Commonwealth v. Williams, C., Aplt.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT

SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, JJ.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 694 CAP
:
Appellant : Appeal from the Order entered on
: 12/30/2013 in the Court of Common
: Pleas, Criminal Division of Philadelphia
v. : County at Nos. CP-51-CR-0417523-
: 1992, CP-51-CR-0417792-1992 and
: CP-51-CR-0418063-1992
CHRISTOPHER WILLIAMS, :
: SUBMITTED: January 20, 2016
Appellee :

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 695 CAP
:
Appellee : Appeal from the Order entered on
: 12/30/2013 in the Court of Common
: Pleas, Criminal Division of Philadelphia
v. : County at Nos. CP-51-CR-0417523-
: 1992, CP-51-CR-0417792-1992 and
: CP-51-CR-0418063-1992
CHRISTOPHER WILLIAMS, :
: SUBMITTED: January 20, 2016
Appellant :

Justice Donohue delivers the Opinion of the Court, joined by
Justices Baer, Todd and Wecht, except in the treatment of
the claim premised upon the post-conviction testimony of
Charles Wetli, MD, as to which Justice Donohue issues an
opinion joined by Justices Baer and Todd. Justice Wecht
files a concurring opinion concerning the treatment of the
claim involving Dr. Wetli. Chief Justice Saylor files a
concurring opinion, in which Justice Dougherty joins.

OPINION

JUSTICE DONOHUE DECIDED: July 19, 2016
 Pending before the Court are two appeals from the order entered in this capital

case by the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas granting Christopher Williams

(“Williams”) a new trial pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§§ 9541-9546 (“PCRA”).1 The first, filed by the Commonwealth, challenges the grant of

relief on both substantive and procedural grounds. The second, filed by Williams, is a

protective cross-appeal challenging various unfavorable determinations made by the

PCRA court on other claims he raised in his PCRA petitions. After careful review, we

conclude that the record and the law support the PCRA court’s findings that direct

appeal counsel rendered ineffective assistance to Williams, and therefore affirm.

I. Facts

In the summer of 1993, Williams and two codefendants, Theopolis Wilson (also

referred to as “Binky” at trial) and Rick Bennett, appeared before a jury, each facing

numerous charges related to the shooting deaths of Philadelphia cabdriver William

Graham and three young men from New York -- Otis Reynolds, Gavin Anderson and

Kevin Anderson.2 James White, a purported eyewitness and accomplice to the

murders, testified that Reynolds and the Anderson brothers were in Philadelphia to

purchase two AK-47s from Williams. According to White, Williams was the leader of a

gang that sold drugs and guns; White was a junior member. N.T., 7/26/1993, at 13, 50-

51. Unbeknownst to the victims, the arms deal was a ruse, and Williams planned to rob

them when they met. Id. at 50. White testified that he stole a dark colored van at

Williams’ request to aid in the robbery plan. Id. at 49-50. Williams had a duffle bag full

1
This Court has exclusive jurisdiction over appeals from PCRA decisions in death
penalty cases. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9546(d).
2
The jury acquitted Williams of Graham’s murder. N.T., 8/6/1993, at 82. We therefore
omit from our recitation of the facts evidence presented at trial regarding Graham’s
death.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 2
of guns stashed in a closet at his girlfriend’s house, which he passed out to the

members of his gang participating in the robbery. Williams gave White a shotgun,

Bennett a .357 automatic weapon and kept for himself what White described as an “[uzi]

type of handgun,” as well as the .9 millimeter gun he “always” carried. Id. at 53-54.

According to White, on September 25, 1989, shortly after the victims arrived at

the designated location for the sham gun sale, Williams, Wilson, Bennett, White and

other members of the gang reportedly held them at gunpoint and demanded money. Id.

at 56-57. Upon receiving from one of the victims the $2400 brought to make the gun

purchase, Williams continued to demand more money. Id. at 57-58. One of the three

victims ultimately confessed that there was more money at another location, prompting

Williams, Bennett and a third person, known to White only as “Steve,” to take that victim

in the stolen van to obtain the money, leaving White, Wilson and a third gang member

(whose name White did not know) to guard the remaining two victims.3 Id. at 59-60.

White testified that Williams and his cohorts returned approximately thirty

minutes later without the victim they had taken with them. Id. at 60-61. When White

inquired about the missing victim, Bennett allegedly informed him that Williams shot the

victim in the head. Id. at 62.

Upon his return, Williams demanded more money from the two remaining

victims, and they responded that there was none. Id. at 62-63. Williams instructed

Wilson and Steve to “get a Cadillac,” while Williams, White, Bennett, the other,

unnamed gang member and the two victims got into the stolen van. Id. at 63. The

unnamed gang member drove the van, White rode in the front seat and Williams and

Bennett rode in the cargo area with the two victims. Id.

3
It remains unknown which victim suffered which fate, as White did not testify to the
names of the individuals when recounting what allegedly occurred.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 3
 According to White’s testimony, the van followed behind the Cadillac through and

around Philadelphia while Williams and Bennett continued to interrogate the victims

about money. Id. at 63-64. The victims repeatedly denied the existence of additional

money. Id. at 64. White then allegedly observed Williams pull out his gun and shoot

one of the victims “in the face” two or three times while “[t]he man was looking directly at

[] Williams[.]” Id. In a statement given to police about the murders, White specified that

the second victim (the first of the two victims shot in the van) was “the smallest guy” and

that Williams shot him while he looked at both Williams and Williams’ gun. Trial Exhibit

D-10 (Interview of James White, 11/4/1991).4 The victim slumped over in the van. A

short time later, the van slowed (but did not stop), and Bennett and Williams “threw,”

“tossed,” or “pushed” him out of the van onto the street. N.T., 7/26/1993, at 65, 202-03,

207, 266, 274. Although his description of how this victim was removed from the van

was not entirely consistent, White agreed with the characterization by Bennett’s defense

counsel that “one had [the victim’s] hands and one had his legs and they just threw him

out into the street”; they “[f]ired him right out the back.” Id. at 274-75.

White testified that he then observed Williams put his gun to the face of the third

victim. White turned away, hearing two gun shots and the back of the van open. Id. at

66. When White turned back, the third victim was gone. Id. White presumed that, like

the second victim, Williams and Bennett threw the third victim out of the van. Id.

Williams was unsure whether the van ever traveled onto the sidewalk, but he testified,

4
The Commonwealth inaccurately asserts that this police statement was never
introduced into evidence at trial. The record reflects that this statement was introduced
into evidence by Wilson’s defense counsel as Exhibit D-10. See N.T., 7/29/1993, at
112. Defense counsel for all three defendants cross-examined White extensively on
other statements he gave to the police, but for reasons unknown, never brought out the
fact that White told police that Williams shot the “smallest” victim in the face while that
victim looked at Williams and Williams’ gun.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 4
without qualification, that the van remained on the street and was moving when the

second victim was thrown from the van. Id. at 202-03, 304.

A police witness testified that he responded to the location of Reynolds’ body, on

a cobblestone driveway in a residential neighborhood, in the early morning hours of

September 26, 1989. N.T., 7/22/1993, at 110-11. Reynolds was on his back, with his

feet on the curb and his head pointed away from the street, his head resting on a

bandana or kerchief, which, according to the witness, appeared to have originally been

around Reynolds’ head or neck. Id. at 111-12, 119. He had sustained two gunshot

wounds to the left side of his face near his left ear, approximately three quarters of an

inch apart. N.T., 7/28/1993, at 146-47.

At 7:22 a.m. the same day, police were notified about the discovery of Kevin

Anderson’s body, located approximately a mile and a half away from Reynolds, lying

face down on the sidewalk. N.T., 7/22/1993, at 122, 125-26. He had been shot twice --

once in the back of the head, once on the left side of his head. N.T., 7/29/1993, at 5.

A couple of hours later, police came to the location of Gavin Anderson’s body,

located approximately a half mile from his brother, lying on his stomach in a parking

area about fifteen feet away from the street. N.T., 7/22/1993, at 130, 135. He had been

shot three times -- in the right cheek, the right temple, and the back of the neck. Id. at

131; N.T., 7/28/1993, at 150-51.

Apart from a healing gunshot wound observed on Gavin Anderson that predated

his death, none of the victims had any other injuries on their bodies. Id. at 150, 154;

N.T., 7/29/1993, at 7-8. Dr. Paul J. Hoyer, Assistant Medical Examiner for Philadelphia,

testified that whether a person would sustain additional injuries (scrapes, bruises,

abrasions, contusions) resulting from a fall after a shooting would depend on the type of

surface upon which the person fell, the speed at which they were traveling (e.g., if they

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 5
were running at the time they were shot), and whether the surface was wet or dry. N.T.,

7/28/1993, at 157. If a person was running when shot, for example, Dr. Hoyer stated

that he would expect to see abrasions on the body from the fall. Id. at 164. According

to Dr. Hoyer, the absence of non-gunshot injuries on a body that fell after being shot

means only that the body “did not fall against a hard surface with a lot of force.” Id. at

162. The trial court precluded defense counsel from posing a hypothetical question

regarding whether Dr. Hoyer would expect to see additional injuries to a body that was

thrown or pushed onto concrete from a moving van after being shot. Id. at 161-67.

