Opinion issued July 12, 2016.
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-15-00466-CV
———————————
DAVID SCHIED, Appellant
V.
MICHAEL RAY MERRITT, Appellee
On Appeal from Probate Court No. 1
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 434,875
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant David Schied is appealing the probate court’s order granting
appellee Michael Ray Merritt’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment and
dismissing appellant’s contest to Merritt’s application to probate the 2014 will of
appellant’s brother, Michael Edward Schied. We affirm.
Background
In January 2014, Michael Edward Schied executed his last will and testament
which named Michael Ray Merritt as the independent executor. After Michael died
in August 2014, Merritt filed an application to probate the will and for letters
testamentary in Harris County probate court. Appellant, Michael’s brother and a
beneficiary under the will, filed a pro se contest to Merritt’s application alleging that
Merritt was not qualified to serve as executor.1
In his contest, appellant also asked the probate court to (1) issue an order
compelling Merritt and Jeanette Smith, appellant’s sister and another beneficiary
under the will, to produce certain records and documents regarding Michael’s estate,
including an itemized accounting of all property removed from his home, and (2)
grant injunctive, declaratory, and other relief necessary to preserve the estate’s
assets. Appellant attached nineteen “exhibits” to his sixty-page pleading.
Appellant subsequently filed other motions and pleadings seeking various
types of relief and attempting to formally join Jeannette, Jeanette’s attorney Robin
1
Appellant’s pleading was entitled, “‘Complaint and Brief in Support of Opposition’
to Michael Ray Merritt’s ‘Application to Probate Will and for Letters Testimony
[sic]’ and ‘Motion for Order to Show Cause and to Compel Documents’ and for
Injunctive, Declaratory, and other Relief in Actions Taken Thus Far Against
Plaintiff’s Survivorship Rights, and to Determinate [sic] the actual necessity and
degree of Need for This Court’s Further Involvement in the ‘Probating’ of the
Remaining Terms of Mickey Schied’s Last Will and the Last Aspects of
‘Administration’ of Mickey Schied’s Estate.”
2
Apostolakis, Merritt’s wife Wynde Merritt, and Merritt’s attorney David Munson,
as parties.
On March 6, 2015, Merritt filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment
on appellant’s contest to Merritt’s qualifications to serve as the independent executor
of Michael’s estate. Appellant did not file a response to the motion.
On April 8, 2015, the probate court granted Merritt’s no-evidence motion for
summary judgment, dismissed appellant’s contest, and signed an order stating that
“[t]his judgment finally disposes of all parties and all claims and is appealable.” The
record reflects that appellant did not file a motion for new trial or request any post-
judgment relief from the trial court. This appeal followed.
Pro Se Litigants
Appellant is representing himself in this case. Although we must liberally
construe pro se pleadings and briefs, we nevertheless hold pro se litigants to the same
standards as licensed attorneys and require them to comply with applicable laws and
rules of procedure. Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181,184–85 (Tex.
1978); Valadez v. Avitia, 238 S.W.3d 843, 845 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.);
see also Harkins v. Dever Nursing Home, 999 S.W.2d 571, 573 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (requiring pro se litigants to substantially comply
with appellate rules). A pro se litigant is required to properly present his case to both
the trial and appellate courts. Valadez, 238 S.W.3d at 845. Otherwise, pro se litigants
3
would benefit from an unfair advantage over those parties who are represented by
counsel. See id. Therefore, we do not make allowances or apply different standards
when a case is presented by a litigant acting without the advice of counsel. See id.
The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure control the required contents and
organization for an appellant’s brief. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. An appellate brief is
“meant to acquaint the court with the issues in a case and to present argument that
will enable the court to decide the case . . . .” Id. R. 38.9. Therefore, an appellant’s
brief must contain “a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with
appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” Id. R. 38.1(i). This
requirement is not satisfied by merely uttering conclusory statements unsupported
by legal citations. Sweed v. City of El Paso, 195 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 2006, no pet.). A brief must explain how the law that is cited is applicable to
the facts of the case. Hernandez v. Hernandez, 318 S.W.3d 464, 466 (Tex. App.—
El Paso 2010); San Saba Energy, L.P. v. Crawford, 171 S.W.3d 323, 338 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Plummer v. Reeves, 93 S.W.3d 930, 931
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. denied); Nguyen v. Kosnoski, 93 S.W.3d 186, 188
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). This Court has “no duty—or even
right—to perform an independent review of the record and applicable law to
determine whether there was error.” Hernandez, 318 S.W.3d at 466; see 2218 Bryan
St., Ltd. v. City of Dallas, 175 S.W.3d 58, 65 n.2 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet.
