In re P.N. CA2/1

Filed 7/19/16 In re P.N. CA2/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

In re P.N., a Person Coming Under the B261201
Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. DK01715)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

Z.N.,

Defendant and Appellant;

S.N.,

Defendant and Respondent.

APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Anthony A.
Trendacosta, Judge. Reversed.
Lori A. Fields, under appointment by the Court of Appeal; Law Offices of
Cynthia A. dePetris and Cynthia A. dePetris for Defendant and Appellant.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.
 Nicole Williams, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Respondent.
——————————
Mother, through an informal “walk on” petition, sought to modify father’s custody
rights regarding their infant daughter, P.N. (the Child). The juvenile court construed
mother’s petition as a request made pursuant to section 388 of the Welfare and
Institutions Code.1 Section 388 gives the court two ultimate choices: “(1) summarily
deny the petition or (2) hold a hearing.” (In re Lesly G. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 904,
912.) The court continued the section 388 petition, because the mother had not properly
authenticated her supporting documentation. However, the court, apparently finding
some potential merit in mother’s petition, also “temporarily” but significantly modified
custody of the Child. Before mother’s section 388 petition, the parents cared for the
Child at their respective homes, alternating every two days, with no monitoring. Under
its “temporary” order, the court limited father’s custody of the Child to monitored visits,
three times a week for just two hours each.
When mother’s section 388 petition came before the juvenile court following the
continuance, the court stated that it was not going to “even engage in argument on the
issue.” Instead, the juvenile court terminated jurisdiction but left its temporary order in
place; it did so, so that mother could go to family court, where the parents were litigating
their divorce, and request a “modification of whatever visitation or custody orders she
deems appropriate based upon the evidence that she wishes to present.” In effect, the
court both summarily denied mother’s section 388 petition by terminating jurisdiction
without ever hearing argument or receiving evidence on the petition and granted it by
leaving its temporary order modifying father’s custody in effect, but it did so without
ever holding a hearing on the petition—that is, without ever allowing father to present
evidence showing why his custody and visitation rights should not be modified. The

1 Allfurther statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise indicated.

2
juvenile court took this unusual approach because it believed that, with the Child no
longer in danger, the family court was the better forum for the parents to address issues of
custody and visitation.
When father moved for reconsideration, he requested that custody and visitation
be restored to the status quo ante. Notably, the court acknowledged that its temporary
order was “improper” because it had been made without giving father a hearing.
Nevertheless, instead of restoring the status quo ante and then terminating jurisdiction,
the court, again without giving father an evidentiary hearing, issued a new “interim”
order restricting father’s custody and visitation to two days a week (Tuesdays and
Thursdays) from noon until 6:00 p.m. This new “interim” order would remain in effect
until the family court could address mother’s request for a change in custody/visitation.
As discussed in more detail below, we hold that the juvenile court abused its
discretion with respect to its temporary and interim orders modifying father’s custody and
visitation and that such an error was not harmless.
BACKGROUND
I. The juvenile court acquires jurisdiction over the Child for safety reasons
Mother and father married in March 2012. In August 2013, mother gave birth to
the Child. In mid-September 2013, a month after the Child’s birth, mother was
hospitalized for approximately one week due to psychiatric issues, including post-partum
depression and having suicidal ideations. On or about September 22, 2013, a violent
confrontation occurred between mother and father, in which mother brandished a knife
and scissors at father while she held the Child under her arms and squeezed the Child’s
head with her elbows (the Incident). The police came and mother voluntarily allowed
herself to be hospitalized.2

2 The police did not file any charges or make any referrals to Los Angeles
Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) arising out of the Incident. DCFS
became involved when the hospital referred the family to DCFS in order to check on
father’s ability to care for the Child.

3
 On October 9, 2013, DCFS filed a juvenile dependency petition alleging that the
Child came within section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b) as a result of the Incident.3 At
the detention hearing on that same day, the court ordered, among other things, that the
minor be detained from mother and released to father. In addition, based on DCFS’s
recommendations, the court ordered DCFS to develop a safety plan and a specific
schedule for mother’s visits and specified that her visits were to occur at least three to
four times a week.
II. DCFS observes progress with regard to the Child’s safety
Over the course of the next several months, DCFS filed a number of reports
documenting an increasingly stable situation with respect to the Child’s safety and well-
being. For example, in a report dated November 12, 2013, DCFS recommended to the
court that it have discretion to liberalize mother’s visits upon her completion of an
intensive counseling program. Mother was fully compliant with the counseling program
and had made “significant progress toward recovery” and mother was willing to
participate in court ordered services, and the maternal grandparents were willing to
supervise mother’s time with the Child. The court subsequently adopted DCFS’s
recommendation.
In a report signed on December 13, 2013,4 which was prepared in anticipation of a
disposition hearing, DCFS found that “[b]oth parents appear to be providing good quality
parenting.” DCFS further found that mother had stabilized and was able to provide full-
time care to the minor. DCFS opined that it was in the Child’s “best interest” to have
“continuity and be with her mother, her parent for bonding and attachment,” rather than

3 On September 27, 2013, father filed a petition in family court to annul the
marriage due to it being based on mother’s “unsound mind.” Father identified the date of
separation as September 22, 2013, the date of mother’s hospitalization following the
Incident. As a consequence, concurrent with the proceedings in juvenile court, there
were proceedings in the family court.
4 At
this time, on weekdays, the Child resided with father in the evenings and lived
with mother daily from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., and the parents split custody on alternate
weekends.