According to the trial court, there were “too many variables” to allow Dr. Hoyer to

answer that question. Id. at 163.

Dr. Ian Hood, Deputy Medical Examiner for Philadelphia, testified that it is not

uncommon for a person who is shot and killed while standing to sustain minor

abrasions, bruises or lacerations on his “bony prominences” when he collapses or falls.

N.T., 7/29/1993, at 23-24. Dr. Hood testified, however, that the absence of such injuries

did not mean that the victim did not fall. Id. at 24. The third Commonwealth expert, Dr.

Hygow Park (the Assistant Medical Examiner for Philadelphia who performed the

autopsy of Kevin Anderson), was not asked any questions on this subject.

II. Procedural History

On August 6, 1993, the jury convicted Williams of three counts of first-degree

murder and related offenses for which he received three consecutive death sentences.5

Trial counsel, Lee Mandell, Esquire, filed a post-sentence motion raising challenges to

the weight and sufficiency of the evidence. Prior to the trial court deciding that motion,

5
The jury also convicted Wilson of three counts of first-degree murder and related
charges, but acquitted Bennett of all charges except for one count of corrupt
organizations. See N.T., 8/6/1993, at 71-74, 76-80.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 6
Williams requested and was granted the appointment of new counsel, Geoffrey V. Seay,

Esquire, who filed an additional post-sentence motion on Williams’ behalf.6 The trial

court denied the motions. While this case was pending on direct appeal, this Court

entered a per curiam order removing Attorney Seay and remanding the case for the

appointment of new appellate counsel.7 Thereafter, the trial court appointed David

Rudenstein, Esquire, who filed a brief in support of Williams’ appeal. On October 2,

1998, this Court affirmed Williams’ judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Williams,

720 A.2d 679 (Pa. 1998) (“Williams I”), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1161 (1999).

Williams subsequently filed a timely PCRA petition raising twenty-four claims. Of

relevance here, Williams asserted therein that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

properly cross-examine the Commonwealth’s experts or call a forensic expert in

defense, as the physical evidence did not align with White’s testimony about how the

shootings occurred and their aftermaths. PCRA Petition, 10/31/2000, ¶¶ (I)(A)(1), (3).

Williams proffered Dr. John Smialek as an expert in forensic pathology, who Williams

stated would testify “to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the physical

6
Our review of the certified record on appeal in this case reveals that Attorney Seay’s
post-sentence motion was not included therein and no notation of its filing appears in
the lower court’s docket. Williams concedes that the motion was filed.
7
This Court further instructed “that the trial court is not to authorize payment of any
petition submitted by [Attorney Seay] for services while the case was on appeal and that
counsel is to be stricken from the list of attorneys eligible for court appointments in that
court,” and ordered the prothonotary of this Court to refer Attorney Seay to the
Disciplinary Board. Order, 9/16/1996. It is also worth noting that the record reflects that
Attorney Seay repeatedly failed to appear for argument on Williams’ post-sentence
motions, and on January 25, 1995, the trial court issued a rule upon Attorney Seay to
show cause why he should not be held in contempt on that basis. Attorney Seay
eventually appeared for argument, and the trial court denied relief. Additionally,
following the filing of the direct appeal in this matter, Attorney Seay failed to file a
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), as
ordered by the trial court. See Trial Court Order, 4/21/1995; Trial Court Opinion,
4/24/1996, at 1.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 7
evidence does not correspond with Mr. White’s version of events”; that “he would expect

to see contusions, abrasions or bruises” if the victims had been thrown from a moving

van as testified to by White; and “that the wounds suffered by the victims are not

consistent with [] White’s description of how the shootings occurred.” Id., ¶ (I)(A)(3)(41).

Williams further averred that direct appeal counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a

claim of trial court error in limiting cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s expert

witnesses regarding the absence of non-gunshot-related injuries on the victims’ bodies.

Id., ¶ (I)(A)(2).

The PCRA court summarily denied relief as to these claims and twenty-one

others, but granted Williams relief as to one -- that direct appeal counsel was ineffective

for failing to challenge Williams’ corrupt organizations conviction pursuant to

Commonwealth v. Besch, 674 A.2d 655 (Pa. 1996), superseded by statute, 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 911(h)(3), as amended, June 19, 1996, imd. effective,8 decided during the

pendency of Williams’ direct appeal, which the PCRA court concluded would have

resulted in this Court vacating that conviction. Commonwealth v. Williams, 936 A.2d 12,

16 (Pa. 2007) (“Williams II”). The PCRA court found that this entitled Williams to a new

trial, as the evidence admitted in support of the corrupt organizations charge was highly

prejudicial and inadmissible in the absence of that charge. Id. at 17.

The Commonwealth appealed the PCRA court’s decision, and Williams filed a

protective cross-appeal challenging the dismissal of his remaining PCRA claims. This

8
In Besch, this Court held that the corrupt organizations statute applied only to
legitimate businesses that were infiltrated by crime, not to the operation of wholly illegal
operations, such as the gang activity alleged in the case at bar. Besch, 674 A.2d at
659. Approximately two weeks after we published our decision in Besch, the
Pennsylvania Legislature amended the corrupt organizations statute to expressly
include “legitimate as well as illegitimate entities and government entities.”
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 911(h)(3), as amended, June 19, 1996, imd. effective.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 8
Court affirmed the PCRA court’s finding that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing

to raise the Besch claim and agreed that Williams’ corrupt organizations conviction must

be vacated. Id. at 26. We disagreed, however, that this entitled Williams to a new trial,

concluding, in relevant part, that the other crimes evidence admitted in support of

Williams’ corrupt organizations charge was also admissible under Pennsylvania Rule of

Evidence 404(b)(2) in support of the charge of criminal conspiracy. Id. at 31, 34-35; see

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2) (evidence that the defendant committed other crimes, wrongs or acts

is admissible to prove “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident” if the probative value of the evidence

outweighs its potential to unfairly prejudice the defendant).

We further determined that remand was necessary based upon PCRA counsel’s

failure to properly layer Williams’ remaining claims of ineffective assistance of counsel

pursuant to Commonwealth v. McGill, 832 A.2d 1014 (Pa. 2003),9 and the PCRA court’s

9
Direct appeal in this case occurred prior to our decision in Commonwealth v. Grant,
813 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2002), wherein we held, “as a general rule, a petitioner should wait to
raise claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel until collateral review.” Id. at 67;
see also Commonwealth v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562, 577-80 (Pa. 2013). Thus, at the time
of the direct appeal taken in Williams’ case, he was required to raise all claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel at the earliest opportunity, i.e., when he was first
represented by new counsel. Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 986 A.2d 759, 773 n.16 (Pa.
2009).
Thus, because Williams was appointed new counsel to represent him on direct appeal,
a claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, standing alone, was waived based upon
Williams’ failure to raise it on direct appeal, as that was his earliest opportunity to
present this argument to this Court. Commonwealth v. Bracey, 795 A.2d 935, 950 (Pa.
2001). As explained infra, proof that trial counsel was ineffective is a prerequisite to
satisfying a petitioner’s burden of proof for a claim that appellate counsel was ineffective
for not raising on direct appeal this claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.
In McGill, “we delineated the specific construct necessary for a petitioner to ‘plead,
present, and prove’ the ineffectiveness of appellate counsel[] where layered claims are
involved. N [W]e acknowledged that this Court had not been entirely clear concerning
what a PCRA petitioner must do in order to plead and prove a layered ineffectiveness
(continuedN)

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 9
inadequate discussion of Williams’ non-Besch claims, the latter of which “prevent[ed]

this Court from conducting meaningful appellate review.” Williams II, 936 A.2d at 36-37.

We therefore affirmed the PCRA court’s order vacating Williams’ corrupt organizations

conviction, reversed the remainder of the order, remanded the matter to the PCRA court

and relinquished jurisdiction. Id. at 37.

On remand, after receiving several extensions of time from the PCRA court,

Williams filed an amended PCRA petition on July 17, 2009, presenting arguments

regarding both trial and appellate counsels’ ineffectiveness. Williams also included a

footnote therein indicating that Dr. Smialek had died in the years between the filing of

his original PCRA petition and this Court’s remand, and that a new expert would be

offered to present expert testimony “that will be similar to the previously proffered

testimony from Dr. Smialek.” Amended PCRA Petition, 7/17/2009, at 21 n.8. The

Commonwealth filed a motion to dismiss his PCRA petition on September 30, 2009, to

which Williams filed a response on February 2, 2010. The Commonwealth filed an

amended supplemental motion to dismiss on August 2, 2010, and Williams filed another

response on November 17, 2010.

On March 24, 2011, Williams filed a pro se motion to amend or supplement his

PCRA petition, claiming newly discovered evidence regarding White’s testimony: that

White submitted a PCRA petition in his own criminal case recanting his testimony

against Williams, stating that he knew nothing about the murders for which Williams was

convicted and claiming that the prosecutor instructed White to falsely implicate Williams

(Ncontinued)
claim. Regarding such instances, we held that ‘a remand to the PCRA court may be
appropriate for cases currently pending in the appellate courts where the petitioner has
failed to preserve, by pleading and/or presenting, a layered ineffectiveness claim in a
manner sufficient to warrant merits review.’” Williams II, 936 A.2d at 36 (citing McGill,
832 A.2d at 1024).

