NUMBER 13-15-00080-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
GREGORY LEWIS, A/K/A
GREGORY ALLAN LEWIS, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 404th District Court
of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides, and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
By a single issue, appellant Gregory Lewis challenges his convictions for
continuous sexual assault of a child, two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child
under 14 years of age, and indecency with a child, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 21.02(b),
22.021(a) (B), and 21.11(a) (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.). Appellant asserts that
he was denied effective assistance by his trial counsel. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
The State indicted Lewis who was the complaining witness’s, A.L.’s1 father for the
crimes listed above. Lewis pleaded not guilty, and the case proceeded to a jury trial.
The State called thirteen total witnesses at trial. Among those testifying included:
the school counselor who heard the original outcry, two CPS caseworkers, the detective
assigned to the case, and the forensic interviewer who interviewed A.L. after her outcry.
The State also questioned various members of A.L.’s family. A.L. was the State’s final
witness and testified to the various sexual acts she alleged Lewis forced her to engage
in. Lewis chose not to testify. However, Lewis’s wife, S.L., who is also A.L.’s mother,
testified.
The jury found Lewis guilty of all four counts as alleged in the indictment. Lewis
was sentenced to thirty years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional
Division on the continuous sexual abuse charge and aggravated sexual assault charges,
and twenty years for the indecency with a child charge. The trial court ordered the
sentences to run concurrently.
Following Lewis’s conviction, he filed a motion for new trial2 alleging ineffective
assistance of counsel. A hearing on the motion was held on February 2, 2015, where
Lewis’s trial attorney, Joseph Moreno, was questioned by Lewis’s appellate counsel and
the State. The trial court subsequently denied the motion for new trial, and this appeal
1 Although the complaining witness’s identity was not concealed at trial, given the nature of the
case, on appeal, we will use only her initials.
2 Unless mentioned specifically, no other issues were discussed during the motion for a new trial
hearing.
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followed.
II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
By his sole issue, Lewis claims that he was denied effective assistance of counsel
during his trial.
A. Standard of Review
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must meet
the heavy burden of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland,
the defendant must show by preponderance of the evidence that: (1) counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) there is a
reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different but for
the attorney’s deficient performance. Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986) (en banc) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694); Jaynes v. State, 216
S.W.3d 839, 851 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, no pet). Allegations of
ineffectiveness must be “firmly founded in the record.” Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d
808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). “A vague inarticulate sense that counsel could have
provided a better defense is not a legal basis for finding counsel constitutionally
incompetent.” Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The
reasonableness of counsel’s performance is to be evaluated from counsel’s perspective
at the time of the alleged error and in light of all the circumstances. Id.
A “convicted defendant making a claim of ineffective assistance must identify the
acts or omissions of counsel that are alleged not to have been the result of reasonable
professional judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. We look to “the totality of the
representation and the particular circumstances of each case in evaluating the
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effectiveness of counsel.” Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. If the appellant fails to prove
one prong of the test, we need not reach the other prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at
697; Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
Failure to make the required showing of either deficient performance or sufficient
prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim. McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Absent both showings, an appellate court cannot conclude the
conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial process that renders the result
unreliable. Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim. App.1993).
Appellant bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel
was ineffective. Cannon v. State, 668 S.W.2d 401, 403 (Tex. Crim. App.1984). When
handed the task of determining the validity of a defendant's claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel, any judicial review must be highly deferential to trial counsel and avoid the
deleterious effects of hindsight. Ingham v. State, 679 S.W.2d 503, 509 (Tex. Crim.
App.1984). Finally, there is a strong presumption that counsel's conduct fell within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, Thompson,
9 S.W.3d at 814.
B. Discussion
1. Admission of Evidence
Lewis first argues that his trial counsel failed to object to the introduction of
evidence of the magistrate’s finding of probable cause to arrest the defendant on hearsay
grounds. As a general rule, hearsay evidence relating to probable cause is not
admissible when the issue of probable cause is not raised before the jury. Smith v.
