Plaintiff brought these two actions seeking (1) the refund of an amount exacted from, and paid by, him as an occupation tax, and (2) an injunction to prevent the imposition against him of a subsequent tax of the same kind. Trial before the court, without a jury, resulted in a dismissal of both actions. Plaintiff has appealed.
The taxes imposed by the state in the first case were based upon the total amount of sales of merchandise made by appellant and also upon the total amount of gross income received by him in the performance of a Federal government contract, all such sales and operations having been made and conducted within the area comprised in what is known as the Columbia basin project. The tax sought to be enjoined in the second case was based upon the total amount of gross income received by appellant in the performance of a second, and subsequent, Federal government contract operating within the same area. The principal question in the first case, and the only question in the second, is whether the state of Washington had any jurisdiction within the territory of the project, sufficient to permit the state to impose and collect an occupation tax for services rendered therein by appellant to the Federal government.
A brief history of the Columbia basin project will be of aid to a clearer understanding of the problem involved. *Page 117
For a number of years, the people of this state have been actively interested in the development of the Columbia river and its tributaries. Between 1918 and 1932, many surveys and reports were made by engineers employed either by the state or else by the bureau of reclamation or the war department of the United States. These surveys and reports had relation to navigation, the development of hydro-electric power, and the reclamation of arid lands by irrigation. The state and its people were directly and particularly interested in, and concerned with, the features of power and reclamation. In 1932, the chief of engineers of the United States Army, after an exhaustive investigation, recommended a comprehensive plan for the improvement and development of the Columbia river for the purposes of navigation, flood control, power and irrigation. The plan contemplated the ultimate construction of ten dams in the Columbia river, the first of which, together with a power plant, was to be erected at the head of Grand Coulee.
In 1933, the state legislature created the Columbia basin commission, consisting of five members, and authorized them to enter into contracts and to employ any and all means necessary to secure the immediate development of the Columbia basin project by means of the proposed Grand Coulee dam and the orderly development of the power, water and soil resources incident thereto. Chapter 81, Laws of 1933, p. 376, Rem. Rev. Stat. (Supp.), § 3017-1 [P.C. § 5724-26] et seq.
During this period of preparatory activities, the Grand Coulee dam and power plant had an indeterminate status, owing to the uncertainty as to whether the project would be a state or a Federal project. It seems that originally it was contemplated that the Columbia basin commission should at least carry on *Page 118 the necessary preliminary engineering. For that purpose, the Columbia basin commission obtained from the state emergency relief commission an allocation of $377,000 of emergency relief funds. This had the effect of tying in the project with the matter of emergency relief work, which was seriously engaging the attention of this, and of other states, at that time.
On June 30, 1933, the Columbia basin commission, in pursuance of its plan, entered into a contract with the United States, represented by the bureau of reclamation, department of the interior, wherein the United States agreed to make the topographic surveys and explorative work and to prepare the designs and specifications for construction work on the dam, for which the Columbia basin commission agreed to pay an initial sum of $50,000 at the time of the execution of the contract and the balance of the allocation of $377,000 as the work progressed. It appears that, during the period with which we are here concerned, the greater part of the $377,000 was paid as agreed.
It soon became apparent, however, that the work of construction itself would be of such magnitude and the expense so great that its completion would require the intervention of no less an agency than the Federal government, with the unlimited financial resources at its command. Consequently, steps were taken to have the Grand Coulee dam and power plant included in the Federal public works program. After considerable effort, this was accomplished, and an allocation of sixty-three million dollars for the dam and power plant was made by the Federal bureau commonly known as NIRA.
On November 1, 1933, the United States, represented by the secretary of the interior, and pursuant to the reclamation laws and the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the state of Washington, acting through the *Page 119 Columba basin commission, entered into a contract relating to the construction of the dam, power plant and power transmission lines at the Grand Coulee site, under the comprehensive plan above mentioned.
Some of the provisions of that contract are of particular interest in this controversy. The contract began with a series of ten recitals. No. 1 referred to the fact that the allotment of sixty-three million dollars, appropriated by NIRA, had been made available for the construction of the dam and power plant. No. 9 recited that the increased amount of firm power made possible at the lower dams by reason of the storage behind the Grand Coulee dam was an important factor in making the lower dams self-liquidating. No. 10 referred to the fact that the Columbia basin commission had been created by the state legislature for the purpose of cooperating with the Federal government insecuring the construction of the project and of the Grand Coulee dam.