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 10
in exchange for a promise of commutation after White served fifteen years in prison.10

Pro Se Motion to Amend or Supplement PCRA Petition, 3/24/2011, at 1-3. On June 14,

2011, Williams filed a counseled motion to supplement or amend the PCRA petition,

framing the argument raised by Williams pro se as a Brady11 violation, and raising

several other claims. There were two additional averments relevant to this appeal.

First, Dr. Charles Wetli would testify as an expert forensic pathologist “that the positions

in which the bodies were found, and the absence of cuts or abrasions on the decedents’

skin, were not consistent with White’s claim that, after being shot in the van, the victims

were thrown from the back of the moving vehicle.” Motion to Supplement/Amend PCRA

Petition, 6/14/2011, ¶ 3. Second, Robert Tressel, “a crime scene reconstruction expert,”

would testify, in relevant part, that the blood flow patterns observed on the victims and

the absence of non-gunshot injuries rendered the forensic evidence inconsistent with

White’s testimony that the victims were shot and thrown from a moving van. Id., ¶ 4.

On July 20, 2011, the Commonwealth filed a letter with the PCRA court, which

that court treated as a motion to dismiss, asserting, inter alia, that the proffered

testimony by Tressel constitutes “an entirely new claim” that Williams “never mentioned”

in his original PCRA petition. Motion to Dismiss, 7/20/2011, at 1-2. The

Commonwealth argued that the court should not allow the addition of this new claim, as

the amendment constitutes a second, untimely PCRA petition12 and is also beyond the

scope of this Court’s remand order. Id. at 2 (citing cases).

10
At Williams’ trial, White testified that he was serving six concurrent life sentences
after pleading guilty to six counts of first-degree murder, including the murders of
Reynolds, the Anderson brothers and William Graham. N.T., 7/26/1993, at 9-10.
11
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
12
Subject to certain, enumerated exceptions, a PCRA petition must be filed within one
year of the date a criminal defendant’s judgment of sentence becomes final.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1). Under the PCRA, “a judgment becomes final at the
(continuedN)

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 11
 On October 5, 2011, the PCRA court granted Williams an evidentiary hearing on

the following claims:

1. [Williams’] layered ineffectiveness of counsel claim regarding
the alleged failure of trial counsel to investigate, obtain, and
present expert forensic testimony;

2. [Williams’] layered ineffectiveness of counsel claim regarding
trial counsel’s alleged failure to investigate, obtain, and
present testimony from alleged alibi witness Racharlotte
Townes;[13] and

3. [Williams’] claimed Brady violation relating to an alleged plea
agreement with Commonwealth witness James White.

PCRA Court Order, 10/5/2011 (footnote added). The Commonwealth filed a motion for

reconsideration on November 9, 2011, asserting that all of the issues upon which the

PCRA court granted an evidentiary hearing were “first raised by [Williams] post-

remand.” Commonwealth’s Motion for Reconsideration and Leave to Amend,

11/9/2011, ¶ 11. The Commonwealth alternatively sought the court’s permission to

substantively respond to Williams’ PCRA claims, which the PCRA court granted. Id.,

¶ 16; PCRA Court Order, 11/14/2011.

Rather than file an answer to Williams’ amended PCRA petition, the

Commonwealth filed another supplemental motion to dismiss, again asserting that the

arguments were new and untimely raised, and that his amendments went beyond the

(Ncontinued)
conclusion of direct review, including discretionary review in the Supreme Court of the
United States and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or at the expiration of time for
seeking the review.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(3).
13
At the inception of the evidentiary hearing, Williams withdrew this claim from
consideration. See N.T., 3/11/13, at 5.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 12
scope of this Court’s remand order. See Commonwealth’s Second Supplemental

Motion to Dismiss, 11/28/2012, ¶¶ 2-5. The Commonwealth requested that the PCRA

court dismiss Williams’ PCRA petition without a hearing. Id., Prayer for Relief. The

PCRA court did not formally rule upon the Commonwealth’s motion, but on December

14, 2012, it ordered the Commonwealth to “file and serve its pre-hearing memorandum”

by the date of the hearing. PCRA Court Order, 12/14/2012. The Commonwealth

complied on January 10, 2013 and filed a supplemental pre-hearing memorandum on

March 8, 2013.

After numerous continuances, the PCRA court held a three-day hearing

beginning on March 11, 2013. Dr. Wetli, Tressel, White, White’s mother, Williams’

former girlfriend, trial counsel and direct appeal counsel all testified for the defense;

White’s attorney, Detective Richard Harris, the trial prosecutor and Dr. Samuel Gulino

testified for the Commonwealth. Thereafter, and following the review of the parties’

post-hearing memoranda and briefs, the PCRA court once again granted Williams relief,

vacating his judgment of sentence and granting him a new trial. It based its decision

upon its conclusion that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by “failing to

investigate the medical and forensic evidence, consult with and retain experts and

present expert testimony or properly cross-examine the Commonwealth’s expert,” and

that direct appeal counsel was ineffective for not raising on direct appeal both this claim

and a claim of trial court error in refusing to permit defense counsel to cross-examine

the Commonwealth’s experts about the absence of non-gunshot-wound injuries on the

victims’ bodies. PCRA Court Order, 12/30/2013, ¶¶ 2-3. The PCRA court dismissed all

other claims raised in Williams’ original and amended PCRA petitions.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 13
 III. Analysis

The PCRA provides post-conviction relief to criminal defendants serving their

sentence for the crime(s) at issue who prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that

their convictions or sentences resulted from at least one of the errors enumerated in

Section 9543(a)(2), the claims were not previously litigated or waived, and any alleged

failure to litigate or raise the claims “could not have been the result of any rational,

strategic or tactical decision by counsel.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a); Commonwealth v.

Robinson, 82 A.3d 998, 1005 (Pa. 2013). This Court reviews a PCRA court’s decision

in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Commonwealth v. Hanible, 30 A.3d

426, 438 (Pa. 2011). Our review is limited to a determination of whether the record

supports the PCRA court’s factual findings and whether its legal conclusions are free

from error. Id. “A PCRA court’s credibility findings are to be accorded great deference,

and where supported by the record, such determinations are binding on a reviewing

court.” Commonwealth v. Treiber, 121 A.3d 435, 444 (Pa. 2015) (citing Commonwealth

v. Dennis, 17 A.3d 297, 301 (Pa. 2011)). We review the PCRA court’s legal conclusions

de novo. Commonwealth v. Roney, 79 A.3d 595, 603 (Pa. 2013). We begin by

addressing the issues raised by the Commonwealth in its appeal.

A. Amendment of PCRA Petition Post-Remand

The Commonwealth first asserts that the PCRA court erred in considering

Tressel’s blood flow testimony, raised for the first time by Williams in his counseled

motion to amend/supplement his PCRA petition following remand by this Court. The

Commonwealth contends that this constituted a new claim and therefore, pursuant to

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 14
decisional law from this Court, it was prohibited. Brief for the Commonwealth at 32; see

PCRA Court Opinion, 12/30/2013, at 20-23, 36, 39.

Williams contends that Tressel’s blood flow testimony was not offered in support

of a new claim. In his original PCRA petition, he raised the issue of trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness for failing to present expert testimony to show that the physical and

forensic evidence was inconsistent with White’s testimony regarding how the murders

occurred. Brief for Williams at 46-47. In the alternative, Williams asserts that if this is a

new claim, it was within the PCRA court’s discretion to permit him to amend his PCRA

petition pursuant to Rule 905 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure, “as a

hearing on this claim was in the interest of justice.” Id. at 47.

Despite the Commonwealth repeatedly raising this issue below, the PCRA court

does not address it in its written opinion. As this presents a question of law and is

otherwise apparent from the record, our review is not impeded.

The Commonwealth is correct that, in the absence of permission from this Court,

a PCRA petitioner is not entitled to raise new claims following remand from this Court

for further PCRA proceedings. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Daniels, 104 A.3d 267, 285

(Pa. 2014) (finding a new PCRA claim raised post-remand from this Court to have been

waived as “[t]his Court explicitly limited the subject matter of the remand to the

remaining issues already raised by appellees; we neither invited nor authorized

appellees to raise additional collateral claims years after expiration of the PCRA time-

bar”); Commonwealth v. Spotz, 18 A.3d 244, 328 (Pa. 2011) (denying the appellant’s

request for remand for the PCRA court to consider issues first raised in a motion for

reconsideration, as this would amount to the PCRA court’s consideration of a second,

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 15
untimely PCRA petition); Commonwealth v. Rainey, 928 A.2d 215, 226 n.9 (Pa. 2007)

(stating that because this Court expressly permitted the appellant to raise only one new

PCRA claim on remand, raising any additional issues post-remand was improper). Our

review of the record in the case at bar reveals, however, that the addition of Tressel’s

blood flow testimony did not constitute the presentation of a new claim post-remand. As

our recitation of the procedural history of this case reflects, the expert proffered by

Williams in his original PCRA petition, Dr. Smialek, had passed away in the time

between the filing of his PCRA petition and this Court’s remand for Williams to file an

amended PCRA petition pursuant to McGill. Thus, Williams was forced to find a new

source for testimony in support of his originally filed claim -- that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to present a defense expert to identify the “compelling exculpatory

evidence regarding the inconsistencies and contradictions between the physical

evidence and [] White’s version of events N to the jury.” PCRA Petition, 10/31/2000, ¶

(I)(A)(3). Williams did just that, substituting Dr. Wetli and Tressel in place of the late Dr.