4
denied). When an appellant’s brief fails to contain a clear and concise argument for
the contentions made with appropriate citations to legal authorities, the appellate
court is not responsible for doing the legal research that might support that party’s
contentions. Bolling v. Farmers Branch Indep. Sch,=. Dist., 315 S.W.3d 893, 895
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.); Canton–Carter v. Baylor Coll. of Med., 271
S.W.3d 928, 931 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). If we were to do
so, we would be abandoning our role as judges and assuming the role of advocate
for that party. Bolling, 315 S.W.3d at 895; Canton–Carter, 271 S.W.3d at 931.
Incorporation of Previous Filings by Reference
Appellant has attempted to incorporate by reference all of his previous filings
in this case. The rules of appellate procedure and applicable case law require that all
arguments must be set forth in the briefs; incorporating by reference arguments made
in another document does not present an issue for appellate review. See Young v.
Neatherlin, 102 S.W.3d 415, 423 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.).
Accordingly, we will not consider any arguments raised in any of the documents
appellant has attempted to incorporate by reference unless such arguments were
sufficiently set forth in appellant’s brief in compliance with Rule 38.1. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 38.1; Young, 102 S.W.3d at 423; see also Francis v. State, 746 S.W.2d 276,
278 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d) (refusing to consider brief
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appellant had filed in another case that appellant attempted to incorporate by
reference).
Parties
Although appellant filed a “Summons and Counter-Complaint and/or Cross
Complaint,” in which he attempted to assert claims against Jeanette, Wynde,
Apostolakis, and Munson and join them as parties, the appellate record does not
reflect that any of these individuals were properly served with citation or made an
appearance in the trial court.
Specifically, the record does not reflect that appellant requested the Harris
County clerk to issue citations to Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, or Munson or that
any such citations were ever issued in this case. Furthermore, the only “citation”
included in the appellate record does not appear to have been prepared by the clerk
because it was not signed by the clerk, and it does not contain the court’s seal. See
TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(a) (“when requested,” trial court clerk shall issue citation, and
requesting party is responsible for obtaining service), 99(b)(2) (stating citation “shall
. . . be signed by the clerk under seal of court”).
The record also does not reflect that Jeanette, Wynde, or Apostolakis filed an
answer in this proceeding or sought any affirmative relief from the trial court.
Appellant contends that Munson made an appearance by virtue of the fact that
he represented Merritt in this case. Munson, however, only appeared on behalf of
6
his client; he did not file an answer, appear, or seek any relief from the trial court on
his own behalf as a purported defendant.
Appellant further contends that Jeannette and Apostolakis appeared in this
case when they attended a hearing, and that Apostolakis acknowledged that she
represented Jeanette in this probate proceeding when Apostolakis sent appellant a
letter regarding the will. On the contrary, one does not appear in a case by
corresponding with one of the parties involved in the matter, or by being present in
the courtroom during proceedings. See In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 895–96 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (stating that purported defendant’s letter written to
opposing counsel, not court, insufficient to submit defendant to court’s jurisdiction);
Mays v. Perkins, 927 S.W.2d 222, 225 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no
writ) (holding party’s mere presence in courtroom during proceeding does not
constitute an appearance); see generally Forty-Acre Spring Live Stock Co. v. W. Tex.
Bank & Tr. Co., 111 S.W. 417, 419 (Tex. Civ. App. 1908, writ ref’d) (“‘Appearance’
means, ordinarily, the process by which a person, against whom a suit has been
commenced, submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court.”).