The contract then set forth the articles of agreement by number. The first, which is numbered article 11, provided for the expenditure by the United States of sixty-three million dollars, or so much thereof as was found necessary, in the construction of a dam and power plant at Grand Coulee site. Article 12 provided that the United States should retain title to the dam and power plant until the cost of the project had been fully repaid into the treasury of the United States. Article 13 reads as follows:
"13. Commission to Act in Advisory Capacity. The Commission will act as an advisory board representing the state in an advisory capacity in conferences with officers of the United States concerning the various important questions which mayarise from time to time in connection with the construction anduse of the said dam, power plant and transmission lines." (Italics ours.) *Page 120
Then followed a number of provisions giving the state an option, for a period of eight and one-half years after the date of the contract, to purchase the perpetual right to the entire output of the dam and power plant, upon the conditions set forth in detail therein. Article 24 reads as follows:
"24. Rules and Regulations by Secretary. The Secretary shall have the right to adopt and promulgate rules and regulations for the administration of the said project and the right to determine and decide all questions arising in connection with or growing out of the construction or operation and maintenance of said proposed dam, power plants and transmission lines and which arenot expressly determined by law or the terms of this contract, and his decisions on such questions shall be conclusive." (Italics ours.)
At this point, appellant's first connection with the project appears. On November 29, 1933, appellant, a resident of San Diego, California, entered into a contract with the United States for the excavation of overburden at Columbia river dam site, Columbia basin project, "Washington," for the sum of $534,500. The specifications, attached to and made a part of the contract, provided, among other things, that the appellant should obtain all required licenses and permits, should give preference, after ex-service men, to citizens who were residents of the county andstate in which the work was to be performed, should furnish compensation insurance in compliance with the laws of the statewherein the work was to be done, and should comply with all applicable provisions of Federal, state, and municipal safety laws and building and construction codes.
Appellant entered upon the execution of the work under the contract about January 1, 1934, and completed it in the summer of the same year. During the entire performance of the work, appellant maintained *Page 121 his office and living quarters within the territory of the project as hereinafter designated.
After the completion of that contract, appellant, on July 18, 1934, entered into a second contract with the United States, which was for the construction of a railroad at Grand Coulee dam, Columbia basin project, "Washington," for the sum of $235,570. The railroad was to be 34.5 track miles in length, extending from the Northern Pacific Railway tracks at Odair, Washington, to the dam site. The specifications in this contract contained the same provisions as those to which we have specifically referred above. The actual residence of appellant, for about one-half of the time during which the second contract was being performed, was at Coulee City, which is outside of the territory of the project, and for the remainder of the time was at the dam site, on government land which had been obtained in the manner hereinafter described.
On July 16, 1934, which was two days before the execution of appellant's second contract, the United States entered into a contract with Silas Mason Company, Inc., and others, for construction work on Grand Coulee dam and power plant, Columbia basin project, "Washington," for the sum of $29,339,301.50. The last mentioned contract contemplated work on a gigantic scale, as is indicated by the figures just given. That contract, however, did not include the work to be done by appellant under either of his contracts.
We make reference, at this time, to the contract of Silas Mason Company, Inc., for the reason that out of it grew an action similar to the two involved here. Silas Mason Co. v. State TaxCommission, ante p. 98, 61 P.2d 1269. That action and these two were tried in the superior court at the same time and, by stipulation of the parties, all the evidence, in so far as it was material, was considered as applying to all *Page 122 three cases. The respective appeals were argued in this court on the same day, upon records containing identical statements of facts.
The specifications attached to the contract of Silas Mason Company, Inc., provided, among other things, and in addition to what has already been mentioned, that the contractor should make all necessary arrangements with the proper state and countyauthorities for school facilities, and that police protection for the contractor's camp and the area involved in and surrounding the construction work would be furnished by the Washington state patrol in cooperation with the Federal government, but that the contractor should provide, at its camp site, such jail facilities as were satisfactory to the Washington state patrol.