Smialek.

The Commonwealth does not argue on appeal that Williams improperly

substituted a new expert witness for Dr. Smialek. It raises no argument concerning the

propriety of Dr. Wetli’s testimony in general or Tressel’s testimony in areas other than

blood flow evidence. See Brief for the Commonwealth at 32 (assailing only the PCRA

court’s decision to permit Williams to present Tressel’s testimony “about blood flow”).

Moreover, although the Commonwealth baldly asserts that the blood flow testimony by

Tressel constituted a “new claim,” it fails to elucidate and develop why this particular

area of testimony should be construed as such.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 16
 Our review of the PCRA filings submitted by Williams does not support the

Commonwealth’s bald conclusion. As discussed in detail below, Tressel’s blood flow

testimony was that the blood patterns observable on the victims’ clothing and bodies

was inconsistent with White’s testimony that the victims were shot and thrown from a

moving van. According to Tressel, the blood flow evidence supported only a finding that

the victims were shot at the locations where they were found by police. This testimony

certainly falls under Williams’ claim, contained in his original counseled PCRA petition,

that trial counsel failed to present exculpatory evidence highlighting contradictions

between the physical evidence and White’s story of what occurred. We therefore find

no error in the PCRA court’s decision to consider this testimony at the PCRA hearing.

See, cf., Commonwealth v. Elliott, 80 A.3d 415, 435-36 (Pa. 2013) (declining to find

waiver of a claim “raised generally” in the petitioner’s 2009 PCRA petition and then

“further developed” in his 2010 supplemental brief).

B. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel14

The Commonwealth further challenges the PCRA court’s conclusion that trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to call a defense expert to testify to the

inconsistencies and contradictions between White’s testimony and the medical and

forensic evidence. Success on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires the

petitioner to rebut the presumption that counsel rendered effective assistance and

prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) the claim has arguable merit, (2)

14
As stated supra, Williams waived an independent claim of trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness based upon his failure to advance it on direct appeal before this Court.
Nonetheless, because it is a necessary component of our review of appellate counsel’s
ineffectiveness, for ease of disposition, we address the question of trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness first.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 17
counsel’s action or inaction was not based upon a reasonable trial strategy and (3)

petitioner suffered prejudice because of counsel’s act or omission. Commonwealth v.

Mason, 130 A.3d 601, 618 (Pa. 2015). The failure to satisfy any one of the prongs

requires rejection of the petitioner’s claim. Treiber, 121 A.3d at 451.

The record reflects that Tressel, the Chief Criminal Investigator for the Cobb

County District Attorney’s Office in Marietta, Georgia, testified at the PCRA hearing as

an expert in the field of homicide investigation, crime scene analysis and blood spatter

analysis. N.T., 3/11/2013, at 7, 18. He provided his opinion, to a reasonable degree of

professional certainty, that the medical and forensic evidence was inconsistent with

White’s testimony.15 Id. at 21.

In his testimony, Tressel went through the evidence presented at trial, including

photographs of the victims, and discussed the various reasons why the murders could

not have happened the way White claimed. Beginning with Gavin Anderson, Tressel

stated that the body was found in a location approximately twenty feet from the road

with his legs partially underneath a vehicle parked next to him, all of which was

inconsistent with the victim having been thrown from a moving vehicle. Id. at 23. There

were no observable or noted tears, marks or other damage to his clothing, nor any

scrapes, abrasions or bruises on his body, all of which Tressel stated he would expect

to see if the body had been thrown from a van in the manner described by White,

15
As stated supra, it remains unknown which two victims were allegedly shot in the
van. Therefore, the experts that testified on Williams’ behalf at the PCRA hearing
testified regarding the possibility that any of the three victims were shot and thrown from
a van.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 18
regardless of whether the surface upon which he landed was wet or dry. Id. at 23-25,

98.

Tressel further identified pooled blood in Gavin Anderson’s ear, depicted in a

crime scene photograph of the victim, which he concluded was “inconsistent with being

thrown from a van.” Id. at 25-26; PCRA Exhibits P-3, P-4. Had this victim been thrown

after being shot, “the blood should have been projected away from the ear as the

movement, rolling, tossing, coming out of the car and would create a total[ly] different

pattern that we don’t see in this photograph.” N.T., 3/11/2013, at 26. According to

Tressel, the blood would have been “going in different directions, staining the face and

clothing indicating movement” if the murder happened as White described. Id. at 27.

Turning to Kevin Anderson, Tressel provided the following testimony regarding

the blood pattern observed:

The majority of the blood that’s at the upper top side of
the sweatshirt and some blood down low, this is what we call
wicking blood. It’s where the materials come in contact with
blood and begin to soak it up.

N [Y]ou can see a blanched area which [sic] there’s
nothing on the center of the chest down along the abdomen,
which would be consistent with the position the body was
found in, being face down against the pavement.

Id. at 39; PCRA Exhibits P-10, P-11, P-12. Tressel further identified blood running

down Kevin’s face from the gunshot wound above his left ear, which drained down his

face and underneath his body onto the ground. N.T., 3/11/2013, at 40-41. Tressel

concluded that the blood patterns were not consistent with the victim being thrown from

a van after he was shot, as there was an absence of “projected blood that’s being

thrown about as the body is being tossed from the vehicle and coming to rest by either

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 19
rolling or so forth on the clothing N .” Id. at 39-40. Tressel explained that blood flows

gravitationally, and because there was no change in the direction of the blood flow or

“remnants of the first blood flow,” which would be observed if the victim was moved from

one position to another after he was shot, the evidence showed that the body was shot

and fell in the location it was found. Id. at 41.

According to Tressel, it was also inconsistent with White’s testimony that Kevin

Anderson was found on the sidewalk without any abrasions on his body or noted

damage to his clothing. Id. at 42-43. Tressel testified that if a body was thrown from a

moving van, “[i]t would have to roll or slide to some extent to come to rest” after it hit the

ground, which would result in damage to the victim’s clothing and “impact injuries” to the

body when it hit the ground. Id. at 43. Tressel further testified that Kevin Anderson was

unquestionably the “smallest” victim,16 and he had no gunshot wounds on his face,

contrary to White’s description to police. Id. at 43-47. Indeed, Tressel stated that none

of the three victims were shot consistent with White’s statement to police that one victim

was looking “directly at Williams” and his gun when Williams shot them. Id. at 48.

Regarding Reynolds, Tressel testified that, like the others, it was his opinion that

this victim was shot in the location where the police found him. Id. at 52-53. Tressel

believed that Reynolds was standing at the time he was shot in the back of the head,

that gunshot fractured his skull and caused blood to flow from his nose and mouth to the

left, down his neck and pool at the neckline of his sweatshirt. He then fell to the ground,

on his back, with his right cheek turned towards the ground, and the blood ran in that

16
Kevin Anderson was five feet, four inches tall, Gavin Anderson was five feet, eight
inches tall and Reynolds was five feet, eleven inches tall.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 20
direction, ultimately pooling underneath Reynolds on the right side. Id. at 51, 79-81,

114, 117; PCRA Exhibits P-13, P-14.17 Tressel testified that if Reynolds had been shot

in a van before being thrown onto the sidewalk, he would have had blood trailing in all

directions, all over his face, as his gunshot wound to the back of his head would have

rendered him without muscle control. Id. at 82-83. Further supporting this conclusion,

he pointed to the kerchief resting under Reynolds’ head, which Tressel stated would

have fallen off if Reynolds had been thrown from a van. Id. at 52.

Tressel clarified that the victims would have started to bleed immediately upon

being shot. Id. at 73-74. Thus, if any of the victims were shot in a van and then

removed, as White testified, the blood flow patterns would have so indicated. Id. at 73

(“If they’re in the van, they’re in one position. When they’re tossed out of the van,

they’re now going to roll and go to a second position. N [The] blood flow pattern is not

there.”). Even if they were shot and immediately thrown out of the van, Tressel stated

the blood pattern would reflect this:

The blood may not be on the clothing from the position in
the van. But as they’re being tossed out of the van, that
blood is going to be projected off the body because the body
is in motion.

And we would expect some of that to fall on the clothing
to indicate pattern and directionality. And none of these
[victims] have any patterns showing directionality or anything
of that nature.

17
During cross-examination of Tressel, the Commonwealth was permitted to utilize a
photograph of Reynolds lying on a gurney. N.T., 3/11/2013, at 77-78. The photograph
was not admitted into evidence, as the Commonwealth had only recently found the
photograph and did not know any requisite details to authenticate the picture. Id. at 75-
76. Tressel testified that the blood flow depicted in this photograph also supported his
expert opinion. Id. at 78-80, 114-17.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 21
Id. at 74.

Dr. Wetli, the former Chief Medical Examiner for Suffolk County, New York,

testified as an expert in the field of forensic pathology. Id. at 126-27. He testified, to a

reasonable degree of medical and forensic certainty, that the location and the condition

of the bodies and the condition of the victims’ clothing were inconsistent with White’s

testimony that they were “thrown” or “tossed” from a moving vehicle. Id. at 130-32, 147.