4
with father, who had to obtain childcare while he worked. Specifically, DCFS
recommended that mother have three days of unmonitored visitation with the Child once
the restraining order filed by father in the immediate wake of the Incident was removed.
In a supplemental report signed on February 7, 2014, DCFS noted that “[d]uring
the past five months no new Emergency Response Referral[s] . . . have been assigned to
this family.” DCFS further noted that, during that same period, mother “has
demonstrated that she has the cognitive, physical, and emotional capacity to care for her
child” and she has experienced no new mental health crises. In short, mother had
“regain[ed] stability.” According to DCFS, “[i]t is reasonable to state that both parents
are aware and committed to meeting the needs of their child.” DCFS, however, also
noted that due to a “high level of resentment and animosity” from mother’s parents,
DCFS was “placed in a position of having to mediate communication and visitation.”
III. As concerns over safety recede, the juvenile court becomes increasingly
involved in custody and visitation issues
The parents’ inability to agree on custody and visitation issues was made plain to
the juvenile court in February 2014. At a contested adjudication hearing on February 19,
2014, the court sustained DCFS’s amended petition. At that same hearing, the court
ordered the parents to work out a shared overnight visitation schedule based on
agreements reached during the hearing. The parents, however, proved unable to agree on
mother’s visitation schedule; as a result, on February 25, 2014, the court ordered them to
alternate caring for the Child every two days. Due to the level of conflict between the
parents, the court ordered the parents to have no physical contact except when they
exchanged the Child.
On March 19, 2014, at the dispositional hearing, the court declared the Child a
dependent of the court and placed her in the custody of both parents under a home of
parent order. The court continued the previous “exchange plan” with alternating custody
every two days (the dispositional order). The court further ordered the parents and their
attorneys to work out a mutually-agreed halfway point between their two homes to
exchange the Child.

5
IV. Mother seeks to restrict father’s custody and visitation
In the spring and summer of 2014, in response, inter alia, to an alleged incident of
“road rage” involving father in one car with the Child and mother’s parents in two
separate cars, mother filed two different section 388 petitions.
A. Mother’s first section 388 petition
On June 18, 2014, mother filed a section 388 petition seeking to modify the
dispositional order (the first section 388 petition). Specifically, mother requested, inter
alia, that the court order monitored visitation for father, order him to participate in a
psychological evaluation and in individual counseling, and be prohibited from
transporting the minor in his car. On that same day, the juvenile court set mother’s first
section 388 petition for an evidentiary hearing on July 30, 2014. Due to an ongoing
police investigation into the alleged road rage incident and a hearing on the maternal
grandfather’s request for a restraining order against father scheduled to occur on July 1,
2014, the court stated that it was “premature for the court to do anything proactively” at
that point. However, the court expressed its hope to get the results of those things in
order for it to “make a decent decision” on mother’s first section 388 petition. The court
also noted that it is “a court of limited jurisdiction. And when we . . . establish the
[C]hild is safe our job is done. With respect to the ongoing family law issues, those will
be litigated in another court and should be.”
In a report filed on July 30, 2014, DCFS evaluated the alleged road rage incident
and the other grounds identified in the first section 388 petition as grounds for modifying
father’s custody and visitation rights. DCFS, after reviewing all of the relevant
documentation and after speaking with father’s friend who was a witness to the alleged
road rage incident, found “no evidence” of “child abuse and neglect” by father. DCFS
opined that the alleged conduct did not require removing custody from father or
restricting his ability to transport the Child in his car, unless father was convicted of

6
reckless driving or driving under influence. DCFS further found that a number of the
issues raised by the first section 388 petition were “family law issue[s].”5
On July 30, 2014, at the hearing on the first section 388 petition, the court
informed the parties that it would not be “taking testimony because everything—this is a
motion, everything should be in the supporting paperwork that was submitted by
[mother’s counsel], but that the court does have discretion based upon any
representations or arguments made.” The court, however, did offer to allow either party
to cross-examine the social worker who had prepared DCFS’s report on the first section
388 petition. Neither party objected to the court’s decision to rule based on the papers
submitted by the parties; and neither party elected to cross-examine DCFS’s social
worker. The court further informed the parties that mother’s request that father’s
visitation be monitored required a finding by clear and convincing evidence that there
was a substantial risk of detriment that required the court to modify father’s access to the
minor. The court denied the petition, stating that it did not believe the evidence was
sufficient to support modifying father’s custodial rights. The court stated that although
its main concern was the minor’s welfare, it could not “find a risk to the child today.”
Once again, the court noted that it was dealing with issues that “overlay” those
being “litigated in the family court.” The court then reminded the parties that the law is
“fairly clear that dependency court is not a forum to litigate family law issues.”
On August 25, 2014, DCFS reported that the Child appears to be “well-adjusted”
and has a “healthy attachment and bond with both her parents.” DCFS further reported
that “there have been no . . . physical child safety concerns in either home[].”
B. Mother’s second section 388 petition
On September 29, 2014, mother filed a walk-on request that asked the juvenile
court, inter alia, to reduce father’s contact with the Child based on a finding in the family

5 The family law issues raised by the first section 388 petition, according to DCFS,
were timeliness for child custody exchanges, child support, and the return of mother’s
service dog.