The area included in the entire project above mentioned does not specifically and satisfactorily appear from the record, and we are unable to say exactly how much land is included therein. It does appear, however, that the area is very extensive, covering many acres of land on both sides of the Columbia river and including a railroad right of way 34.5 miles in length. There are two important things, however, to be noted in this connection. The first is that, during the time that the construction work was in progress, the United States, through condemnation proceedings brought against a number of individuals and corporations, acquired possession of, and title to, the various tracts of land now within the area of the project. A transcript of one of such condemnation proceedings, stipulated to be similar in form to all the others, is made a part of the record herein. It shows that the title to that particular tract was acquired by the United States on or after May 14, 1934, which was after appellant had commenced work. The other important factor to be noted is that, included in the area of the *Page 123 project, are school lands of the state and also tribal lands, all of which have been taken over by the Federal government and now form a part of the project.
At the seventy-fourth session of the United States Congress, an act was passed authorizing the construction, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and harbors and for other purposes. The act ratified and validated all contracts and agreements that had been theretofore executed in connection with the Grand Coulee dam project. H.R. 6732, Public Act 409. The work contemplated to be done upon the project by the United States was not in furtherance of any war measure or for the national defense, but simply for the improvement of navigation and for industrial recovery.
During the period of the construction work under his first contract, appellant maintained warehouses on ground within the project and at the dam site, where he stored and sold gasoline, oil, tires and automobile accessories. Appellant paid the state a tax on these sales, the recovery of which forms a part of the basis of his first action.
At its regular session of 1933, the legislature of this state passed an act commonly known as the occupation tax act, chapter 191, Laws of 1933, p. 869 et seq. The act related to certain business activities "within this state." At its special session of 1933, the legislature amended the former act in certain respects. Chapter 57, Laws of 1933, Ex. Ses., p. 157 et seq. That act likewise applied to business activities "within this state." The latter act became effective January 18, 1934, which was shortly after appellant's first contract had been entered into, but before it was performed.
These two actions are in resistance to the application *Page 124 of either of these legislative acts to appellant's activities.
Appellant's first contention is that his construction or excavation contracts constituted sales of services, within the provisions of chapter 191, and that by § 5, p. 879, of that act, read in connection with § 2 (2) (f), p. 875, the proceeds of his contracts were exempt from the tax.
The answer to this contention is that the tax was not imposed under chapter 191 as it originally stood, but under chapter 57, p. 157, § 1 (designated as § 2-a) (1), which clearly covers business activities of the kind engaged in by appellant, if "within this state." This contention of appellant is but briefly discussed by either counsel and, we think, merits nothing further than what we have already said.
The principal, and only remaining, question in the case is whether appellant's activities took place "within this state." Specifically stated, the contention of appellant is that by virtue of the United States constitution and the statutes of this state, the area contained within the project upon which the excavation and construction work was performed is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States; and that, therefore, any tax legislation of the state is wholly inoperative within the area of the project or upon any activities of appellant therein. Quotation of the specific constitutional and statutory provisions involved will first be made.
[1] Art. I, § 8, clause 17, of the constitution of the United States provides that Congress shall have power:
"To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and toexercise like *Page 125 authority over all places purchased by the consent of thelegislature of the state in which the same shall be, for theerection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and otherneedful buildings; . . ." (Italics ours.)
Our reference to, and discussion of, this constitutional provision relate only to the latter, or italicized, portion of the quotation.
Rem. Rev. Stat., § 8108 [P.C. § 7110], adopted in 1891, provides that:
"The consent of the state of Washington be and the same is hereby given to the acquisition by purchase or by condemnation, under the laws of this state relating to the appropriation of private property to public uses, by the United States of America, or under the authority of the same, of any tract, piece, or parcel of land, from any individual or individuals, bodies politic or corporate, within the boundaries or limits of this state, for the sites of locks, dams, piers, breakwaters, keepers' dwellings, and other necessary structures and purposes required in the improvement of the rivers and harbors of this state, or bordering thereon, or for the sites of forts, magazines, arsenals, docks, navy-yards, naval stations, or other needful buildings authorized by any act of congress, . . . the consent herein and hereby given being in accordance with the seventeenth clause of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of the United States, and with the acts of congress in such cases made and provided; and the jurisdiction of this state is hereby ceded to the United States of America over all such land or lands as may have been or may be hereafter acquired by purchase or by condemnation, or set apart by the general government for any or either of the purposes before mentioned: Provided, that this state shall retain a concurrent jurisdiction with the United States in and over all tracts so acquired or set apart as aforesaid, so far as that all civil and criminal process that may issue under the authority of this state against any person or persons charged with crimes committed, or for any cause of action or suit *Page 126 accruing without the bounds of any such tract, may be executed therein, in the same manner and with like effect as though this assent and cession had not been granted."