Dr. Wetli explained that he has experience examining bodies that were expelled from

moving vehicles, and regardless of the specific details attendant to the murders

(whether the bodies were pushed, tossed or thrown, the speed the van was traveling or

the height of the van), he would have expected to see some evidence of injury to the

body as a result and damage to their clothing. Id. at 133-34, 142-43. Dr. Wetli testified

that, based on the principle of physics that “an object in motion stays in motion until

altered by a force,” if the bodies were thrown from a moving vehicle, the victims would

have had “sliding abrasions,” from “scraping along the pavement” once they hit the

ground. Id. at 133-34. He acknowledged that it was possible for a body not to get an

abrasion from sliding on the ground, but testified that in his opinion, it was highly

unlikely. Id.at 142-43. According to Dr. Wetli, there was no evidence to support a

conclusion that the victims were expelled from a van, and he would be “very surprised,”

“based on the total lack of evidence,” if this was how the murders actually occurred. Id.

at 145. Dr. Wetli further testified that none of the victims sustained a gunshot wound “in

the face directly on.” Id. at 132.

The Commonwealth presented rebuttal testimony from Dr. Gulino, Philadelphia’s

Chief Medical Examiner, who testified to his disagreement with the defense experts’

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 22
conclusions that the absence of visible injuries on the victims is inconsistent with a

finding that they were thrown from a moving van. N.T., 3/13/2013, at 147-50. Dr.

Gulino stated that without knowing the speed the van was traveling, the surface upon

which the victims fell, whether the surface was wet or dry, and how they were expelled

from the van, the absence of additional injuries or damage to the victims’ clothing

means nothing. Id. at 148-49, 159-64.

Dr. Gulino conceded, however, that if the van were driving in the street when the

victim was thrown out, he would have expected to see injuries caused by Reynolds

landing on the cobblestone driveway. Id. at 179-80. Because White provided such

inconsistent statements at trial about what happened -- stating in one instance that a

victim was forcibly thrown by two men holding his hands and feet, and in another that

the victim was simply “pushed” -- Dr. Gulino could not decipher precisely what

happened. Id. at 180-82. If any of the victims had in fact been “projected through the

air such that [he] landed on the pavement,” Dr. Gulino agreed that there would have

been injuries on the victims’ bodies as a result. Id. at 188. He further admitted that

none of the victims were found in locations consistent with having been “pushed” from a

van that was driving in the street. Id. at 186.

Examining photographs of the victims, Dr. Gulino opined that Gavin Anderson

“collapsed straight down” after being shot. Id. at 158; Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-18. In

other words, he agreed that this victim was not thrown from a van. Regarding Kevin

Anderson, Dr. Gulino stated that although he could definitively state, based upon the

blood patterns, that the body “changed positions after he was shot,” he could not

conclude that the body was “moved from one location to another by some other agent.”

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 23
N.T., 3/13/2013, at 170, 175; PCRA Exhibit P-11. While he did not find the evidence

inconsistent with the testimony that this victim was thrown from a moving van, he also

agreed that the victim could have been shot in that location and then fell to the ground,

as testified by Tressel. N.T., 3/13/2013, at 171, 175-76. With respect to Reynolds, Dr.

Gulino was of the opinion that the blood flow evidence did not support Tressel’s

conclusion that he was standing and collapsed down after he was shot. Id. at 166;

PCRA Exhibit P-13. According to Dr. Gulino, Reynolds would have immediately

collapsed upon the severing of his spinal cord, and the pooling of blood on Reynolds’

left shoulder would not have occurred that quickly. N.T., 3/13/2013, at 166.

Relative to the above-summarized testimony, the PCRA court found credible the

testimony provided by Tressel and Dr. Wetli. The PCRA court also observed that much

of Dr. Gulino’s testimony aligned with the conclusions of Tressel and Dr. Wetli, and that

in its entirety, the expert testimony rendered White’s version of events incredible.

PCRA Court Opinion, 12/30/2013, at 19-20, 22-24. It found that trial counsel, who

admitted at the PCRA hearing that he did not consult with, let alone attempt to retain, a

medical or forensic expert (he “didn’t even give it a thought”) was ineffective. Id. at 26-

40; N.T., 3/12/2013, at 65-67. Trial counsel could have, and should have, cross-

examined the Commonwealth’s experts and/or called an expert to testify that, contrary

to White’s testimony and statements to police,

• none of the victims, including the “smallest” victim (Kevin Anderson), had a

gunshot wound to the front of his face;

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 24
 • the blood pattern evidence demonstrated that all three of the victims were shot in

the locations where the police found them and was inconsistent with the bodies

having been thrown from a vehicle;

• the absence of damage to the victims’ clothes and non-gunshot-wound injuries to

their bodies was wholly inconsistent with White’s versions of events; and

• the location of the victims’ bodies was inconsistent with any of them having been

thrown from a moving van. PCRA Court Opinion, 12/20/2013, at 34-37.

Although the PCRA court acknowledged that vigorous cross-examination of the

Commonwealth’s expert can render unnecessary a separate defense expert, this was

not the case here, as trial counsel did not attempt to speak with the Commonwealth’s

experts prior to trial and failed to ask a single question of these witnesses on cross-

examination. Instead, trial counsel relied entirely on the (failed) cross-examinations

conducted by counsel for Williams’ co-defendants regarding the absence of non-

gunshot-related injuries on the victims. Id. at 27, 31; N.T., 3/12/2013, at 67; see

generally N.T., 7/28/1993, at 141-167; N.T., 7/29/1993, at 4-25. The PCRA court found

that the failure of Williams’ trial counsel to question the Commonwealth’s experts or to

call an expert of his own to testify in each of the above-identified areas resulted in

prejudice to Williams and that trial counsel provided Williams ineffective assistance.

PCRA Court Opinion, 12/30/2013, at 34-38.

The PCRA court determined that trial counsel’s failings, both individually and

collectively, prejudiced Williams, warranting the grant of a new trial. PCRA Court

Opinion, 12/30/2013, at 38-39 (“Any one of the foregoing are sufficient to demonstrate

prejudice. N Viewed cumulatively, the crime scene, forensic, and medical evidence do

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 25
far more than raise a reasonable doubt. As a whole, a jury could readily find that from

this evidence that White lied at trial.”).

The Commonwealth asserts that these findings are erroneous. It argues that this

constitutes an improper hindsight evaluation of trial counsel’s performance. Brief for the

Commonwealth at 48. Examining trial counsel’s actions from a “time-of-trial

perspective,” the Commonwealth contends that there is no basis for a finding of

ineffectiveness. Id. at 49. Trial counsel and the other defendants’ counsel pursued the

strategy of discrediting White and cross-examined him on numerous inconsistencies

between his testimony and multiple statements he gave to police. According to the

Commonwealth, “it would not have been productive to pursue every conceivable

discrepancy.” Id. at 49-50. The Commonwealth asserts that the cross-examination of

its experts, conducted by counsel for Williams’ codefendants, provided the jury with

enough information for it to disbelieve White’s testimony and that trial counsel’s strategy

was therefore reasonable. Id. at 50-52.

Addressing the specific findings of the PCRA court, the Commonwealth

challenges the PCRA court’s determination that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

present evidence that none of the victims were shot in the face as White maintained.

The Commonwealth asserts that “two victims -- Gavin Anderson and Otis Reynolds --

were shot in the face, twice each,” which it states is “consistent with White’s testimony”

that Williams shot one of the victims “in the face.” Id. at 52 (emphasis supplied). The

Commonwealth asserts that there is no support anywhere in the record that White

alleged that any of the victims were shot in the front of the face, and thus, counsel

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 26
cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to produce testimony to rebut a statement that

was never made. Id. at 53.

The Commonwealth further contends that Williams waived any argument that the

“smallest victim” (Kevin Anderson) was not shot in the face, as he did not raise this

particular argument in his 2011 PCRA petition. Id. at 54. Even if not waived, the

Commonwealth contends that trial counsel’s cross-examination of White proved White’s

evaluation of the victims’ statures was poor and unreliable, as White testified that all of

the victims were between five feet, eight inches and six feet tall and would not hazard a

guess as to Williams’ height. Id. at 55.

Regarding Tressel’s blood flow testimony, the Commonwealth asserts that two of

the victims exhibited the blood flow changes that Tressel testified he would have

expected to see if the victims had been expelled from a van. Id. at 62. The

Commonwealth refers to Tressel’s testimony as “a double-edged sword,” as Tressel

“confirm[ed] that the bullets retrieved from two victims’ bodies matched the weapons”

that White testified Williams and Bennett had at the time of the murders. Id. at 62-63.

Thus, according to the Commonwealth, Tressel’s testimony does not support a claim of

ineffectiveness. Id.

Lastly, the Commonwealth argues that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing

to question the Commonwealth’s experts, and instead exhibited “sound legal practice,”

by not repetitively questioning the witnesses in areas already explored by codefendants’

counsel. Id. at 56-57. According to the Commonwealth, codefendants’ counsel elicited

the “key facts” that Williams now claims trial counsel should have called an expert to

establish, and any defense expert called could only testify “based on assumptions,” as

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 27
the speed of the van and the force by which the victims were expelled remains

unknown. Id. at 59-60. Moreover, during his summation, Williams’ trial counsel argued

to the jury that the absence of additional injuries on the victims and the locations of their

bodies were inconsistent with White’s version of events. Id. at 58-59.

