On April 8, 1949, James Beck, a police officer of the city of Milwaukee, applied to the district court of Milwaukee for a search warrant. His complaint alleged:
"For the purpose of violating the laws of the state of Wisconsin, policy gambling is being conducted and policy-gambling paraphernalia is being concealed on the entire first-floor premises located at 2231 North 9th street, in the city of Milwaukee, and prays that a search warrant be issued to search said premises for the property aforesaid, and to bring the same if found. and the person in whose possession the same shall be found, before the said district court, to be dealt with according to law." *Page 95
In connection with the application the police officer was examined and testified as follows:
"Q. [By the court] I understand you desire to make application for a search warrant? A. I do for the entire first-floor premises located at 2231 North 9th street, city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin.
"Q. Will you describe the premises for which you seek such warrant? A. The first-floor premises at 2231 North 9th street, city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin are located in a two-and-one-half-story frame dwelling. Entrance to the said premises is gained by going through the east front entrance and into the first-floor premises.
"Q. Upon what do you base your application? A. On Saturday, April 2, 1949, at about 12:45 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada, a known and convicted policy gambler, stop at 714 West Vliet street, in the city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin, a known policy turn-in station. On Saturday, April 2, 1949, at about 12:55 p. to., I observed Carl Estrada stop in the alley between West Galena and West Cherry streets and between North 5th and North 6th streets, where he met Forrest Franklin, a Known and convicted. policy gambler at that time. On Saturday, April 2, 1949, at about 1:02 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada meet Herman Yarbough, a known and convicted policy gambler and George Coolidge at North 6th and West Walnut streets in the city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin, and then the said Carl Estrada proceeded in his automobile and entered the first-floor premises at 2231 North 9th street, in said city, at about 1:11 p.m. On Tuesday, April 5, 1949, at about 1:02 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada stop at 714 West Vliet street, a known policy-gambling place. On Tuesday, April 5, 1949, at about 1:05 p. m., I observed Carl Estrada enter the premises located at 1535-A North 5th street, in the city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin. On Tuesday, April 5, 1949, at about 1:20 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada enter the said first-floor premises located at 2231 North 9th street. On Wednesday, April 6, 1949, at about 9:05 p.m., I observed *Page 96 Carl Estrada stop in front of the premises located at 714 West Vliet street. On Wednesday, April 6, 1949, at about 9:09 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada meet one Nellie Wyatt, a known and convicted policy gambler, on the corner of North 6th and West Cherry streets in the city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin. On Wednesday, April 6, 1949, at about 9:12 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada stop at North 6th and West Walnut streets and talk to one Herman Yarbough and one Forrest Franklin. On Wednesday, April 6, 1949, at about 9:16 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada enter the said premises at 2231 North 9th street, in the city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin. On Thursday, April 7, 1949, at about 12:45 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada enter the said premises at 714 West Vliet street. On Thursday, April 7, 1949, at 12:54 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada enter the said premises of Forrest Franklin located at 1535-A North 5th street. On Thursday, April 7, 1949, at about 12:58 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada stop at North 6th and West Walnut streets, where he met Herman Yarbough. On Thursday, April 7, 1949, at about 1:10 p.m., I observed Carl Estrada enter the said premises located at 2231 North 9th street. I believe that the said premises at 2231 North 9th street is the home of Elbert Harris, a known and convicted policy gambler. That the said Herman Yarbough, Forrest Franklin, and Nellie Wyatt are known policy writers and operate as pickup agents the various policy wheels and that the contacts above noted were made for the purpose of turning over policy paraphernalia to Carl Estrada.
"Based upon my experience as a police officer in the investigation of policy-gambling activities, I know that policy gambling is being conducted and that policy-gambling paraphernalia is being concealed on the entire first-floor premises located at 2231 North 9th street, city of Milwaukee, county of Milwaukee, state of Wisconsin. I hand you herewith the arrest record of Carl Estrada showing his previous connections and convictions for policy gambling."