Because the record does not reflect that Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, or
Munson were served with a citation issued by the county clerk, or that they made an
appearance in the trial court, they were not parties to the trial court’s final judgment
and, as such, they are not “appellees” for purposes of this appeal. See Yilmaz v.
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McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)
(“To be a ‘party’ to a lawsuit, one generally must be named in the pleadings and
either be served, accept or waive service, or make an appearance. Merely being
named in a petition as a defendant does not make one a ‘party’ to the lawsuit.”); see
also Showbiz Multimedia, LLC v. Mountain States Mortg. Ctrs., Inc., 303 S.W.3d
769, 771 n.3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (noting that appellee
must be party to trial court’s final judgment and someone against whom appellant
raises issues or points of error in appellant’s brief).
Appellate Issues
Appellant argues on appeal that: (1) the trial court erred by denying his
motions for default judgment against Merritt, Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, and
Munson; (2) the trial court erred in granting Merritt’s “no evidence” summary
judgment motion; (3) the trial court erred by denying him a jury trial; (4) the actions
of the trial judge, court coordinator, county clerk, and/or other parties deprived him
of equal protection and equal treatment under the law; (5) the actions of the trial
judge, court coordinator, county clerk, and/or other parties deprived him of due
process; and (6) the trial judge, court coordinator, county clerk, and/or other parties
violated canons of the Code of Judicial Conduct, the local rules, and/or rules of
procedure. To the extent that appellant raised any additional arguments not identified
8
in this opinion, such arguments were inadequately briefed and preserved nothing for
our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h).
Appellant’s Motions for Default Judgment
Appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motions for default
judgment against Merritt, Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, and Munson. Even
assuming, without deciding, that appellant is a “plaintiff” who has asserted a separate
claim against “defendant” Merritt, appellant was not entitled to take a default
judgment against Merritt because Merritt had already appeared in the case. See TEX.
R. CIV. P. 508.3(d) (“If the defendant files an answer or otherwise appears in a case
before a default judgment is signed by the judge, the judge must not render a default
judgment and must set the case for trial.”). Furthermore, appellant was not entitled
to take a default judgment against Jeanette, Wynde, Apostolakis, and Munson
because those individuals were never properly served with citation. See generally
TEX. R. CIV. P. 239 (stating that plaintiff may not take judgment by default against
defendant unless “return of service [of citation] shall have been on file with the clerk
for the length of time required by Rule 107”).
We overrule this appellate complaint.
Merritt’s “No Evidence” Summary Judgment
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in granting Merritt’s “no
evidence” summary judgment motion because (1) appellant was not properly served
9
with the motion, (2) the motion and the trial court’s ruling on the motion were
premature because they were filed and entered before the close of discovery, and (3)
appellant attached nineteen exhibits to his “original complaint.”
A nonmovant who complains of less than twenty-one days’ notice of a
summary judgment hearing but admits to knowing of the hearing date before it
occurs waives its defense of insufficient notice if he fails to bring the defect to the
trial court’s attention at or before the erroneously scheduled hearing or submission
date. See May v. Nacogdoches Mem’l Hosp., 61 S.W.3d 623, 626 (Tex. App.—Tyler
2001, no pet.); see also Nguyen v. Short, 108 S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2003, pet. denied); Rios v. Tex. Bank, 948 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1997, no writ). A nonmovant may preserve a complaint of untimely notice
through a motion for continuance or in its response to the summary judgment
motion. Nguyen, 108 S.W.3d at 560. By contrast, a nonmovant who receives no
notice of a summary judgment hearing or submission date must raise a lack-of-
service defense in a motion for new trial or other post-judgment filing in order to
preserve the error. See Mayfield v. Fullhart, 444 S.W.3d 222, 226 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). It is unclear whether appellant is arguing
that he received “no notice” or insufficient notice on appeal, but in either event, the
record does not reflect that appellant ever complained to the trial court that he had
10
no notice or insufficient notice of Merritt’s motion, and therefore, he has not
preserved this issue for our review. See id.; Nguyen, 108 S.W.3d at 560.