For all of these reasons, the Commonwealth urges a finding that Williams was

not prejudiced by the absence of a defense expert. The Commonwealth therefore

maintains that the PCRA court erred in finding that trial counsel rendered ineffective

assistance. Id. at 63-65.

Williams conversely advocates that the PCRA court’s decision is factually and

legally sound, as his trial counsel failed to present expert testimony or elicit testimony

on cross-examination in support of the defense theory that the medical and forensic

evidence did not support White’s testimony about the murders. Brief for Williams at 22-

34. Williams asserts that to the extent trial counsel’s decision not to call an expert could

be considered “strategic,” it was “necessarily unreasonable,” as counsel made the

decision without conducting the requisite investigation and preparation. Id. at 34.

Williams asserts that “the Commonwealth’s arguments amount to little more than its

disagreement with the findings and conclusions of the court below,” which is insufficient

to warrant reversal of the PCRA court’s decision. Id. at 38. Because the facts adduced

at the PCRA hearing support the PCRA court’s findings and its legal conclusions are

error-free, Williams insists that this Court must affirm. See id. at 34-38.

1. Arguable Merit

To satisfy the “arguable merit” prong for a claim of ineffectiveness based upon

trial counsel’s failure to call an expert witness, the petitioner must prove that an expert

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 28
witness was willing and available to testify on the subject of the testimony at trial,

counsel knew or should have known about the witness and the defendant was

prejudiced by the absence of the testimony.18 Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111,

1143 (Pa. 2011); Commonwealth v. Gibson, 951 A.2d 1110, 1133 (Pa. 2008). Prejudice

in this respect requires the petitioner to “show how the uncalled witnesses’ testimony

would have been beneficial under the circumstances of the case.” Commonwealth v.

Sneed, 45 A.3d 1096, 1109 (Pa. 2012) (quoting Gibson, 951 A.2d at 1134). Therefore,

the petitioner’s burden is to show that testimony provided by the uncalled witnesses

“would have been helpful to the defense.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Auker, 681

A.2d 1305, 1319 (Pa. 1996)).

18
As stated above, the PCRA court found that Williams’ trial counsel was ineffective
both in his failure to investigate potential expert witnesses and in failing to call expert
witnesses to testify at trial in support of Williams’ defense. In its written opinion in
support of its grant of a new trial, however, the PCRA court does not engage in a
discussion of these factors, instead casting Williams’ failure to call an expert witness to
testify as a failure to conduct an appropriate investigation, and relies largely upon non-
precedential case law from the federal court of appeals for the third circuit. PCRA Court
Opinion, 12/30/2013, at 26-29. Because a finding that there is arguable merit to a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel ultimately constitutes a legal conclusion, which we
review de novo, we review these factors in the first instance herein. See
Commonwealth v. Martin, 5 A.3d 177, 199 (Pa. 2010).
Justice Wecht’s concurring opinion likewise focuses upon the PCRA court’s
determination that Williams’ trial counsel’s failed to conduct a proper investigation.
Although the points made by Justice Wecht may be correct concerning our review of a
finding that counsel failed to investigate, our affirmance is based upon the PCRA court’s
conclusion that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to call an expert
witness to testify at trial. As relief is fully affordable on this basis, we do not address the
additional finding of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to conduct an adequate
investigation. See Commonwealth v. Judge, 916 A.2d 511, 517 n.11 (Pa. 2007)
(observing that this Court may affirm the decision of the lower court on any proper
ground that is supported by the record).

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 29
 The record reflects that both Dr. Wetli and Tressel testified that the testimony

they provided at the PCRA hearing was readily available at the time of trial and could

have been provided if they had been retained.19 N.T., 3/11/2013, at 53-54, 147-48.

Trial counsel was aware that a witness could testify in the areas raised by Williams in

his PCRA petition, as the defense strategy was based in part upon the theory that the

murders could not have occurred the way that White testified. Indeed, counsel for

Williams’ codefendants attempted to address some of the points in their cross-

examination of the Commonwealth’s experts, and trial counsel argued some of these

points to the jury during his closing argument. Id. at 65, 85, 93-95. Trial counsel also

testified that, at the time of Williams’ trial, he was familiar with the concept of blood flow

evidence. N.T., 3/12/2013, at 67.

We address whether the missing testimony would have been beneficial or helpful

to Williams’ defense on a witness-by-witness basis.20 Beginning with Dr. Wetli, the sum

total of his testimony was that although it was possible that the victims were shot and

19
In its reply brief, the Commonwealth contends that Williams failed to establish that
Tressel or another similar expert was available at the time of trial to testify to the blood
flow evidence Tressel provided at the PCRA hearing. Reply Brief for the
Commonwealth at 25. This is inaccurate. See N.T, 3/11/2013, at 53-54 (Tressel
testifying that he began his consulting business in 1989 and would have been available
to provide this analysis at that time).
20
Contrary to the concern raised by Justice Wecht in his concurring opinion, we make
no assessment of the credibility of the witnesses’ testimony. Rather, we evaluate the
entirety of the content thereof to determine if it would have been beneficial to Williams’
defense under the circumstances at trial, as we are required. See, e.g., Gibson, 951
A.2d at 1134 (finding that the claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to call
proffered witnesses to testify at trial was meritless because the testimony would not
have been beneficial to the defense, as it was cumulative of other evidence presented,
did not directly contradict the Commonwealth’s trial evidence, did not preclude the
defendant’s involvement in the crime at issue, and the witnesses could have been
impeached with their prior crimen falsi convictions).

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 30
thrown from a moving van, in his view, this was improbable, as there was no evidence

to suggest that this is what occurred. While Dr. Wetli’s phrasing of his testimony on

direct would have been helpful to Williams’ defense, the Commonwealth’s cross-

examination left very little force to his opinion. Dr. Wetli’s opinion was based solely on

the absence of non-gunshot injuries on the victims’ bodies or damage to their clothing,

but he conceded that it was “difficult to say with any degree of certainty what should

have occurred with regard to the bodies.” N.T., 3/11/2013, at 145. In particular,

because there was no information pertaining to “the speed of the van,” and because

“[t]he slower the van is moving, obviously the less injury you’re going to be getting,” he

could only conclude that although it was “possible,” he believed it “very unlikely” that the

murders occurred the way White testified. Id. at 143, 145.

The substance of Dr. Wetli’s testimony was largely presented on cross-

examination of the Commonwealth’s experts by counsel for Williams’ codefendants at

trial. See N.T., 7/28/1993, at 157, 162 (Dr. Hoyer testifying that the absence of non-

gunshot injuries was dependent upon several factors, and only meant that the victims

“did not fall against a hard surface with a lot of force”); N.T., 7/29/1993, at 23-24 (Dr.

Hood testifying that non-gunshot injuries from a fall, while possible, did not preclude a

finding that the victim fell after he was shot). Moreover, it is doubtful that Dr. Wetli’s

testimony would have been admissible as expert testimony at trial. Pennsylvania Rule

of Evidence 702 provides that a witness so qualified may testify as an expert if: “(a) the

expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge is beyond that possessed

by the average layperson; (b) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 31
issue; and (c) the expert’s methodology is generally accepted in the relevant field.”

Pa.R.E. 702. Taking nothing away from Dr. Wetli’s experience and expertise, the

record reflects that his testimony amounted only to his conclusion that a person thrown

onto the sidewalk from a van that is driving fast enough down the street would likely

sustain injuries and damage their clothing. That is not something that is beyond the

grasp of the average layperson. In fact, the record reflects that trial counsel argued this

point to the jury, advocating that it was a matter of common sense:

What about the bodies, and what happened with the
bodies? Now, here, again, you’ve got to use your common
sense and you’ve got to think.
A body is being tossed -- I’m not going to demonstrate.
You draw your own conclusions -- tossed, thrown, deposited,
whatever word you want to use, out of the van. Was the van
moving when it happened? Yes. How fast? We don’t know.
But if you believe it happened that way, a body is ejected
from a moving van, hits the street, what is going to happen?
Doesn’t your common sense tell you that you would expect
to see some type of bruising? I’m not talking about large
cuts, necessarily, but some type of bruising, abrasions,
concussions [sic], something of that sort. Nothing on these
bodies.
And what about where the bodies are found?
Mysteriously, there is no body found in the street. There is
only one body that is found, with some portion of it extending
over a curb line. You had two bodies found on the sidewalk,
and you had one body found some distance away from the
curb line.
What do they do, ladies and gentlemen, bounce, get up
and walk over there? Come on, you’ve got to think. This is
what James White would have you believe[.]
N.T., 8/3/1993, at 43-44.

Furthermore, it is unclear what Dr. Wetli meant when he testified that no victim

was “shot in the face directly on.” N.T., 3/11/2013 at 132. It appears that this

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 32
conclusion is unsupported by the record. As stated by the Commonwealth, two of the

victims, Gavin Anderson and Reynolds, were shot “directly on” their faces.