It will be observed that the statute, while somewhat broader than Art. I, § 8, clause 17, in its designation of structures and purposes, nevertheless specifically recites that the consent therein given is in accordance with the constitutional provision.
The provision of Art. I, § 8, clause 17, as above quoted and italicized, has been frequently construed by the United States supreme court, and it is now definitely settled and accepted that there are two ways in which lands within the jurisdiction of the state may become subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States: (1) By purchase by the United States for certain specified purposes, with the consent of the state, and (2) cession of exclusive jurisdiction to the United States by the state. Ft. Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, 114 U.S. 525,5 S. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264; United States v. Unzeuta, 281 U.S. 138,50 S. Ct. 284, 74 L. Ed. 761; Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook,281 U.S. 647, 50 S. Ct. 455, 74 L. Ed. 1091; Standard Oil Co. v.California, 291 U.S. 242, 54 S. Ct. 381, 78 L. Ed. 775.
From these cases, the following rules are deducible respecting jurisdiction over lands acquired by the United States for public uses: (1) When the land is acquired for one of the purposes within Art. I, § 8, clause 17, by purchase with consent of the state, Federal jurisdiction is exclusive in such area for all purposes; (2) when the land is acquired for one of the purposes within that clause, but other than by purchase with the consent of the state, then Federal jurisdiction is exclusive only to the extent of the purposes for which the land is held; (3) when the land is acquired for a purpose not within that clause, but by *Page 127 purchase with the consent of the state, then the United States has such jurisdiction over the land as may be ceded to it by the state; and (4) when the land is acquired for a purpose not within that clause, in any manner other than by purchase with the consent of the state, then the United States holds the land just as any other proprietor does, except that the land may not be taxed by the state. Our ultimate problem herein will be to determine under which one or more, if any, of these classifications, the present case falls.
Manifestly, the construction work involved in this case does not come within any of the uses implied in the descriptive terms of the constitutional provision, unless it can be said to come within the term "other needful buildings." If the case were one of first impression, the rule of ejusdem generis would, in our opinion, exclude such work from the classification of "needful buildings," because the particular work was in no way connected with, or related to, forts, magazines, arsenals or dockyards.
However, by judicial interpretation, over a long period of years, the term "needful buildings" has been applied to the following: a navy yard (Western Union Tel. Co. v. Chiles,214 U.S. 274, 29 S. Ct. 613, 53 L. Ed. 994); a military hospital (Arlington Hotel Co. v. Fant, 278 U.S. 439, 49 S. Ct. 227,73 L. Ed. 447); a military reservation (United States v. Unzeuta,281 U.S. 138, 50 S. Ct. 284, 74 L. Ed. 761); an army training and mobilization station (Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook,281 U.S. 647, 50 S. Ct. 455, 74 L. Ed. 1091); a customs house (Sharon v.Hill, 24 Fed. 726); locks and dams (United States v. Tucker, 122 Fed. 518); a post office (United States v. Andem, 158 Fed. 996); a penitentiary (Steele v. Halligan, 229 Fed. 1011); an Indian training school (United States v. Wurtzbarger, 276 Fed. 753); a military cemetery *Page 128 (Wills v. State, 50 Tenn. 141); a soldiers' home (Sinks v.Reese, 19 Ohio 306); a courthouse (State ex rel. Jones v.Mack, 23 Nev. 359, 47 P. 763, 62 Am. St. 811).
While the structures mentioned in the foregoing cases are not specifically named in, and do not strictly fall within, the constitutional classification, it is, nevertheless, apparent that the particular structures or "buildings" in those cases, with the possible exception of one, are such as would necessarily require absolute and exclusive jurisdiction in the United States government, because their operation is in the discharge of a constitutional or governmental function, and there is no field for state participation or state legislation.
