local authorities fall within the rule of qualified privilege, and, in the absence of malice, the publisher cannot be held liable in damages. Chambers v.Leiser, 43 Wash. 285, 86 P. 627, 10 Ann. Cas. 270; Coffman v.Spokane Chronicle Publishing Co., 65 Wash. 1, 117 P. 596, Ann. Cas. 1913B 636; McKillip v. Grays Harbor Publishing Co., supra; and Ecuyer v. New York Life Ins. Co., 101 Wash. 247,172 P. 359, L.R.A. 1918E 536. There is more than one answer to this. In the first place, the complaint alleges that the article was maliciously published, and this is a matter which is admitted by the demurrer, and one which, even if the article comes within the definition of qualified privilege, the appellant would have the right to prove. Second, the privilege ends when falsity begins, and if, as the complaint alleges, the charge is false, the privilege, if there was one, was therefore exceeded. Quinn v.Review Publishing Co., supra. Neither ground urged by the respondent sustains the dismissal of this complaint upon demurrer. For that reason the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for trial.
TOLMAN, C.J., FULLERTON, HOLCOMB, and MITCHELL, JJ., concur. *Page 392