This decision covers two cases, that of the National Surety Company v. T.A. Morris, Receiver of the Citizens State Bank of Sheridan, and that of the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company v. J.A. Elliott, Receiver of the Platte County State Bank. In the first mentioned case it appears that the Citizens State Bank, a banking corporation, organized under the laws of this state, doing business at Sheridan, Wyoming, suspended business on May 15, 1924. The State Examiner took possession of the bank on that date in accordance with provisions of law authorizing him to do so in case of suspension of business by a bank. On July 28, 1924, T.A. Morris was appointed receiver. In the judgment rendered on that date, the court dissolved the corporation, enjoined it from proceeding further with its business, and vested the title to all of its real and personal property in said receiver. The State Treasurer of this state had, prior to said date, deposited *Page 142 state funds with said bank, in accordance with the state depository law. The bank had been duly designated as a state depository, and had given a bond to the state of Wyoming, with the National Surety Company as surety, in the sum of $8,000. The amount of state money on deposit in the bank at the time of its suspension of business was the sum of $7,000, on which there was $81.08 interest due. On August 14, 1924, said surety company paid the amount so due, namely $7,081.08, to the state, and thereafter filed its claim for this amount with said receiver, and asked, under its right of subrogation to the claims of the state, to be made a preferred creditor. The receiver denied such preference right. Suit was brought against him by said surety company, but the court also denied such right. And from the judgment to that effect, said surety company has appealed to this court.
In the second of the above cases, it appears that the Platte County State Bank, a banking corporation, organized under the laws of this state, suspended business on February 17, 1923, at which time the State Examiner took possession of it. On April 26, 1923, J.A. Elliott was, by order of court, duly appointed receiver. Said order provided, among other things, that the bank be closed and enjoined from further proceeding with its business; and that said receiver take charge of all its property and hold the same subject to the orders of the court. No specific order dissolving the bank as a corporation, or vesting the title to its property in the receiver, was made. This bank, too, had been duly designated as a state depositary, in accordance with the laws of this state, had received deposits of state funds and had given two bonds with the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, as surety, of $5600 each, in order to protect said deposits. The amount of such deposit, on the date the bank suspended business, was $10,000, on which $39.45 interest was due. This amount was, upon demand, paid by said *Page 143 surety company to the state in June, 1923. In May, 1923, the State Treasurer had filed a claim therefor with said receiver, and this claim was, by the State Treasurer, assigned to the said surety company. The latter, on February 26, 1924, made a demand on the receiver, to be made a preferred creditor for the foregoing amount. This demand was denied, whereupon suit was duly instituted by said surety company against said receiver, but the court, too, denied such preference right, and from the judgment to that effect said surety company has appealed to this court.
1. The two cases were argued and submitted at the same time, and both may be decided in one opinion. The sole questions in each case are (1) as to whether the state was entitled to a preference, and (2) whether the appellant by reason of subrogation to the rights of the state succeeds thereto. It is conceded, though doubted in the recent Colorado case hereinafter mentioned, that the surety companies would succeed to any preference right which the state might have, and we shall not discuss that point. It was undoubtedly the general rule of the common law that the crown of England was entitled to have its debts paid in preference to those due to private individuals, and many of the courts of the United States have held that this royal prerogative is vested in the states as sovereignties. Among the cases so holding are: United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co. v. Bramwell, 108 Or. 261, 217 P. 332, 32 A.L.R. 829; Aetna Accident and Liability Co. v. Miller, 54 Mont. 377, 170 P. 760, L.R.A. 1918c 954; American Surety Co. v. Pearson, 146 Minn. 342,178 N.W. 817; In re Carnegie Trust Co., 206 N.Y. 390,99 N.E. 1096, 46 L.R.A. (N.S.) 260; Central Bank and Trust Co. v. State,139 Ga. 54, 76 S.E. 587; Woodyard v. Sayre, 90 W. Va. 295,110 S.E. 689, 24 A.L.R. 1497. In very few of these cases a depository act, such as we have in this state, was considered, but it may be conceded *Page 144 that these courts strongly incline to the view that a state is, generally speaking, entitled to preference. Other courts, on the other hand, deny that the foregoing rule of the common law is adapted to the conditions in the United States, and hold that the state has no preference unless that is granted by statute. Middlesex County etc. v. State Bank, 29 N.J. Eq. 268; Potter v. Fidelity G. Co., 101 Miss. 823, 58 So. 713; State v. Harris, 2 Bailey (S.C.) 598; Shields v. Thomas, 71 Miss. 260, 14 So. 84, 42 A.S.R. 458. Still other cases, hereinafter referred to, hold that the state has lost its preference under circumstances similar to those that appear in the case at bar. Among the courts so holding are those of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Washington, Michigan, Maryland, New Jersey — rather respectable authority, although some of the courts base their holding upon one reason, and others upon another. We may assume, for the purposes of this case, that the state has, generally speaking, a preference right, and shall confine our discussion to the point as to whether it has such right under the circumstances that appear herein. Before proceeding further, we might say that the differences among the courts on the question as a whole is undoubtedly due in part to the fact that some of them lay greater stress than others upon the importance of protecting public money, without considering to the same extent as do others the hardship that will frequently fall upon hundreds of individuals in case preference is given to the state. In this connection, Chief Justice Shaw said in the case of Com. v. Bank, 11 Met. (Mass.) 129, 147, which involved a claim of preference, under a statute, on the part of the United States:
"Claims to a preference and payment in full are not favored by any considerations of equity. The general rule is, that when several creditors are entitled to payment from a fund insufficient to satisfy the whole, they shall share in proportion. This rule of equity may be controlled *Page 145 by a provision of positive law. In such case all the creditors will not be equally entitled to be paid in full, and equity must yield to the law. But in order to establish such a preference, it must be made plainly to appear that the case is within the rule of law that secures such preference."
This court held in the case of State v. Foster, 5 Wyo. 199,38 P. 926, 29 L.R.A. 226, 63 Am. St. Rep. 47, that where a bank made an assignment for the benefit of creditors, the title to the property vested in the assignee and that thereupon all rights of preference of the state ceased. The principle of that case is recognized in State v. Bank of Maryland, 6 G. J. (Md.) 230, 26 Am. Dec. 561; State v. Williams, 101 Md. 529, 61 A. 297, 109 A.S.R. 579, 1 L.R.A.N.S. 254, 4 Ann. Cas. 970; Middlesex County v. State Bank, 29 N.J. Eq. 268; Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. Moore, 107 Wash. 99, 181 P. 40; Commissioners v. Chelsea Savings Bank, 161 Mich. 691, 125 N.W. 424, 127 N.W. 351; State v. First State Bank, 22 N.M. 661, 167 P. 3, L.R.A. 1918A 394. Counsel for appellants indeed concede the correctness of the rule. Yet no valuable consideration is paid, either by the creditors interested or by the assignee. The property, that was the debtor's, is neither increased nor decreased thereby. The assertion of such royal or sovereign prerogative would not injure the creditors, who only would be affected thereby, any more after the making of the assignment than before, and the rule above mentioned seems strange, if the prerogative mentioned was and is in fact of such high standing as counsel would have us believe it to be. The conclusion to be reached would rather seem to be to the effect that the right was destroyed upon grounds comparatively slight. Counsel for appellant seriously contend that the cases at bar do not come within the rule of State v. Foster, and particularly in the Elliott case, a distinction is sought to be drawn. In the Morris case the court *Page 146 dissolved the bank, as it was expressly authorized to do by the provisions of section 5152, W.C.S. 1920. Section 5442, a section contained in the chapter providing for dissolution of corporations, provides that "the title to all real and personal estate belonging to any such corporation, shall immediately upon the dissolution thereof, unless by a decree of a court of competent jurisdiction declaring such dissolution, it is otherwise ordered, pass to and rest in such trustee, directors, or other managers." It is contended by counsel for respondent in the Morris case that the term "receiver" comes within the meaning of the clause "or other managers," and that Morris, the receiver, accordingly was vested with the title of the Citizens State Bank upon the dissolution thereof. We need not determine that point. In both of the cases at bar the bank was enjoined from doing any further business; in both cases the receiver had full charge and control of the property of the insolvent corporation, under direction of the court, with full power to collect the debts and sell and dispose of all real and personal property in order to satisfy the claims of creditors. And we repeat, that creditors only, can be injuriously affected by the assertion of the sovereign prerogative above mentioned. They received the same kind of benefit under the receivership in the Elliott case as under the receivership in the Morris case, and in either case they were protected to the same extent and had the same rights, at least as a whole, as the creditors in the case of State v. Foster. What possible difference can it make if the technical title was not vested in the receivers? Shadowy lines should not, unless perchance absolutely imperative on the grounds of necessity, make one principle of law and justice applicable in one case and another principle in another case. And if the rule announced by this court in the Foster case is correct, it was rightly applied by the courts of Michigan and Washington, in Commissioners v. Chelsea Savings Bank, supra, *Page 147 and Aetna Casualty Surety Co. v. Moore, supra, to cases where as, perhaps, here, the technical title was not vested in the receiver. The court said in the first of these cases:
"Without treating the action of the bank commissioners in closing the Chelsea bank as the precise legal equivalent of a fair and bona fide assignment by the bank of its assets for a valuable consideration, it is nevertheless true that the proceedings taken passed all the property of the bank beyond its power or control. This being the result of enforcement of the state law, should have an effect equal to an assignment for benefit of creditors. Such an assignment could not be avoided by the crown."