7
court that father had committed an act of road rage against the Child’s maternal
grandparents and based on the issuance of a restraining order by the family court
protecting the maternal grandparents (the second section 388 petition).
The court found that the documentation attached to the second section 388
petition—copies of a restraining order and a reporter’s partial transcript of a proceeding
before the family court on September 3, 2014—“did establish . . . a number of troubling
and concerning issues.” However, the court noted that those documents were not
properly authenticated and, as a result, the court could not rely upon them. Accordingly,
the court continued the matter to October 14, 2014. In the interim, and based on its
“general powers to make orders which, in the court’s view, are in the best interest and for
the safety and protection of the child,” the court temporarily but significantly modified
father’s custody of the Child—from unmonitored custody alternating every two days to
monitored visits, three times a week for two hours each (the temporary order). The court
issued the temporary order over the “vehement[]” objection of father. The court refused
to allow father to present testimony during the hearing from an individual he claimed
would debunk the road rage allegations, but informed father it “will allow for rebuttal
with respect to this, including allowing [father] to testify, or any other witness that he has,
at our next hearing . . . .” The court also advised father that principles of collateral
estoppel might preclude him from relitigating “some of the issues that are set forth in the
transcript” from the family court’s hearing on the “road rage” restraining order.
1. THE COURT SUMMARILY DENIES THE SECOND SECTION 388 PETITION
BUT LEAVES THE TEMPORARY ORDER CHANGING FATHER’S CUSTODY IN PLACE

On October 14, 2014, the court summarily denied the second section 338 petition,
stating that it was “not going to even engage in argument on this issue” and, instead, it
terminated jurisdiction, but stayed the termination order “so that [mother] can go to
family court and request a modification of whatever visitation or custody orders she
deems appropriate based upon the evidence that she wishes to present.” Although the
court summarily denied the second section 388 petition, the court ruled that the
temporary order “will remain” until mother takes action in the family court to modify

8
custody and visitation. In order to ensure that there was no delay in addressing this issue,
the court set a hearing to receive proof that there had been a “filing in family court and/or
a hearing.” The court explained that the family court “will determine whether or not the
current visitation order [i.e., the temporary order] or the . . . shared custody and visitation
orders of the court set out at disposition will remain or will be modified.” Father
“strenuously” objected to the court making its ruling without allowing him to present
witnesses and legal argument.6
On the following day, October 22, 2014, mother filed a request for a modification
of child custody and visitation in the family law proceeding.
2. THE COURT DENIES FATHER’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
Also on October 22, 2014, father filed a walk-on request asking the juvenile court
to reinstate a “50/50” shared custody arrangement with unmonitored visitation. In
support of his request, father, among other things, listed the evidence and witnesses he
had planned to present at the October 14, 2014 hearing to rebut the second section 388
petition.
On October 23, 2014, the court conducted a hearing on father’s walk-on request,
which it deemed to be a motion for reconsideration.7 The court acknowledged that it had
never “addressed [the second section] 388 petition, which requested the change in
visitation or custody.” The court further acknowledged that it may have made an “error
of law” by effectively removing custody of the Child from father without a hearing, and
that it had “serious concerns” that the “temporary order pending a 388” may not have
been a “legal order.” The court stated that, in its view, in order to prevail on her second

6 In preparation for the hearing on October 14, father submitted to the court a list
of 24 expert and percipient witnesses that he planned to call in opposition to the second
section 388 petition (only two of the 24 witnesses, the maternal grandparents, had
testified in the family court proceeding), a list of exhibits he planned to use, and a legal
memorandum addressing any collateral estoppel effects from the family court
proceedings on the alleged road rage incident.
7 On October 24, 2014, father filed a formal motion for reconsideration of the
court’s October 14, 2014 orders.

9
section 388 petition, mother had the burden of establishing by clear and convincing
evidence that a change in custody was appropriate; the court went on to suggest that
mother could not meet that burden, noting that, based on DCFS’s reports, no safety
concerns could be identified with respect to father, and that there was no evidence that
the road rage incident adversely affected the Child.8 The court then offered mother a
choice if the court granted father’s motion for reconsideration: either pursue the second
section 388 petition and run the risk that she would not prevail based on the evidence; or
go litigate the case in family court where “it belongs.” The court then took the matter
under submission, in part, to await mother’s decision about how she would like to
proceed.
As the court later explained in its October 28, 2014 written findings and orders,
mother “opted for the latter” course—that is, litigating the issue of custody and visitation
in the family court thereby effectively withdrawing the second section 388 petition.
Because mother withdrew her petition, the court made “no factual findings regarding the
allegations set forth in mother’s [section] 388 petition.”
Although mother withdrew her second section 388 petition and no factual findings
were purportedly made with regard to that petition, the court did not return the parties to
the status quo ante. Instead, it re-affirmed that its decision to terminate jurisdiction by
lifting the stay. In addition, it issued a new “interim” order that would remain in effect
until the family court had a chance to rule on mother’s pending motion for a modification
of custody and visitation. This interim order restricted father’s custody and visitation to
two days a week (Tuesdays and Thursdays) from noon until 6:00 p.m. (the interim order).
So, instead of having 48 uninterrupted and unmonitored hours with his Child every two

8 At the October 23, 2014 hearing, DCFS stated that it had no objection to the
“prior custody arrangement,” but requested an order that father not drive the Child in his
car based on the road rage incident and that he participate in an anger management class.
At the same hearing, counsel for the Child expressed “serious concerns” about the
father’s regard for his child’s safety as a result of the road rage incident, but stated it
would defer to mother’s decision about whether to litigate her second section 338 petition
or proceed to the family court.