The only possible exception in the list is the instance of locks and dams, involved in the Tucker case. But even in such case, if the locks and dams were owned and operated by the United States solely for the purpose of facilitating navigation, as they concededly were in that case, their function would likewise be a constitutional or governmental function. But irrigation, flood control, and power development (except in so far as the latter two are intended to promote navigation or else some war measure or the national defense), while they may be of national interest and serve a public purpose, are not functions enjoined upon the Federal government by the constitution, nor are they delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor is it necessary that they be committed, for their operation, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States government. Legislative power, with reference to such things, is reserved in the state.
Turning, now, to the statute above quoted, we note that the state has given its consent to the acquisition, by purchase or condemnation on the part of the United States, of lands for sites of locks, dams, etc., as well *Page 129 as for the purposes set forth in the constitutional provision. For present purposes, it may be conceded that the term "needful buildings" is broad enough, under the construction given to that term by the Federal courts, to include locks and dams. It is very probable that specific mention of locks and dams was made in the statute in order to remove any doubt that may have existed generally at, and prior to, the time of the decision in theTucker case, with respect to the inclusive intent of the constitutional provision.
The point that we make and stress here, and upon which we rest our ultimate conclusion herein, is that, while the statute conferred consent upon the United States to acquire land within the territory of the state, the state's power to cede jurisdiction is limited by the statute to those instances where it clearly appears that the land is to be used by the United States for a constitutional or governmental purpose. As stated in the leading case upon the subject, Ft. Leavenworth R. Co. v.Lowe, 114 U.S. 525, 5 S. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264, supra:
"The essence of that provision [Art. I. § 8, clause 17, United States constitution] is that the State shall freely cede the particular place to the United States for one of the specific and enumerated objects." (Italics ours.)
[2] The question in this case, then, is whether, by reason of the conjunction of the constitutional provision, the statute, and the acquisition by the Federal government of the lands within the project in the manner and for the purposes that the government acquired them, the state has been ipso facto deprived of all jurisdiction with respect to such lands. However close the question may seemingly be, we are of the opinion that the state has not been deprived of all jurisdiction, but that it has a concurrent jurisdiction *Page 130 to the extent, among other things, that it has the right to impose a tax upon business activities conducted within the area of the project. The reason for this conclusion is based upon what we conceive to be fundamental principles of law and the conducive facts of this case.
By the enabling act of Congress, passed February 22, 1889, the territory of Washington became the state of Washington. Subject to the limitations and restraints of the Federal constitution, the state, as such, has all the sovereign powers of independent nations over all persons and things within its territorial limits. Sturges v. Crowinshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 4 L. Ed. 529;New York v. Miln, 11 Pet. 102, 9 L. Ed. 648; Cummings v.Missouri, 4 Wall. 277, 18 L. Ed. 356. The area within, and under, the jurisdiction of a state may come under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States by purchase by the Federal government for a purpose prescribed by the Federal constitution and with the consent of the state, or by cession of exclusive jurisdiction by the state to the United States. In either event, the land acquires a territorial status and ceases to be a part of the state, either territorially or jurisdictionally. ConcessionsCo. v. Morris, 109 Wash. 46, 186 P. 655.
But, since self-preservation is the first law of nations and states, as well as of individuals, it will not be presumed, in the absence of clearly expressed intent, that the state has relinquished its sovereignty. Wills v. State, 50 Tenn. 141; Inre Kelly, 71 Fed. 545; Ex Parte Gaines, 56 Ark. 227,19 S.W. 602; Barrett v. Palmer, 135 N.Y. 336, 31 N.E. 1017, 31 Am. St. 835, 17 L.R.A. 720. (Four of these cases are cited approvingly in the Concessions Co. case.)
The power of taxation is an incident of sovereignty and inherent in the state, because government cannot *Page 131 exist or function without it. It is a legislative power following the more general power to make laws. State ex rel. Board ofCommissioners v. Clausen, 95 Wash. 214, 163 P. 744. The power of taxation is never to be suspended, surrendered, or contracted away. Amendment XIV, Washington constitution. In the absence of constitutional restraint, the power of the legislature over taxation is as unlimited as the subject with which it deals.State ex rel. State Tax Commission v. Redd, 166 Wash. 132,6 P.2d 619; 26 R.C.L. 27, § 13. The taxing power of the state is never presumed to have been relinquished unless the language in which the surrender is made is clear and unmistakable. Erie R.Co. v. Pennsylvania, 21 Wall. 492, 22 L. Ed. 595; 1 Cooley on Taxation (4th ed) 159, § 60.