We therefore disagree with the PCRA court that Dr. Wetli’s testimony would have

been helpful to the defense. As this claim lacks arguable merit, trial counsel was not

ineffective for failing to call Dr. Wetli or an expert that shared his opinions to testify at

trial.

Tressel, on the other hand, testified that in addition to the absence of injuries to

the bodies, lack of damage to their clothing and the locations in which they were found,

the blood flow evidence was also wholly incompatible with White’s testimony that the

victims were shot and thrown from a moving van. Like Dr. Wetli, Tressel acknowledged

that the manner the victims’ were removed from the van, the force used to remove

them, the height of the van and the speed it was traveling could have had an effect on

the injuries the victims received (and, presumably, the amount of damage caused to

their clothing). N.T., 3/11/2013, at 84-85, 123. According to Tressel, however, none of

these factors would have altered the blood flow patterns on the victims, which, in his

expert opinion, led only to a conclusion that the victims were shot in the locations where

the police found the bodies. Id. at 123.

Tressel also testified that Kevin Anderson, the smallest of the three victims, did

not have any gunshot wounds to his face, which contradicted White’s statement to

police. Id. at 47. He further testified that none of the victims sustained gunshot wounds

consistent with White’s statement that the victim was looking at the shooter’s gun when

they were shot. Id. at 48.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 33
 Based upon the PCRA court’s credibility determinations, and viewing the record

in the light most favorable to Williams, we conclude that Tressel’s blood flow and

gunshot wound testimony would have been helpful and beneficial to Williams’

defense.21 His testimony would have established that the forensic and medical

evidence refuted White’s version of the murders. We therefore agree with the PCRA

court that, with respect to Tressel’s blood flow and gunshot wound testimony, this issue

has arguable merit.

2. Reasonable Basis

When assessing whether counsel had a reasonable basis for his act or omission,

the question is not whether there were other courses of action that counsel could have

taken, but whether counsel’s decision had any basis reasonably designed to effectuate

his client’s interest. Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 108 A.3d 821, 848 (Pa. 2014) (citing

Commonwealth v. Williams, 899 A.2d 1060, 1063-64 (Pa. 2006)). As the

Commonwealth accurately states, this cannot be a hindsight evaluation of counsel’s

performance, but requires an examination of “whether counsel made an informed

21
We disagree with the Commonwealth’s categorization of his testimony as “a double-
edged sword.” As Tressel testified at the PCRA hearing, the medical examiners
recovered a bullet fragment from Kevin Anderson’s brain, which was determined to
have been fired from either a .380 or .9 millimeter gun, and two bullets from Reynolds
that were determined to have been fired from either a .38 or .357 gun. N.T., 3/11/2013,
at 106; N.T., 7/27/2013, at 189-90, 191. Although White testified that at the time of the
robbery, Bennett had a .357 and Williams had the .9 millimeter “he always carried,”
White did not testify that Bennett shot anyone; according to White’s testimony, Williams
was the only one to shoot the victims. See N.T., 7/26/1993, at 62 (White testifying that
Bennett told him that Williams murdered the first victim by shooting him in the head), 64-
65 (White testifying that he observed Williams shoot the second victim in the van), 66
(White testifying that he saw Williams put a gun to the third victim and then heard two
gunshots). Further, the only bullet recovered that could have been shot from a .9
millimeter gun was not fired from the .9 millimeter gun recovered from Williams when he
was arrested. N.T., 7/27/1993, at 193.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 34
choice, which at the time the decision was made reasonably could have been

considered to advance and protect [the] defendant’s interests.” Commonwealth v.

Dunbar, 470 A.2d 74, 77 (Pa. 1983). Our evaluation of counsel’s performance is “highly

deferential.” Commonwealth v. Tharp, 101 A.3d 736, 772 (Pa. 2014) (quoting Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984)).

[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law
and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually
unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less than
complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent
that reasonable professional judgments support the
limitations on investigation. In other words, counsel has a
duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a
reasonable decision that makes particular investigations
unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness case, a particular
decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for
reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy
measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91; see also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523,

535-36 (Pa. 2009) (“The duty to investigate, of course, may include a duty to interview

certain potential witnesses; and a prejudicial failure to fulfill this duty, unless pursuant to

a reasonable strategic decision, may lead to a finding of ineffective assistance.”).

Trial counsel’s testimony at the PCRA hearing reveals that his decision not to call

an expert witness to testify on Williams’ behalf was not a “strategic choice.” As the

PCRA court observed, trial counsel testified at the PCRA hearing that when he was

preparing to represent Williams at trial, he did not consult with or “even give N a

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 35
thought” to hiring a medical or forensic expert to testify for the defense.22 N.T.,

3/12/2013, at 66-67.

This Court has held, however, that the failure to call an expert witness does not

necessarily render counsel’s performance deficient.

Trial counsel need not introduce expert testimony on his
client’s behalf if he is able effectively to cross-examine
prosecution witnesses and elicit helpful testimony.
Additionally, trial counsel will not be deemed ineffective for
failing to call a medical, forensic, or scientific expert merely
to critically evaluate expert testimony that was presented by
the prosecution. Thus, the question becomes whether or not
defense counsel effectively cross-examined the
Commonwealth’s expert witness.

Chmiel, 30 A.3d at 1143 (quoting Commonwealth v. Marinelli, 810 A.2d 1257, 1269 (Pa.

2002)) (brackets omitted).

The trial record confirms the PCRA court’s finding that counsel conducted no

cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s experts, failing to ask a single question of

any of the three testifying representatives of the Medical Examiner’s Office.

Questioning of the Commonwealth’s doctors by counsel for Williams’ codefendants only

22
At the PCRA hearing, trial counsel testified, in hindsight, that he believed a separate
defense expert was unnecessary because he could have obtained all of the necessary
testimony in support of the defense theory from the witnesses from the Medical
Examiner’s Office. N.T., 3/12/2013, at 67. As stated, however, this testimony is
irrelevant to our consideration of the reasonableness of counsel’s time-of-trial decision
making.
We recognize that there are two possible interpretations to trial counsel’s testimony that
he never gave a thought to retaining an expert. One is that he deemed it so
unnecessary he never gave it a thought, whereas the other is that the idea of retaining
an expert never occurred to him. Trial counsel did not further explain the meaning.
Because the PCRA record must be viewed in the light most favorable to Williams, we
find no error in the PCRA court’s assignment of the latter interpretation to trial counsel’s
statement.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 36
touched upon the fact that there were no non-gunshot-related injuries on the victims’

bodies, and the answers given to these questions did not preclude a conclusion that

White testified truthfully. See generally N.T., 7/28/1993, at 141-167; N.T., 7/29/1993, at

4-25.

As previously stated herein, the trial court prohibited counsel for both Wilson and

Bennett from questioning the Commonwealth’s experts about whether the absence of

non-gunshot injuries to the victims was inconsistent with White’s testimony that the

victims were “pushed” or “thrown” from a moving van, as there were “too many

variables.” N.T., 7/28/1993, at 161-67. Although the Commonwealth is correct that trial

counsel cannot be faulted for failing to ask questions related to the hypothetical

question that the trial court disallowed, Commonwealth’s Brief at 56, the record reflects

that trial counsel had already opted to forgo questioning of the experts prior to the

hypothetical question being presented by the other defendants’ counsel. N.T.,

7/28/1993, at 156, 161-67.

Neither trial counsel nor counsel for Williams’ codefendants questioned the

Commonwealth’s experts about whether any of the victims sustained a gunshot wound

consistent with White’s testimony and statement to police, including Kevin Anderson,

the “smallest” victim, who had no gunshot wounds anywhere on his face.23 As stated

23
The Commonwealth’s waiver argument regarding Williams’ reference to the
“smallest” victim is waived, as the Commonwealth raised it for the first time on appeal,
and did not object to the line of questioning at the PCRA hearing or Williams’ reference
thereto in his post-hearing brief. Commonwealth v. Weiss, 81 A.3d 767, 803 n.19 (Pa.
2013); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Furthermore, the Commonwealth’s argument that trial
counsel’s cross-examination of White showed that White was a “poor judge of size,”
rendering reasonable trial counsel’s decision not to use White’s November 4, 1991
statement for impeachment, is groundless. The Commonwealth is attempting to create
(continuedN)

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 37
above, two of the victims (Reynolds and Gavin Anderson) were shot somewhere on

their faces, but this does not render Williams’ claim “frivolous” as the Commonwealth

contends. See Brief for the Commonwealth at 53. Dr. Gulino and Tressel agreed that

Gavin Anderson could not have been one of the victims shot inside the van. See N.T.,

3/11/2013, at 21; N.T., 3/13/2013, at 158, 175. Further, although only briefly touched

upon at the PCRA hearing, Tressel testified that none of the victims’ gunshot wounds

were consistent with having been shot while looking at Williams and Williams’ gun.

N.T., 3/11/2013, at 47-48; see Trial Exhibit D-10. The Commonwealth presented no

testimony in this area and asked no questions to refute this conclusion.

No defense attorney cross-examined the Commonwealth’s witnesses about the

blood flow patterns exhibited on the victims and their clothing. The jury was never

informed of the science behind the blood patterns, let alone that an expert would

conclude that this evidence was inconsistent with White’s testimony.