It also appears that at the time of the examination and in connection therewith there was submitted to the magistrate the criminal record of one Carl Estrada, being the same person *Page 97 mentioned in the testimony given by the police officer. This showed numerous arrests for various offenses, convictions for some, but no conviction on the charge of policy gambling. A search warrant was issued and the defendant was apprehended on April 9, 1949, and brought before the court. An affidavit of prejudice was filed, adjournments were taken from time to time. The attorney for the defendant moved to suppress the evidence acquired by virtue of the search warrant on the ground that the search warrant was illegally issued, there not being a sufficient showing of probable cause. The motion was denied, the trial was had. The jury found the defendant guilty and he was sentenced by the court "for a full term and period of one (1) year on the first count of the complaint, and for a term of six (6) months at hard labor on the second count," the sentences to be served concurrently.
On July 21, 1949, the defendant appealed to the municipal court of the city and county of Milwaukee. In the municipal court on November 1, 1949, there was a motion to suppress the evidence on the same grounds presented to the district court. The motion was denied and the case set for trial on November 7, 1949. The court found the defendant not guilty of the offense charged in the first count of the complaint and guilty as charged in the second count of the complaint, and it was thereupon adjudged that the defendant should be punished by confinement at hard labor in the house of correction for Milwaukee county for a full term of six months.
From the judgment so entered the defendant appealed to this court on November 9, 1949. The matter was brought on for hearing in this court on November 15, 1949. on stipulation of parties. The only question raised in this case is stated by the defendant thus:
"Was there sufficient evidence in the affidavit of Officer Beck to justify the finding of probable cause from which the magistrate could determine whether said search warrant should issue?"
Sec. 363.02, Stats., provides:
"Any such magistrate, when satisfied that there is reasonable cause, may also, upon like complaint made on oath, issue such warrants in the following cases, to wit: . . . (4) To search for and seize any gaming apparatus or implements used or kept and to be used in unlawful gaming in any gaming house or in any building, apartments or place resorted to for the purpose of unlawful gaming."
Secs. 348.17 and 348.171, Stats., prohibit the operation of the game commonly called "policy," and authorize the search of premises in cases where it is suspected, or the complainant has probable cause to suspect, that any house or other building is wilfully used as and for a gaming house. No contention is made that the provisions of these sections do not include the operation carried on by the defendant.
The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain a finding of probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant for two reasons: First, that the testimony of Officer Beck upon which the search warrant was issued must be found within the four corners of his affidavit. Second, that the magistrate could not consider the opinion of Police Officer Beck in determining whether the evidence supported the conclusion that there was probable cause.
It appears that in the course of the examination the magistrate was handed by the police officer, in connection with the giving of his evidence, a criminal record of one Carl Estrada, who was involved in the operation of the policy shop, *Page 99 which was offered and received. This record was taken from the official records of the department of police. It is not contended that it is an incorrect copy, simply that the court had no right to consider it because the magistrate did not make it a part of the record by return or reference. In his affidavit Officer Beck made the following statement: "I observed Carl Estrada, a known and convicted policy gambler." It appears from the criminal record that while Estrada had been convicted of other offenses he had not been convicted of policy gambling. While this was received and considered by the magistrate it was not filed with the magistrate at the time but was subsequently made a part of the records of the court upon motion of the defendant and without objection on the part of the district attorney.
Technically of course the criminal record of Estrada should have been made a part of the record in the proceedings before the magistrate. The defendant, however, having moved, apparently for some reason of his own that is should be considered a part of the record, the district attorney having made no objection and the court before whom the motion was made, having ordered it made a part of the record, the defendant thereby waived his right to object to the amendment of the record and cannot now be heard to complain.
We come now to the second contention, that there is not sufficient evidence to sustain a finding of probable cause. As has been often said in cases of this class, each case stands upon its facts. In Kraus v. State (1937), 226 Wis. 383,386, 276 N.W. 303, the following definition of probable cause was approved:
"Probable cause is such a state of facts in the mind of the prosecutor as would lead a man of ordinary caution and prudence to believe or entertain an honest and strong suspicion that the person arrested is guilty."