Similar in effect is Middlesex County v. State Bank, supra.
It would seem, accordingly, that unless we are prepared to overrule State v. Foster, supra, which we are not asked to do, we should affirm the judgments in the cases at bar. We may, however, we think, base such affirmance mainly on other grounds.
2. When we come to examine the depository act of this state (Secs. 2949-2976, W.C.S. 1920), we find careful provisions made for the protection of the state's money. This act was passed in conformity with section 7, article 15, of our constitution, which reads as follows:
"All money belonging to the state, or to any county, city, town, village, or other sub-division therein, except as herein otherwise provided, shall whenever practicable, be deposited in a national bank or banks, or in a bank or banks incorporated under the laws of this state; provided that the bank or banks in which such money is deposited shall furnish security to be approved as provided by law; and shall also pay a reasonable rate of interest thereon. Such interest shall accrue to the fund from which it is derived." *Page 148
Section 2950, W.C.S. 1920, creates a board of deposits consisting of the Governor, State Treasurer and Secretary of State. This board designates such banks within the state which may, under the provisions of the depository act, deem eligible to be made state depositaries for the funds of the state. Any bank in the state may, if it is able to comply with the requirements of the act, become such depositary. And it is well known, as an historical fact, that one of the things that actuated the legislature in passing the act in question was to enable the State Treasurer to deposit the funds in his hands in banks in various portions of the state, instead of keeping them all, or the major portion thereof, in the capital of the state, and the legislature by that fact itself, attempted to provide greater protection for such funds. Every bank applying to become a depositary for the state's funds, must, according to section 2951, W.C.S. 1920, file its application in writing, accompanied by a sworn statement of its financial condition, so as to enable the state board of public deposits to determine whether or not it is a proper institution to safeguard the funds that may be entrusted to it. The State Treasurer must deposit the state's money in the banks that may be designated as depositaries therefor. But here, too, an additional safeguard is provided, for he must not have on deposit in any bank, at any one time, funds in excess of one-half of its paid-in and unimpaired capital stock and surplus. Section 2952. In addition thereto the depositary must either give a bond with some responsible surety company as surety, or put up collateral security consisting of United States Government bonds, or state, county, city or school bonds or warrants issued pursuant to the laws of this state, worth not less than their par value and in an amount equal, at least, to the maximum amount of such state-money deposited. For temporary deposits, local collateral-security may be given, but it must have an appraised value of at least 25 per cent *Page 149 more than such temporary deposits. All such collateral securities must be approved by the board of deposits, and the legal title thereof must be vested in the state, so as to more readily enable it to recover its money. There are other provisions of the law designed for fuller protection of the state's money, but it is unnecessary to mention them in detail. Similar provisions are made for public funds of counties, cities, towns and school districts. Interest on all public funds must be paid by the depositaries in an amount to be fixed by the proper boards of deposit, not, however, less than 2 per cent nor more than 4 per cent per annum. The state has accordingly engaged in a business enterprise of securing interest on its money, not required for immediate expenditures, and has made minute provisions that such enterprise should be carefully guarded, and the investments made fully protected. The purpose to engage in such business, was, as noticed, evinced by the people when they adopted the constitutional provision above quoted.
The rule of law giving the state a preference is, it must be conceded, based only upon grounds of expediency and public necessity. Equity was not considered in the formulation of that rule, at least when originally established. And it must further be conceded that the necessity mentioned certainly does not exist to the same extent as formerly, with all the minute provisions for the protection of public money made, as they are, under our depository act. The case of United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company v. McFerson, decided by the Supreme Court of Colorado, en banc, on November 30, 1925, (not yet published) states on this point as follows:
"The sovereign's preference is an exception to the general law. The doctrine is a harsh one and from time immemorial has rested solely upon public necessity. Moreover, if Finch is correct, as quoted by Blackstone, that it is `a maxim that the prerogative is that law in case of the *Page 150 King which is law in no case of the subject,' the prerogative could never be the subject of subrogation. Here the security was ample, the state has been paid by one employed for the very purpose of assuming that risk and performing that service. There is no necessity and hence no preference. If the surety were also insolvent the necessity would appear. If the rule of the common law — that the debts of the state are preferred to the debts of the citizens because it is necessary to the public welfare to secure the public revenue — is applicable to state bank deposits when the bank becomes insolvent, and if that preference be subject to the doctrine of subrogation in favor of one who pays the state, then we hold that rule inapplicable when the state debt is otherwise secured, because there is no necessity for the preference."