State, 574 S.W.2d 555, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). In the present case, the State
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questioned Harlingen Police Investigator Ruben Salazar and asked him questions
regarding the arrest warrant issued for Lewis as well as what probable cause was needed,
but the issue of probable cause was not raised before the jury. Lewis argues that the
issue of probable cause was not raised before the jury, and the evidence elicited from the
witness was therefore not admissible. However, Lewis’s trial counsel objected on
relevance grounds regarding the issue of probable cause, and the trial court sustained
the objection. On appeal, however, Lewis argues that his trial counsel did not object on
hearsay grounds. While the complained-of evidence is inadmissible hearsay, Lewis
nevertheless fails to rebut the strong presumption that Lewis’s trial counsel’s conduct was
not unreasonable. Regardless, even if he met his burden under the first prong of
Strickland, Lewis fails to show how this alleged failure would have resulted in a different
outcome but for the alleged deficiency. See Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 55.
Next, Lewis contends that the State elicited additional information on the issue of
probable cause from the Court Assigned Special Advocate (C.A.S.A.) volunteer Ricardo
Cavazos, who stated “there was enough there for an arrest.” Applying the Strickland
standard, we presume that Lewis’s counsel’s failure to object to this testimony was
reasonable because Detective Salazar was on the State’s witness list and later testified
about Lewis’s arrest, therefore, not requiring any objection from Lewis’s counsel. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. 668. An analysis under the second prong of Strickland is not
necessary because Lewis fails to rebut the strong presumption that his trial counsel acted
reasonably. Id.
By his second sub-issue, Lewis argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object to
hearsay testimony by Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (S.A.N.E.), Goldie Strader,
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amounted to ineffective assistance. At trial, Nurse Strader was asked to read the
complaining witness’s medical history from the report she created. Initially, defense
counsel objected to bolstering, but the State responded that it was relevant and was also
an exception to the hearsay rule.
Hearsay is an out of court statement that is being offered to prove the truth of the
matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). Hearsay statements are inadmissible in court
because it presents the jury with information other than the witness’s sworn testimony.
However, as in the present case, statements referencing the “medical diagnosis or
treatment and describing medical history” are an exception to the hearsay rule and can
be admissible at trial. TEX. R. EVID. 803(4). Lewis argues that the State did not elicit
evidence from the witness that would be considered part of a medical diagnosis. Strader
recited A.L.’s medical history, which was taken in order to be able to establish her medical
diagnosis. A.L.’s medical history was given to Nurse Strader for the purpose of
facilitating her medical diagnosis or treatment, making the history admissible under an
exception to the hearsay rule. See Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008) (holding statements to a non-medical professional that will be relayed to a medical
professional about the declarant's diagnosis are admissible under the exception to the
hearsay rule for statements made for the purpose of medical diagnosis). Because this
evidence was admissible pursuant to this hearsay exception, an objection to this evidence
would have been without merit. Thus, Lewis failed to meet his burden under the first
prong of Strickland test to show that his trial counsel’s representation fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness.
Lewis’s third sub-issue argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he
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failed to object to Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (CPS) caseworker
Diana Molina’s testimony regarding an ultimate issue of material fact that should be
decided by a jury. As explained by Molina, each child abuse case is classified by CPS
into three different findings: reason to believe, unable to determine, and rule out. Molina
testified that A.L.’s case was classified as a “reason-to-believe” case, meaning that the
CPS had sufficient evidence to believe A.L’s complaint was credible. A witness’s
testimony cannot rise to the level of “‘replacing’ the jury,” by making conclusions on issues
that are for the jury to decide. See Cohn v. State, 849 S.W.2d 817 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993). When this issue was raised at the motion for a new trial hearing, however, trial
counsel addressed this issue as well as his reasoning for not objecting to it:
[Appellate Counsel]: Did you object to the—did you object, as the attorney,
to the reason to believe as being a conclusion on the
part of the witness?
[Trial Counsel] I did not object to that, because I knew that on cross-
examination, I was going to be able to show that she
didn't know what she was talking about because she
didn't have -- she didn't know about the existing
evidence that contradicted the statements that were
made, so I knew that I would be able to -- to -- to get
her to say she didn't know.