Similarly, to preserve a complaint that the trial court’s decision on a summary
judgment motion was premature, the party claiming it did not have adequate time
for discovery must file either an affidavit explaining the need for further discovery
or a verified motion for continuance. See Tenneco, Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925
S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex. 1996). Appellant does not show that he did either.
Accordingly, appellant failed to preserve any alleged error on this point. See
Guerrero v. Mem’l Turkey Creek, Ltd., No. 01–09–00237–CV, 2011 WL 3820841,
at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 25, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.).
After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of proof
may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment on the ground that
there is no evidence to support an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim or
defense. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). The trial court must grant the motion unless the
nonmovant produces summary judgment evidence that raises a genuine issue of
material fact. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i) cmt.; S.W. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73
S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002). The nonmovant must expressly and specifically
identify in its response to a summary judgment motion the supporting evidence that
it contends is sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact. See Boeker v. Syptak,
916 S.W.2d 59, 61 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ); see also TEX. R.
11
CIV. P. 166a(i) cmt. (“To defeat a [no-evidence summary judgment] motion made
under paragraph (i), the respondent is not required to marshal its proof; its response
need only point out evidence that raises a fact issue on the challenged elements.”).
Although appellant attached nineteen exhibits to his initial pleading, he did not file
a response to Merritt’s “no evidence” summary judgment motion directing the trial
court to these exhibits. Because appellant failed to file any response to Merritt’s
motion, appellant did not meet his burden of proof on this issue, and, therefore, the
trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in Merritt’s favor. See S.W.
Elec. Power Co., 73 S.W.3d at 215.
We overrule appellant’s challenge to the trial court’s granting of Merritt’s
no-evidence summary judgment motion.
Denial of a Jury Trial
Appellant argues that the trial court violated Rule of Civil Procedure 504.1
when it granted Merritt’s “no evidence” summary judgment motion and disposed of
the entire case, thereby depriving appellant of his right to a trial by jury. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 504.1. The right to a jury trial in a civil case, however, is not absolute. See
Springer v. Am. Zurich Ins. Co., 115 S.W.3d 582, 585 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, pet.
denied) (“We hold that a no-evidence summary judgment under Rule 166a(i) does
not violate the right to a jury trial because, by presenting no evidence in support of
one’s claim, a party has failed to show that there is a material fact issue for a jury to
12
consider.”). Because the trial court did not err by granting Merritt’s “no evidence”
summary judgment motion, the trial court’s disposition of this case did not violate
appellant’s right to a jury trial. See id.
We overrule appellant’s challenge based upon Rule 504.1.
Equal Protection and Treatment
Appellant raises numerous equal protection and equal treatment challenges on
appeal, none of which are preserved for appellate review.
To preserve a complaint on appeal, the record must show that the appellant
made the complaint to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion and
that the trial court ruled on the request, objection, or motion either expressly or
implicitly, or that the trial court refused to rule and the party objected to the refusal.
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). The appellant’s complaint on appeal must be the same as
the complaint presented to the trial court. Sefzik v. Mady Dev., L.P., 231 S.W.3d 456,
464 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). These rules also apply to constitutional
challenges. See Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex. 1993) (holding party
waived due process and equal protection challenges by failing to raise them in trial
court). The record before us, however, does not reflect that appellant ever argued to
the trial court that he was deprived of his right to equal protection or equal treatment
under the law. According, appellant has not preserved any such arguments for our
review. See id. Even if appellant had raised such arguments to the trial court,
13
appellant has not cited to any legal authority that supports his allegations and it is
not this court’s responsibility to craft such legal arguments for him. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 38.1(h); Canton–Carter, 271 S.W.3d at 931–92.
We overrule appellant’s equal protection and equal treatment arguments.
Due Process
Appellant also raises numerous due process challenges on appeal, none of
which are preserved for appellate review.