The matter of what constitutes probable cause is fully discussed and the cases are cited in Wood v. State (1945), *Page 100 185 Md. 280, 285, 44 A.2d 859. From the opinion in that case we quote the following:
"`If the facts and circumstances before the officer are such as to warrant a man of prudence and caution in believing that the offense has been committed, it is sufficient.' Staceyv. Emery, 97 U.S. 642, 645, 24 L. Ed. 1035; Carroll v.United States, supra, 267 U.S. at page 161, 45,69 L. Ed. 543; Goodman v. State, supra, 178 Md. at pages 9-10,11 A.2d 635. Mr. Justice WASHINGTON's definition of probable cause is 'a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in the belief that the party is guilty of the offense with which he is charged.' Stacey v. Emery, supra;Carroll v. United States, supra; Dumbra v. United States,268 U.S. 435, 441, 69 L. Ed. 1032; Goodman v. State,supra, 178 Md. at page 10, 11 A.2d 635. Probable cause is more than suspicion or possibility but less than certainty or proof."
To the same effect is State v. Mier (1948), 252 Wis. 221,31 N.W.2d 148. See also State v. Brockman (1939),231 Wis. 634. 283 N.W. 338.
On the authority of Hessian v. State (1928),196 Wis. 435, 220 N.W. 232, the defendant argues that the opinion of Officer Beck set forth in his affidavit for search warrant, is without evidential value. It is considered that this contention is without merit.
In cases of this kind the experience and special knowledge of police officers, who are applying for a search warrant, are among the facts which may be considered. State v. Brockman,supra; Steele v. United States No. 1 (1925),267 U.S. 498, 45 Sup. Ct. 414, 69 L. Ed. 757; Foreman v.State (1943), 182 Md. 415, 35 A.2d 171; Goodmanv. State (1940), 178 Md. 1, 11 A.2d 635.
The facts upon which the applicant for a search warrant bases his opinion must appear in the record, but the idea that a trained, experienced police officer may not state his *Page 101 conclusions from what he saw, heard, and smelled, the facts being stated, is certainly a novel one. There would be little merit in securing able, trained men to guard the public peace if they could not conclude from what they saw, heard, and smelled, that the law was being violated. State v. Brockman,supra.
In Steele v. United States No. 1, supra, it is said (p. 505.):
"What Einstein saw and ascertained was quite sufficient to warrant a man of prudence and caution and his experience in believing that the offense had been committed of possessing illegally whiskey and intoxicating liquor, and that it was in the building he described."
In this case not only Officer Beck but the magistrate had had much experience in the consideration and disposition of cases of this character. On the motion to suppress in the municipal court the trial court in its opinion made the following statement:
"It seems to me that we have here a situation where the officer, who brought the information to Judge NEELEN and testified under oath, reported this similarity of activity on the part, as he denominated him, of a known policy pickup man, and that he submitted the record, while it doesn't substantiate any policy convictions, it does indicate characteristic policy activity, which the court had before it and which was introduced in district court and again here as auxiliary to the affidavit. It seems to me that that gave sufficient basis for the magistrate to operate in the exercise of his judicial function.
"On the facts here, considering the objective, and that was the discovery of policy paraphernalia, and the magistrate being entitled fully to exercise his experience in reflecting upon the operations of that type of game, that he had sufficient jurisdiction there to exercise his honest judgment upon the facts elicited. After all, it is a matter of common knowledge, particularly on the part of the magistrate who deals with criminal actions all of the time, and of course that again is the point referred to in the first Mier Case [State v. Mier (1948),252 Wis. 221, 31 N.W.2d 148], that the *Page 102 magistrate doesn't have to have a description of all of the minute details of the gambling operation, so a magistrate may, on the basis of his experience, conclude that policy is a game that doesn't come in one package but consists of interlocking operations in which numerous persons must be involved before the consummation of the game, in other words, the distribution of the slips, the taking of the money and the turning in of those slips, and the necessity of somebody being responsible for the turning in and the picking up and so forth, until they are finally relayed to the place where the lottery itself is held, which would enable the magistrate to conclude that there is an afternoon and evening drawing."
In this conclusion we concur.
If the contentions made by the defendant in this case were sound a magistrate in order to issue a search warrant would be obliged to have before him evidence sufficient to sustain a conviction. That certainly is not the law. If it reasonably appears to the magistrate from all the evidence before him that the articles sought are probably to be found in the place described he is justified in issuing a search warrant.
By the Court. — The judgment appealed from is affirmed.