10
days as provided in the dispositional order, father would have a total of only 12
unmonitored hours per week.
In addition, although the court stated that it was not making any factual findings
on the second section 388 petition (which was premised principally on the alleged road
rage incident), the court included as part of the interim order a prohibition on father
driving the Child in a car until after the family court had n opportunity to rule on
mother’s pending motion. As with the temporary order, the court issued the interim order
without affording father a chance to address the alleged facts that give rise to the order—
the alleged road rage incident and the second section 388 petition.
Father filed a timely notice of appeal on December 24, 2014, challenging the
court’s termination of jurisdiction and modification of his custody and visitation rights
without a hearing on both October 14, 2014 and again on October 28, 2014.
V. The family court gradually restores some of father’s visitation rights9
On March 20, 2015, the family court issued an order increasing father’s custody
and visitation. Father would have “every Tuesday, Thursday and Friday from 10:30 a.m.
to 6:00 p.m. for visitation with [the Child].” On April 21, 2015, the family court added
another day to father’s custody and visitation schedule—in addition to the days
mentioned above, father will “have visitation with the minor child Sundays from 2:00
p.m. to 6:00 p.m.” On June 12, 2015, the family court further increased father’s
visitation: Father’s visitation on Sundays would go from 10:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.; and the
Thursday visit would become an overnight visit, from Thursday at 10:30 a.m. to Friday at
6:00 p.m. In addition, more than a year after the alleged road rage incident occurred, the
family court removed the prohibition on father driving the Child in his car.

9The following discussion is based on documents from the family law proceeding
that mother requested we take judicial notice of pursuant to Evidence Code section 452
and 453. We granted mother’s request on March 21, 2016.

11
 In other words, it took nine months from the filing of the second section 388
petition for the visitation rights that father enjoyed before that filing to be approximately
restored to him.
DISCUSSION
I. Mother’s motion to dismiss is denied
Mother moves to dismiss the appeal, contending that the appeal is infirm for two
reasons. First, mother argues that because the interim order is precisely that—a
nonpermanent, contingent order—it is a nonappealable order. Second, mother argues in
the alternative that even if father has standing to appeal, his appeal has been rendered
moot by the family court’s subsequent orders. We are unpersuaded by mother’s
arguments and deny her motion to dismiss.
A. The temporary and interim orders are appealable
The right to appeal, as mother correctly notes, is “strictly statutory, a judgment or
order is not appealable unless a statute expressly makes it appealable.” (In re Michael H.
(2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 1366, 1373.) Because juvenile dependency proceedings are of
an “ongoing nature and often result in multiple appealable orders” (Sheila S. v. Superior
Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 872, 879), the Legislature endowed the dependency statutes
with great liberality with regard to the right to appeal. For example, section 395, in
pertinent part, provides that “[a] judgment in a proceeding under Section 300 may be
appealed in the same manner as any final judgment, and any subsequent order may be
appealed as an order after judgment.” (§ 395, subd. (a)(1), italics added; see In re S.B.
(2009) 46 Cal.4th 529, 532 [“[t]he dispositional order is the ‘judgment’ referred to in
section 395”].) In addition, section 302, in pertinent part, provides as follows: “Any
custody or visitation order issued by the juvenile court at the time the juvenile court
terminates its jurisdiction pursuant to Section 362.4 regarding a child who has been
previously adjudged to be a dependent child of the juvenile court shall be a final

12
judgment and shall remain in effect after that jurisdiction is terminated.” (§ 302,
subd. (d), italics added.)10
In short, “the general rule in juvenile dependency cases is that all orders (except
for an order setting a section 366.26 hearing), starting chronologically with the
dispositional order, are appealable without limitation.” (In re Gabriel G. (2005) 134
Cal.App.4th 1428, 1435, first italics added; see In re T.W. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 723,
729 [“[t]he first appealable order in a dependency case is the dispositional order”].)
Here, the juvenile court issued the custody and visitation orders at issue—the
October 14 temporary order and the October 28 interim order—seven months after the
dispositional order. As the temporary and interim orders are post-disposition orders, they
are, under the express terms of section 395, appealable orders.11
B. The appeal is not moot
As a general rule, an order terminating juvenile court jurisdiction renders an
appeal from a previous order in the dependency proceedings moot. (In re Michelle M.