[3] This is not a contest between the Federal government and the state as to jurisdiction. It is a contest between the state, asserting its concurrent, or partial, jurisdiction, and an individual who asserts that exclusive jurisdiction rests in the Federal government. So far from there being any contest as to jurisdiction between the two sovereign powers, the record discloses that they are working in harmony and accord, each exercising the field for which it is the better equipped and each, at the same time, recognizing the field of the other. The Federal government, therefore, cannot possibly be prejudiced by the result of this action.
It appears from what we have already stated that prior to, at the time of, and at all times since, the inception of the project, the United States and the state have cooperated in every way in the development and construction of the dam and power plant. The Federal government at present furnishes the money, supervises the work, and will, for a time, maintain the *Page 132 operation of the project. The state, on the other hand, has furnished a large amount of money for the preliminary work and now, through the Columbia basin commission, acts in an advisory capacity to the Federal government in the further progress of the work. The state also has an option to take over the entire project when completed.
The Federal government is involved in a huge undertaking, the object of which is to promote navigation, develop power, and provide for irrigation. The state is likewise concerned. Navigation is a function that comes within the exclusive power of the Federal government by virtue of the constitution of the United States. The development of irrigation and of power for industrial purposes, however, is within the reserved powers of the state. There is, thus, every reason why the Federal government and the state should cooperate, and, in order to do so, each must have proportionate jurisdiction.
"We have in this Republic a dual system of government, National and state, each operating within the same territory and upon the same persons; and yet working without collision, because their functions are different. There are certain matters over which the National Government has absolute control and no action of the State can interfere therewith, and there are others in which the State is supreme, and in respect to them the National Government is powerless. To preserve the even balance between these two governments and hold each in its separate sphere is the peculiar duty of all courts, preeminently of this — a duty oftentimes of great delicacy and difficulty." South Carolina v.United States, 199 U.S. 437, 26 S. Ct. 110, 50 L. Ed. 261.
On the other hand, if the state were excluded from all jurisdiction, the residents of the project would be without school facilities, police protection, and the right to vote, the workmen would be deprived of the *Page 133 benefit of industrial insurance, and the rules for sanitation would be suspended; for, if the state be wholly without jurisdiction, then it must follow that the state may not extend its privileges to the residents of the project nor expend its money in their behalf. Opinion of Justices, 42 Mass. 580; Inre Town of Highlands, 22 N.Y. Supp. 137; Sinks v. Reese,19 Ohio 306; State ex rel. Lyle v. Willett, 117 Tenn. 334,97 S.W. 299; Ft. Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, 114 U.S. 525, 5 S. Ct. 995,29 L. Ed. 264; Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook, 281 U.S. 647,50 S. Ct. 455, 74 L. Ed. 1091.
Furthermore, so far as the record supplies us with any information, the Federal government did not acquire these lands until after the work of construction, under appellant's first contract, had been begun. Some of the lands, it appears, were not acquired until about the time that the work under the contract was completed. The record discloses that, when appellant entered into the second contract, although all of the lands had then been acquired, the state was exercising its jurisdiction within the project at the instance of the Federal government itself. Moreover, it does not appear from the record that the Federal government ever set apart any definite reserve as constituting the project, but, rather, that it appropriated lands from time to time as the necessities of the project required; this fact may not be a controlling one, but is nevertheless entitled to consideration.
The facts, taken as a whole, argue conclusively, in our opinion, that the state never intended to cede, and the United States never intended to take, exclusive jurisdiction over the project. Facts consistent with the retention, and inconsistent with cession, of exclusive jurisdiction by the state should, in the absence of any assertion by the Federal government to the contrary, be construed most strongly in favor of the *Page 134 state, to the end that its territory be not diminished and that its jurisdiction in matters in which the Federal government is not directly or immediately concerned be not entirely lost.
We conclude, therefore, that the purposes of the project, taken as a whole, do not fall exclusively within any of the enumerated classes mentioned above, so as to give the United States exclusive jurisdiction over the lands, but, rather in a class where several purposes are so intermingled as to call for the exercise of jurisdiction by both the Federal government and the state, according as their respective interests and duties require. In so far as the legislative acts in question are concerned, they are operative upon the business activities of the appellant within the project.
The judgments are affirmed.
ALL CONCUR.