The record reflects that, unlike his equal protection and treatment arguments,
appellant raised some of his due process arguments with the trial court. Nevertheless,
appellant has not preserved these arguments for our review because he has not cited
to any legal authority that actually supports his allegations that the trial court, the
court coordinator, the clerk’s office, or any other party, acted in such a way as to
deprive him of due process. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h). For example, appellant
argues on appeal that the trial court deprived him of due process and violated Rule
of Civil Procedure 62 when it dismissed his case without first giving him an
opportunity to replead and cites five U.S. Supreme Court opinions in support of his
contention. See generally Baldwin Cty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 104
S. Ct. 1723 (1984) (per curiam); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S. Ct. 285
(1976); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S. Ct. 594 (1972); Conley v. Gibson, 355
14
U.S. 41, 78 S. Ct. 99 (1957). Appellant’s reliance upon these cases is misplaced.2
These opinions address a federal court’s obligation to liberally construe a pro se
litigant’s complaint and not dismiss such complaints for failure to state a claim
unless the litigant can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would
entitle him to relief. Appellant’s challenge to Merritt’s qualifications to serve as
executor, however, was not dismissed for failure to state a claim; the trial court
granted summary judgment in Merritt’s favor based on appellant’s failure to present
any evidence supporting his claim. Thus, these cited cases are inapplicable for
purposes of appellant’s due process complaint. Furthermore, appellant’s reliance
upon Rule 62 is similarly misplaced because the trial court’s ruling was based on
appellant’s failure to present evidence, not a pleading deficiency. See TEX. R. CIV.
P. 62. Accordingly, because appellant’s brief does not contain a clear and concise
due process argument, with appropriate citations to supporting legal authority and
the record, appellant has not preserved any of his due process arguments for our
review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h).
We overrule appellant’s due process challenges.
Code of Judicial Conduct
Appellant contends that the trial judge breached two canons of the Code of
Judicial Conduct. Under our constitution, the State Commission on Judicial Conduct
2
These are the only legal opinions cited in appellant’s brief.
15
is charged with enforcement of the Code of Judicial Conduct. TEX. CONST. art. V,
§ 1–a(6); see also Joachim v. Chambers, 815 S.W.2d 234, 243 (Tex. 1991); Howell
v. Hecht, 821 S.W.2d 627, 632 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, writ denied) (“[W]e find
that the only remedy or sanction that is afforded by the Code states: ‘Any judge who
violates this Code shall be subject to sanctions by the State Commission on Judicial
Conduct.’”). We are therefore without jurisdiction to address any alleged breach of
the Code of Judicial Conduct. Cf. Merritt v. Davis, 331 S.W.3d 857, 863 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied) (finding no authority to support proposition that
violation of Code of Judicial Conduct amounts to reversible error). We overrule
appellant’s challenge based on alleged violations of the Code of Judicial Conduct.
Alleged Violations of Local Rules and Rules of Procedure3
Appellant contends that after he informed the trial court that Merritt’s counsel
had violated the “Harris County Local Rules of District Courts Concerning the
Electronic Filing of Court Documents” by electronically serving him when he did
not wish to be served electronically, the judge failed to act or admonish the attorney.
He further contends that the trial court clerk’s docketing practice violates Rules of
Civil Procedure 1, 4, 5, and 26. Appellant, however, does not cite to any legal
authority holding that the violation of any of these rules constitutes reversible error
3
We further note that appellant’s reliance upon “Rule 21.8” is misplaced because that
rule of appellate procedure pertains to motions for new trial in criminal cases. TEX.
R. APP. P. 21.8.
16
and we are not responsible for doing the legal research that might support such
contentions. See Canton–Carter, 271 S.W.3d 928, 931–92. We overrule appellant’s
challenge based on alleged violations of the local rules and the Rules of Civil
Procedure.
Appellant’s Motion for Default Judgment on Appeal
In addition to his brief, appellant also filed a motion seeking a “default
judgment” in this appeal based on appellee’s failure to file a brief. An appellant
cannot prevail on appeal merely because the appellee does not file a brief. See Com.
Credit & Control Data Corp. v. Wheeler, 756 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 1988, writ denied) (“The burden rests on the appellant to present to us,
through its brief, errors committed by the trial court . . . . The appellees’ failure to
properly submit a brief does not in itself entitle appellant to a reversal.”). Appellant’s
motion is denied.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment and dismiss any outstanding motions as
moot.
Russell Lloyd
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Bland, Brown, and Lloyd.
17