10Section 362.4 provides that when the juvenile court terminates jurisdiction over
a minor child and a family law case is pending, the juvenile court’s custody and visitation
orders shall become part of the family law file.
11 Mother’s reliance of Montenegro v. Diaz (2001) 26 Cal.4th 249, is misplaced
for several reasons. First, and perhaps most importantly, the case involves an appeal
from the family court, not the juvenile court. (Id. at p. 252.) The juvenile court is a
superior court of special jurisdiction arising from the juvenile court law. Dependency
proceedings are governed by the Welfare and Institutions Code, rather than the Civil
Code or the Family Code. (In re Chantal S. (1996) 13 Cal.4th 196, 200, 205–206.)
“Statutes that are not a part of the Welfare and Institutions Code do not apply to juvenile
court proceedings unless they are expressly applicable.” (In re Alexandria M. (2007) 156
Cal.App.4th 1088 1098.) Second, even if a family court opinion could be applicable, the
temporary custody orders at issue in Montenegro v. Diaz were, unlike here, stipulated
orders agreed to by the parents. (Id. at pp. 252–253.) Third, even though neither of the
orders at issue in Montenegro v. Diaz “contained a clear affirmative indication that the
parties intended it to be a final judgment” (id. at p. 259), neither the Court of Appeal nor
the Supreme Court refused to review the appeal on grounds of nonappealability; in fact
both appellate courts ruled (albeit differently) on the merits of the appeal from the
temporary orders at issue. (See id. at pp. 252, 254.)

13
(1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 326, 330.) However, dismissal for mootness in such circumstances
is not automatic, but “must be decided on a case-by-case basis.” (In re Kristin B. (1986)
187 Cal.App.3d 596, 605; see In re Hirenia C. (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 504, 517–518.)
An issue is not moot if the purported error infects the outcome of subsequent
proceedings. (In re Joshua C. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1544, 1548.) For example, in In re
Dylan T. (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 765, the Court of Appeal concluded that the erroneous
denial of visitation to an incarcerated parent jeopardized the parent’s interests in
subsequent proceedings and declined to dismiss the appeal as moot, even though the
parent was no longer incarcerated. (Id. at pp. 769–770.) Similarly in In re A.R. (2009)
170 Cal.App.4th 733, the Court of Appeal declined to find moot a service member’s
appeal of a court’s refusal to stay a dependency proceeding even though jurisdiction had
terminated, because his rights had been adversely affected by award of sole custody to
mother. (Id. at p. 740.)
Here, the juvenile court’s temporary and interim orders adversely affected father’s
visitation rights. In addition, the interim order, arguably, continues to affect adversely
those rights. The visitation rights that father now enjoys as a result of various orders by
the family court are not identical to the rights he enjoyed prior to mother’s filing of the
second section 388 petition and the juvenile court’s subsequent orders. Moreover, the
visitation rights father now enjoys are, arguably, less than under the juvenile court’s
dispositional order. Under the dispositional order, father enjoyed more than two
overnight visits per week; under the visitation regime established by the family court,
father has only one such visit per week. In order to have more than one overnight visit
per week, father will need to establish that such a change is in the best interests of the
Child. (See In re Marriage of Lucio (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1068, 1076–1079.) In other
words, the purported error at issue here has infected and continues to infect subsequent
proceedings. Even if father’s current visitation rights were not different or less than what
he enjoyed under the dispositional order, we would still consider the merits of the appeal
for the sake of procedural fairness and due process. We would do so “because dismissal

14
of the appeal operates as an affirmance of the underlying judgment or order.” (In re C.C.
(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1481, 1489.)
II. Governing legal principles and standard of review
Under section 388, a parent may petition to change or set aside a prior order “upon
grounds of change of circumstance or new evidence.” (§ 388, subd. (a)(1); see Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 5.570(a).) The juvenile court “shall” order a hearing where “it appears that
the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted” by the new order. (§ 388, subd. (d).)
As a result, the parent “must sufficiently allege both a change in circumstances or new
evidence and the promotion of the child’s best interests.” (In re G.B. (2014) 227
Cal.App.4th 1147, 1157.) “Section 388 thus gives the court two choices: (1) summarily
deny the petition or (2) hold a hearing.” (In re Lesly G., supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at
p. 912.)
In order to avoid summary denial, the petitioner must make a “‘prima facie’”
showing of “facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in
support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.” (In re Edward H. (1996) 43
Cal.App.4th 584, 593.) In order to make a prima facie, the petitioner must show either
(1) a change of circumstances or new evidence requiring a changed order, or (2) that the
relief requested would promote the best interests of the child. (In re Justice P. (2004)
123 Cal.App.4th 181, 189; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(d).) “A prima facie case is
made if the allegations demonstrate that these two elements are supported by probable
cause.” (In re G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1157.)
“In determining whether the petition makes the necessary showing, the court may
consider the entire factual and procedural history of the case.” (In re Justice P., supra,
123 Cal.App.4th at p. 189.) “‘[I]f the petition presents any evidence that a hearing would
promote the best interests of the child,’” the court should order a hearing. (In re
Jasmon O. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 398, 415, italics added.) In short, “the petition must be
liberally construed in favor of its sufficiency.” (In re G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1157; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(a).)