In an ineffective assistance claim, appellant has to prove that counsel's actions
were not supported by a reasonable strategy. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500,
504-05 (2003). Lewis’s trial counsel explained that during his cross examination of
Molina, he attempted to show that jury that “[Molina] didn’t know what she was talking
about,” by discrediting her testimony by asking her specific questions about the case that
she was not able to answer. Trial counsel’s competence is presumed and his failure to
object was part of sound strategy. Here, Lewis’s trial counsel disclosed his strategy for
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not objecting and how he sought to discredit Molina during cross examination.
Therefore, Lewis’s argument does not meet his burden under Strickland.
By his fourth and fifth sub-issues, Lewis argues that his trial counsel’s failure to
object to evidence of the various witnesses’ opinions regarding the truthfulness and
character of the complaining witness amounted to ineffective assistance. Generally, no
witness may ever give an opinion concerning the truth or falsity of another witness’s
testimony. Joseph v. State, 367 S.W.3d 741 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012)
(citing Ayala v. State, 352 S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tex. Crim. App. 1962)); TEX. R. EVID. 701.
Lewis first argues that the statements made by the school counselor Claudia
Penuelas commented on A.L.’s willingness to accept fault and her propensity to tell lies,
and that these comments should have been objected to, as the credibility of A.L. had not
yet been attacked. TEX. R. EVID. 608. While it is conceivable that these statements
could have been objectionable, Lewis fails to establish how his trial counsel’s failure to
object fell outside the wide the range of reasonable professional assistance. Thompson,
9 S.W.3d at 814, McFarland 228 2d at 500. Additionally, Lewis asserts that his trial
counsel should have objected to testimony from Marcela Fuentes, A.L.’s assistant
principal, as inadmissible character-for-truthfulness evidence. The record reveals,
however, that Lewis’s trial counsel did object to this testimony, but the trial court overruled
this objection. As a result, we conclude that Lewis again failed to meet his burden to
establish a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel on this ground.
Lewis also argues that testimony from Molina and Cavazos was also wrongfully
admitted as character evidence, and his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to its admissibility. Lewis also points to testimony by S.L., A.L.’s mother, who testified
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about A.L.’s truthfulness, as well as similar testimony from A.L.’s grandmother and uncle
and testimony by Detective Salazar. However, like many of Lewis’s arguments on
appeal, however, the record is silent as to why his trial counsel failed to object to this
purportedly inadmissible evidence. As a result, Lewis fails to rebut the presumption that
his trial counsel’s decisions not to object was reasonable. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at
814.
Next, Lewis argues that Galvan-Castillo’s testimony about A.L.’s providing of
sensory details and Nurse Strader’s reading of the medical report also amounted to
inadmissible evidence regarding A.L.’s truthfulness; however evidence that is rationally-
based on a witness’s perception does not constitute improper evidence of character for
truthfulness. TEX. R. EVID. 701. Therefore, Lewis failed to establish how his trial
counsel’s failure to object was unreasonable.
Additionally, Lewis challenges several statements made by Casey Monroe, A.L.’s
therapist as impermissible credibility testimony. The first statement related to Monroe’s
description of A.L.’s demeanor, while A.L. described the acts of abuse against her.
Another piece of testimony that Lewis complains about on appeal related to Monroe’s
apparent commentary on A.L.’s credibility. Even if we assume without deciding that
these statements constitute inadmissible character evidence, we must be highly
deferential to Lewis’s trial counsel’s decision not to object. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at
814. Furthermore, Lewis also fails to prove beyond a preponderance of the evidence
that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to object. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.
Lewis’s sixth sub-issue alleges that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to
request pre-trial notice and object at trial to the State’s attempts to introduce evidence in
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violation of Rule 404(b). TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(2). Rule 404(b)(2) of the Texas Rules of
Evidence states:
This evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence
of mistake, or lack of accident. On timely request by a defendant in a
criminal case, the prosecutor must provide reasonable notice before trial
that the prosecution intends to introduce such evidence--other than that
arising in the same transaction--in its case-in-chief.