The case intimates that, perhaps, the state might have a preference, where its surety might not. Whether that would be sound in principle, we are not prepared to say, but the court doubtless decided the foregoing case as it did, mainly in view of the fact that the surety in that case, as in the cases at bar, was paid for assuming the risk to the state. In speaking of that point the Supreme Court of Kentucky, in the case of Smith v. Arnold, 165 Ky. 214, 176 S.W. 983, where deposits in an insolvent bank by a master commissioner were involved, said as follows:
"It was to protect the funds so deposited that the bond was required of the bank; and we will not countenance an effort to relieve this bond by an attempt to obtain a priority in the disbursements of the bank's assets, to the prejudice of the other depositors."
In that case, however, the court held that the principal's claim could not be preferred; in other words, that the bond was provided in lieu of the preference that might otherwise exist. And we may well say in the case at bar *Page 151 that the requirement of the bond, is one of the things that shows that the state meant to waive whatever preference it might otherwise have had. But that provision is not the only one that shows such waiver. The distribution of the funds over the state, the limitation of the amount that any bank can have, the provisions for careful inquiry into the ability of the bank to protect the funds that might be deposited, all go to show a special method provided to safeguard the state's money — methods that did not exist when the common law rule of preference was established. We do not regard the argument that these provisions made simply additional safeguards as of any great force. No special necessity therefor existed, if the prerogative mentioned was in force, particularly in view of the fact that the state has for many years had a state examiner who, under the law, is required, periodically, to carefully examine the condition of state banks, and the minute provisions above mentioned would seem clearly to have been intended as a substitute for any sovereign prerogative that the state might have had. It seems strange that when the legislature made such detailed, comprehensive provisions, which seem to constitute a complete system for protecting the state's money, it failed to mention such important right of preference, if it wanted to retain it in force.
There is another thing that would seem to require the dissipation of any doubt on the subject. That is the provision of our law for interest on deposits. By such provision the state engaged in a buiness enterprise, and put itself on a level with private individuals in that respect. It does not expect a bank to keep the state's money safely, except only as the money of individuals is so kept through and by means of the general assets of the bank. The state expects the bank to lend its money the same as it lends the money deposited by individuals. It would be absurd to expect it to keep the money on hand, when interest must *Page 152 be paid thereon. Hence the state's money is no trust fund, but the relation of debtor and creditor is created. It was said long ago that when a state puts itself on a level with private individuals, by engaging in a business enterprise, it, to that extent, loses its character as sovereign. Governor v. Woodworth,63 Ill. 254; Central Bank of Georgia v. Little, 11 Ga. 346; Bank v. Gibbs, 3 McCord (S.C.) 377. In the Illinois case the court said:
"It has been held that when the Government becomes a partner with individuals in the prosecution of some business or enterprise, it divests itself of its sovereign character, so far as relates to that business, and takes the character of a private citizen. It does not impart to its associates its privileges and prerogatives, but descends to a level with those with whom it associates itself, and the character which belongs to its associates, and to the business which is to be transacted."
In these cases, it is true, the state was in partnership with private individuals, or itself conducted a private enterprise, which is not true here. Nevertheless these cases clearly show that a state is not always entitled to its sovereign prerogatives, unless, perhaps, retained by specific legislation; but that it loses them when it places itself in the same class and on the same footing with private individuals in connection with its property rights. The state has done that in connection with its deposits under our depository law, and thereby should be held to have clearly indicated that it has waived its prerogative rights. It, accordingly, not having any preference rights, its sureties do not have any. These reasons and conclusions are fully sustained and ably argued in In re Central Bank of Willcox,23 Ariz. 574, 205 P. 915, and National Surety Company v. Pixton,60 Utah 289, 208 P. 878, 24 A.L.R. 1487. *Page 153
It follows that the judgments of the courts below should be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Affirmed.
POTTER, C.J., and KIMBALL, J., concur.