15
 If the petition makes the necessary showing, rule 5.570(h) of the California Rules
of Court governs the conduct of the hearing. Rule 5.570(h) provides, among other things,
that if the petition seeks to “modify any orders related to custody or visitation of the
child . . . the petitioner must show by clear and convincing evidence that the proposed
change is in the best interests of the child.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(h)(C).) “The
hearing must be conducted as a disposition hearing under rules 5.690 and 5.695 if[]
[¶] . . . [¶] . . . There is a due process right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.
[¶] Otherwise, proof may be by declaration and other documentary evidence, or by
testimony, or both, at the discretion of the court.” (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 5.570(h)(E)(2).)
In re Kenneth S., Jr. (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 1353, illustrates the operation of
these principles. In that case, the court placed custody of the children with their paternal
uncle in 2005 due to “unstable, explosive and irrational behavior” by the father. (Id. at
p. 1356.) In 2006, the uncle had to secure a restraining order against the father. (Ibid.)
In 2007, the father filed a section 388 petition seeking, inter alia, unsupervised visitation
as arranged between the uncle and him. (Ibid.) The court found the best interests of the
children might be promoted by the requested new order and that the petition stated a
change of circumstance or new evidence; accordingly, the court set a hearing on the
petition. After several continuances, the court held a hearing. (Id. at p. 1357.) However,
at the hearing, “the court did not review the sufficiency of the petition; rather it dismissed
the petition without holding a hearing.” (Id. at p. 1359.) Father appealed and the Court
of Appeal reversed, holding that “[w]hen the court has determined the petition states a
prima facie case, it is required to hold an evidentiary hearing.” (Ibid., italics added.) The
Court of Appeal reversed and remanded to the juvenile court with directions to hold an
evidentiary hearing on father’s request to modify the prior visitation order. (Id. at
p. 1360.)
Whether the juvenile court should modify a previously made order rests within its
discretion, and its determination may not be disturbed unless there has been a clear abuse

16
of discretion. (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318; In re G.B., supra, 227
Cal.App.4th at p. 1157.)
III. The trial court abused its discretion by substantially modifying father’s
custody without a hearing
A. The court improperly short-circuited the section 338 review process
As discussed above, the section 338 review process must proceed in several
distinct stages. As discussed below, the juvenile court did not comply with that mandated
process, but instead truncated or short-circuited the process.
As a preliminary matter, there is the determination by the court whether the
petition has made the required prima facie showing. Although the court below did not
expressly say on September 29, 2014, that the second section 338 petition had made the
required showing, the court indicated that the petition had in fact done so by its actions.
First, the only problem the court identified with respect to the second section 338
petition was that the documents supporting the petition (a transcript and order from the
family court) were not properly authenticated. The record on appeal shows that this issue
was seemingly corrected by the submission, on or about October 3, 2014, of certified
copies of (a) the complete transcript of the hearing on September 3, 2014 and (b) the
family court’s minute order from that same date.
Second, the court issued the temporary order, which significantly reduced father’s
visitation rights—going from unmonitored custody alternating every two days to
monitored visits, three times a week for two hours each. The temporary order was in
response to the “troubling and concerning issues” established by the petition.
Third, although the court did not allow father to present testimony during the
hearing on September 29 from an individual father claimed would debunk the road rage
allegations, the court informed father that it “will allow for rebuttal with respect to this,
including allowing [father] to testify, or any other witness that he has, at our next
hearing . . . .”
Having effectively determined that the second section 338 petition process met the
threshold requirement of making a prima facie case for a modification in visitation, the

17
court was then obligated to hold a hearing on the matter. However, the court did not hold
a hearing. Instead, on October 14, it partially backtracked—summarily denying the
petition without any argument, but allowing the temporary order to remain in effect
without ever allowing father to challenge the factual basis for that order, namely the
petition’s averments about the alleged road rage incident.
On October 23, at the third hearing on mother’s petition, the court reversed itself
again on two different issues. First, the court acknowledged that the temporary order was
of doubtful legality. Second, the court indicated that the second section 388 petition had
met its prima facie burden, but—without hearing any evidence or argument from either
mother or father on the merits—concluded that mother would not be able to meet her
evidentiary burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that the proposed
change was in the best interests of the Child.
Although mother ultimately elected to withdraw an apparently legally sufficient
section 338 petition, the court proceeded to issue an order that was premised on facts in
that petition, namely the alleged road rage incident. In its interim order, the court not
only reduced father’s visitation rights from those granted to him by the dispositional
order, but also prohibited him from driving the Child. In short, the juvenile court abused
its discretion by failing inexplicably to comply with the legislatively mandated procedure
for resolving section 388 petitions.
B. Alternatively, the court failed to comply with the section 362.4 review
process
Even if the interim order, which succeeded the temporary order, is construed as an
order totally unrelated to the second section 338 petition—that is, an order made,
pursuant to section 362.4, as part of the termination order—the failure of the court to hold
a hearing on the change in father’s visitation still constitutes an abuse of discretion.
In re Michael W. (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 190, is illustrative. In that case, in
August 1995, DCFS reported that the mother suffered from depression and had been
hospitalized earlier that summer. (Id. at p. 193.) The mother was prescribed a variety of
medications and received out-patient treatment. (Ibid.) In April 1996, by which time the