Id. According to this rule, the State must provide notice to the defendant of any bad acts
they plan to introduce at trial if it is requested by the Defense.
In the present case, trial counsel did not request notice of the bad acts; however,
even if he had, the State still would have been able to present the evidence of bad acts
at trial, which would have made an objection meritless. For example, several pieces of
testimony that are referenced by Lewis refer to observations made of Lewis’s demeanor
during the pendency of the trial. However, demeanor does not fall under the scope of
admissibility as defined above. Because we must be highly deferential to Lewis’s trial
counsel’s decision, and because Lewis fails to prove through evidence firmly founded in
the record that would prove the trial counsel’s ineffectiveness by failing to object to this
testimony, we conclude that Lewis again fails to meet his burden under Strickland. See
Ingham, 679 S.W.2d at 509, Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
Additionally, Lewis points to other unobjected to evidence that referenced S.L.’s
alleged marijuana use when A.L. was born, as well as testimony regarding Lewis’s failure
to comply with the CPS safety plan and his hostility toward CPS. As stated previously,
Lewis bears the burden of proving beyond a preponderance of the evidence that his trial
counsel was ineffective by allowing this testimony into evidence. Aside from mentioning
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this testimony, Lewis fails to explain how or why his trial counsel’s failure to object
amounted in ineffective assistance.
Further, Lewis argues that the State improperly elicited evidence about how he
met his wife; however this evidence has no bearing on an ineffective assistance claim
because this testimony was objected to on relevance grounds, but nevertheless overruled
by the trial court. Finally, Lewis argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object to the
State’s questioning of A.L.’s uncle, Roger Allen, about Lewis’s relationship with A.L. was
improper and should have been objected to. According to the record, however, this line
of questioning solely dealt with the amount of time that Lewis spent with A.L. Therefore,
even assuming without deciding that Lewis met his burden under the first prong of
Strickland, he fails to show how this alleged failure would have resulted in a different
outcome but for the alleged error. See Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 55.
2. Jury Argument by the Prosecutor
The seventh and final sub-issue raised is trial counsel’s alleged failure to object to
three instances during closing argument in which the State alluded to Lewis’s failure to
testify which purportedly violated his right to remain silent. A prosecutor's comment can
amount to an impermissible comment on a defendant's failure to testify only if, when
viewed from the jury's standpoint, the comment is manifestly intended to be, or is of such
character that a typical jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be, a comment on
the defendant's failure to testify. Crocker v. State, 248 S.W.3d 299, 304 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d.) (citing Bustamante v. State, 48 S.W.3d 761, 765
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).
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Lewis first complains of the following argument by the State’s prosecutor:
Of course there was not another witness. It was her and him in that room,
and he’s denying it. She is the one that came in here and told you that [sic]
the details of what he would do to her.
Nothing in the record shows why Lewis’s trial counsel failed to object to this argument,
and Lewis fails to point to any evidence firmly founded in the record that failing to object
to this comment fell below the objective standard of reasonableness. Therefore, we
must be highly deferential to the trial counsel’s judgment in not objecting to this comment
and it is presumed that this alleged error fell within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.
The second and third comments made by the State that Lewis challenge are the
following:
[T]hey tried to offer services to the Defendant, and at first, he showed up to
that first meeting, and after that, he didn’t want anything to do with it.
....
[Y]ou should care enough for your child to partake of it, …‘I would have
done whatever was needed to clear my name and protect my family and get
them back.’ That’s not what he did. Instead, what does he do? He cussed
her out, didn’t have anything to do with it.
Aside from referencing these comments, Lewis again fails to rebut the strong
presumption afforded his trial counsel that his failure to object was a reasonable decision.
See Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.
3. Summary
In summary, we conclude that Lewis did not meet his burden on any grounds
alleged under Strickland to establish that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance.
See 466 U.S. 668. Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, we overrule Lewis’s sole issue
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on appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GINA M. BENAVIDES,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).
Delivered and filed the
14th day of July, 2016.
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Gregory Lewis A/K/A Gregory Allan Lewis v. State
Combined Opinion