18
mother’s condition apparently had improved, the juvenile court held a hearing to
determine if it should terminate jurisdiction and refer the case to the family court for
further proceedings. (Ibid.) The court denied the mother's request for an evidentiary
hearing to establish her progress during recent counseling, awarded the father physical
custody of Michael, with only monitored visits for the mother, and terminated
jurisdiction. (Ibid.) A few days later, the mother again requested a hearing on the issue
of visitation. (Ibid.) The juvenile court again refused to hold a hearing, finding that there
was no “‘change of circumstances,’” and that it was in Michael’s best interests to
continue with monitored visits until the mother’s therapist could give an “‘unconditional
recommendation’” for unmonitored visits. (Ibid.) The juvenile court subsequently made
its final order, granting the father physical and sole legal custody of Michael, with only
monitored visits for the mother. (Ibid.)
The Court of Appeal held “‘when making an order to be transferred to the family
court, the juvenile court has the power to hear evidence relevant to that order under
section 362.4.’” (In re Michael W., supra, 54 Cal.App.4th at pp. 194–195.) The Court of
Appeal reasoned, “a dependency court ought to accept all the help it can get before it
makes an order affecting the lives of the children and parents who appear before it, and
we cannot condone a deliberate decision to impose artificial restrictions on the parties’
ability to bring relevant evidence to the attention of the court.” (Id. at p. 196, italics
added.) The Court of Appeal explained the “help” provided by an evidentiary hearing is
important because any such order casts a long and prejudicial shadow: “[W]e presume
some prejudice from the simple fact that a family court will naturally defer to a recent
order of the dependency court concerning custody and visitation. . . . [Citations.] Since
the orders made by a juvenile court at a section 364 hearing are necessarily made while
dependency jurisdiction continues, it follows logically that a family . . . court would defer
to those orders and hesitate to second-guess the juvenile court judge, at least absent
something more than the ordinary showing of changed circumstances.” (Id. at p. 196; In
re Chantal S., supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 209 [a parent exiting dependency court brings
considerable baggage to the family court].)

19
 Other courts have reached similar conclusions. In In re Roger S. (1992) 4
Cal.App.4th 25, 31, the Court of Appeal held that the juvenile court erred in refusing to
consider evidence which would have supported a more liberal visitation order for a
father, because the court’s power under section 362.4 required it to make an informed
decision concerning the best interests of the child. Similarly, in In re Hirenia C., supra,
18 Cal.App.4th at p. 520, the Court of Appeal stated that “it would likely be reversible
error for the juvenile court to refuse to hear evidence which is relevant to the formulation
of an appropriate ‘exit’ order regarding visitation.”
Under section 362.4, the court is obligated to look to the best interests of the child
under all circumstances. (In re John W. (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 961, 973–974.) In
addition, in making an exit order, the court must make an “informed decision.” (Id. at
973, italics added.) Here, there is nothing in the record—no statements by the court in
either the hearing transcript or in the written findings and orders—analyzing, let alone
establishing, how the interim order was in the best interests of the Child. Nor could there
have been, because the court refused to hear any evidence on the subject. By “closing its
eyes” (In re Roger S., supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p. 30), the court deviated from the
legislative blueprint for dependency cases. “Although both the family court and the
juvenile court focus on the best interests of the child, the juvenile court has a special
responsibility to the child as parens patriae and must look at the totality of the child’s
circumstances. . . . [citation] . . . [Citation.] By empowering the juvenile court to issue
custody . . . orders, the Legislature has expressed its belief that ‘the juvenile court is the
appropriate place for these matters to be determined . . . .’” (Id. at pp. 30–31, second
italics added.)
In short, whether the interim order is reviewed under section 388 or section 362.4,
the trial court abused its discretion by making an order that significantly and adversely
affected father’s visitation rights with his daughter without the benefit of an evidentiary
hearing. The adverse impact of that order lasted for nine months—a significant period of
time for a young child and her parent.

20
 C. The court’s legitimate concerns over judicial economy did not allow it to
short-circuit the review process inherent under either section 388 or section 362.4
The legal contortions that the juvenile court put itself and the parties through were
not entered into mindlessly. Rather, the court drew motivation from a very real and very
legitimate concern: “the strong public interest in preventing the juvenile dependency
system from being used to subsidize private child custody disputes.” (In re John W.,
supra, 41 Cal.App.4th at p. 969.) In both its comments at the hearings and in its written
findings and orders, the court repeatedly stressed that the dependency case was now at a
point where the family court should take over—there were no safety concerns for the
Child with respect to either parent and the court’s time was increasingly taken up with
matters that properly belonged to the family court.
The court’s concern about the need not to prolong dependency jurisdiction when
there is a parallel family court proceeding is well recognized. As the court in In re
John W., supra, 41 Cal.App.4th 961, advised: “The juvenile courts must not become a
battleground by which family law war is waged by other means. It is common
knowledge that the resources of local government social service agencies are stretched
thin; in the juvenile dependency context those resources are manifestly intended to be
directed at neglected and genuinely abused children.” (Id. at p. 975.) The court further
observed, “If indeed there is ever a place for it, the place for a custody battle is in the
family . . . courts. There the battle will not consume public resources which are better
directed to children who typically do not have the luxury of two functional parents
fighting for custody, and where the taxpayers do not have to pick up the tab for lawyers
and psychologists.” (Id. at p. 976, fn. omitted.)12

12 At the hearing on October 14 and in its written findings and orders, the court
cites In re A.G. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 675, to explain and support its “judicial
economy” reasoning for terminating the case. On the point of judicial economy and the
respective roles of the juvenile and family courts, the court in In re A.G. relied principally
on In re John W., supra, 41 Cal.App.4th 961. (See In re A.G., at p. 686.)

21
 There is, however, another concern that a juvenile court must be sensitive to
besides judicial economy: manipulation by the parents. As the court in In re John W.,
supra, 41 Cal.App.4th 961, warned, there may be cases where the parents’ resentment
and distrust of each other, aided and abetted by well-meaning grandparents, may lead to a
situation where the child is “seen more as trophy than human being.” (Id. at p. 976)
Accordingly, “[j]uvenile courts must be vigilant to prevent unsubstantiated allegations of
monstrous behavior . . . from becoming a means of leverage in a custody fight . . . .” (Id.
at pp. 975–976; accord, In re Anne P. (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 183, 201 (conc. opn. of
Brauer, J.) [sympathizing with falsely accused father].)
The strongest defense against such potential manipulation is the court’s power to
insist on the parties presenting evidence to back up their allegations. Here, the court did
not exercise its power and that was an abuse of its discretion.
IV. The trial court’s error was not harmless
“While a parent in a juvenile dependency proceeding has a due process right to a
meaningful hearing with the opportunity to present evidence [citation], parents in
dependency proceedings ‘are not entitled to full confrontation and cross-examination.’
[Citation.] Due process requires a balance. [Citation.] The state’s strong interest in
prompt and efficient trials permits the nonarbitrary exclusion of evidence [citation], such
as when the presentation of the evidence will ‘necessitate undue consumption of time.’
[Citation.] The due process right to present evidence is limited to relevant evidence of
significant probative value to the issue before the court.” (Maricela C. v. Superior Court
(1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1146–1147.) If a due process violation occurred, we
determine whether “the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” (In re Mark A.
(2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1124, 1146.)
Here, the juvenile court issued two separate orders sharply restricting father’s
visitation rights. In each instance, the court based its order on the unchallenged
allegations put forth by mother’s second section 388 petition. In other words, father was
not allowed to present any evidence relevant to mother’s allegations about how the
alleged road rage incident adversely affected the best interests of the Child such that a

22
change in visitation was warranted. The juvenile court’s procedural errors in responding
to the second section 388 petition were not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. As
discussed above, as a result of the interim order being issued without the benefit of a
evidentiary hearing on the alleged road rage incident, it took father nine months from the
filing of the second section 388 petition to reclaim an approximation of the visitation
rights that he enjoyed prior to that filing.
V. Remand to family court is appropriate
The parties differ as to which court this matter should be remanded to if we hold,
as we do, that a prejudicial abuse of discretion occurred. Father argues that the matter
should be remanded back to the juvenile court, while mother contends that remand to the
family court is proper given the length of time that has elapsed. On balance, we hold that
mother has the better argument.
“While remand to a court different from the one which issued the judgment
appealed from is, to say the least, unusual, such a result is necessarily inherent in section
362.4, which expressly contemplates future proceedings in the family courts. By
providing that the exit order be filed in any dissolution case between the parents, the
Legislature has demonstrated an intent that any future court proceedings in which custody
is in issue be in the family court. When the merits of a section 362.4 exit order are at
issue (as distinct from the validity of termination itself), the time lag inherent in the
appellate process itself means that any remand must necessarily be directly to the family
court. Who else is there when juvenile court jurisdiction has been correctly terminated?”
(In re John W., supra, 41 Cal.App.4th at pp. 976–977; In re A.C., supra, 220 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 686–687.)
Given that more than two years have elapsed since the alleged “road rage”
incident and more than 18 months have passed since the temporary and interim orders
were issued, and given that the family court has been repeatedly engaged in adjusting
father’s visitation, it seems only appropriate that the matter be remanded to the family
court. Our decision in this regard is further reinforced by the fact that father’s concern is
not with the fact that dependency jurisdiction was terminated, but with the visitation

23
orders that accompanied the termination. In other words, father implicitly concedes that
the juvenile court was correct in concluding that there was no risk to the Child which
warranted continued dependency jurisdiction; father’s only dispute is with the juvenile
court’s failure to give him an evidentiary hearing on mother’s road rage allegations.
Under such circumstances, remand to the family court, not the juvenile court, is
appropriate. As our Supreme Court has explained, “The family court is established to
provide parents a forum in which to resolve, inter alia, private issues relating to the
custody of and visitation with children. . . . [Citation.] The juvenile court, by contrast,
provides the state a forum to ‘restrict parental behavior regarding children, . . . and . . . to
remove children from the custody of their parents or guardians.’” (In re Chantal S.,
supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 201.)
DISPOSITION

As they pertain to custody and visitation, the October 14, 2014 temporary order
and the October 28, 2014 interim order by the juvenile court are reversed. Orders issued
by the family court regarding custody and visitation subsequent to the juvenile court’s
termination of jurisdiction stand. The matter is remanded to the family court for further
proceedings consistent with our holding herein.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

JOHNSON, J.

We concur:

ROTHSCHILD, P. J.

CHANEY, J.

24