Because the jury was not exposed to this evidence, which would have directly

contradicted White’s trial testimony, the record and the law support the PCRA court’s

conclusion that trial counsel had no reasonable strategic basis for failing to cross-

examine the Commonwealth’s experts in these areas or call an expert witness to

provide this testimony.

(Ncontinued)
a reasonable basis for trial counsel’s actions that trial counsel never endorsed. To the
contrary, when asked at the PCRA hearing, trial counsel testified that he had no
recollection of White telling police that the smallest victim was shot in the face while
looking at Williams and Williams’ gun, and could not say that he had any strategic
reason for not questioning White about it. N.T., 3/12/2013, at 71.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 38
 3. Prejudice

Turning to the prejudice determination, the question is whether “there is a

reasonable probability that, but for trial counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Commonwealth v. Bomar, 104 A.3d 1179, 1202 (Pa. 2014)

(citing Commonwealth v. Koehler, 36 A.3d 121, 150 (Pa. 2012)), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct.

49 (U.S. 2015). It is undisputed that White was the Commonwealth’s key witness and

central to its prosecution of Williams. He was (allegedly) an eyewitness to the murders

and provided a comprehensive description to the jury of the gruesome events that

purportedly preceded the deaths of these young men. No other witnesses directly

implicated Williams as the perpetrator of these murders.24

It is also undisputed that White’s credibility was dubious at best. He gave

numerous, conflicting, statements to the police about various crimes that he purportedly

witnessed, including one highly detailed statement wherein he falsely implicated

24
The record reflects that there was some evidence presented that, at most,
circumstantially or tangentially either linked Williams to the murders or corroborated
certain aspects of White’s testimony. For example, Craig Vaughn, a jailhouse lawyer,
testified that White confided in him that he perpetrated these murders along with “Chris”
from Germantown. N.T., 7/29/1993, at 173-76. Marian Anderson, the sister of the
Anderson brothers, testified that she saw Williams in New York with her brothers and
Reynolds two weeks prior to their murders, and that upon making eye contact with her
in the courtroom, Williams “put his head down.” N.T., 7/27/1993, at 11-14. David Lee
testified that he purchased guns for Williams, one of which was the .9 millimeter gun
that police found when they arrested Williams, consistent with White’s testimony that
Williams always carried a .9 millimeter gun. N.T., 7/26/1993, at 53; N.T., 7/27/1993, at
64; N.T., 7/28/1993, at 6. Notably, the Commonwealth’s ballistics expert testified that
this gun did not fire the .380/.9 millimeter bullet specimen recovered from Kevin
Anderson. N.T., 7/27/1993, at 193. None of the evidence conclusively ties Williams to
these murders, nor does it in any way corroborate White’s testimony regarding the
manner in which the homicides allegedly occurred. It therefore does not factor into our
prejudice analysis because, as even the Commonwealth admitted below, “[u]nless the
jury believed White, N the prosecution’s case against [Williams] would fail.”
Commonwealth’s Motion to Dismiss, 6/5/2001, at 20.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 39
Williams as the perpetrator of another murder. See N.T., 7/26/1993, at 45, 147-51. He

admitted multiple times during his testimony that he had previously lied to police. See

id. at 99, 117-18, 132, 137-45, 147-57, 159-63, 173-79, 182-83, 185, 256, 289, 298-99.

At the time of trial, White was a six-time convicted first-degree murderer, serving six

concurrent life sentences pursuant to a plea agreement with the Commonwealth, and

he admitted that he was involved in the commission of other crimes as well. Id. at 7, 22-

23, 84-85, 188-89, 209-10, 213-14, 267. Further, White did not initially tell the police

about the murders in question, and only did so after a fellow inmate (in whom White had

apparently confided) told the police that White disclosed his involvement in these

murders. Id. at 259-61.

During cross-examination, the three defense counsel impeached White’s

credibility regarding various other matters about which he testified. Our review of the

record reveals, however, that cross-examination of White left his story about the three

murders at issue largely unscathed. Furthermore, as our discussion of the second

prong reveals, cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s medical experts likewise did

little to advance the theory that the murders could not have happened as testified by

White. The only information of which the jury was made aware that even arguably

called White’s version of events into question was that the victims had no non-gunshot-

related injuries on their bodies, but the Commonwealth’s experts testified that this did

not render White’s testimony inconsistent with the physical, medical or forensic

evidence.

The expert testimony presented at the PCRA hearing, found credible by the

PCRA court, was that White’s account of two of the victims being shot inside a van and

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 40
thrown therefrom onto the sidewalk was incompatible with the medical and forensic

evidence presented. Rather, Tressel testified (and Dr. Guilino, in part, agreed) that the

forensic evidence revealed that the victims were shot in the locations where they were

found.25 This testimony, if believed by the jury, coupled with the other evidence

impeaching White’s credibility, would likely have changed the jury’s mind and resulted in

Williams’ acquittal of the three murders. Cf. Commonwealth v. Legg, 711 A.2d 430, 435

(Pa. 1998) (finding prejudice based upon trial counsel’s failure to present testimony in

support of a diminished capacity defense at the defendant’s trial for first-degree murder

because the evidence of the defendant’s specific intent to kill “was not so

overwhelming” to result in a conclusion that the defendant was not prejudiced, and thus

the grant of a new trial was appropriate to permit the trial court to weigh the

25
Contrary to the position taken by Chief Justice Saylor in his concurring opinion, the
blood spatter and blood flow evidence would not only have served to impeach White’s
testimony, but constituted substantive evidence that provided an alternate scenario for
the commission of the crime (i.e., the victims were shot where they were found and
were not thrown from a van). Further, the Chief Justice’s reliance upon trial testimony
that it rained at some unknown time for an unknown duration after the murders -- an
area the Commonwealth neither raised nor pursued either in its questioning or its
arguments before the PCRA court -- does not invalidate Tressel’s testimony. The
notion that the blood evidence on the bodies was washed away prior to their discovery,
rendering the blood flow evidence obsolete, is belied by the testimony and photographic
evidence presented at the PCRA hearing. Reynolds, for example, was found lying on
his back, and nonetheless had blood running down his face, coming from his nose.
N.T., 3/11/2013, at 51. According to Tressel, the blood began to run in one direction
when Reynolds was shot, while standing, and then traveled across his lip in another
direction after he fell to the ground, all of which was visible in the crime scene
photograph. Id. at 81; see PCRA Exhibit P-13. Further, Kevin Anderson was found
lying on his stomach, face down. Id. at 39. The front of his body therefore would have
been shielded from the elements. Tressel’s conclusion that Kevin Anderson was shot
where he was found and could not have been thrown from a van was based, in part, on
the blood pattern and pooling observable on the front of his shirt. Id. at 39-40.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 41
unpresented evidence). We therefore agree with the PCRA court that Williams suffered

prejudice.

Based upon the standard by which we review decisions of the PCRA court and

the credibility determinations it made, we find no error in the PCRA court’s conclusion

that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present expert testimony or cross-examine

the Commonwealth’s experts on these discrepancies.

C. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel

The Commonwealth also challenges the PCRA court’s determination that

appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to present on direct appeal the above claim

of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness as well as a claim of trial court error for limiting cross-

examination of the Commonwealth’s experts regarding the absence of non-gunshot

injuries on the victims’ bodies.

1. Waiver

The Commonwealth first argues that these claims are unreviewable as Williams

did not properly layer his claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.

Specifically, Williams failed to plead and prove that Attorney Seay, who filed a post-

sentence motion on Williams’ behalf, was ineffective for not raising the claims of trial

court error and trial counsel’s ineffectiveness at issue here. Brief for the

Commonwealth at 34-37. As the Commonwealth raises this contention for the first time

on appeal, the PCRA court did not address this argument in its written opinion.26

26
Williams incorrectly asserts that the Commonwealth’s failure to raise this argument
below results in a finding of waiver. Williams’ Brief at 41-42. The question of whether
Williams properly layered his ineffectiveness claims is a question of issue preservation
and implicates a court’s ability to review the claim. Commonwealth v. Hubbard, 372
(continuedN)

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 42
 The law at the time of Williams’ conviction required post-verdict motions to

include every claim of error the defendant wished to raise on appeal; any omitted claims

were waived. See Commonwealth v. Green, 709 A.2d 382, 383 n.4 (Pa. 1998) (stating

that post-verdict motions were required to preserve issues for appellate review for all

defendants convicted prior to January 1, 1994). In Commonwealth v. Hubbard, 372

A.2d 687 (Pa. 1977), overruled by Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2002),

this Court stated that because the law required claims of ineffectiveness of prior counsel

to “be raised as an issue at the earliest stage in the proceedings at which the counsel

whose effectiveness is being challenged no longer represents the defendant[,] N [i]t

follows that when newly appointed post-trial counsel fails to assign the ineffectiveness

of trial counsel as a ground for post-trial relief, the issue of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness

is not properly preserved for appellate review.” Id. at 695 n.6; see supra, n.9. The

Hubbard Court thus found that direct appeal counsel’s claims of trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness were not preserved for appellate review based upon post-sentence

counsel’s failure to raise the claims in a post-sentence motion.27 Hubbard, 372 A.2d at

695.

A year after our decision in Hubbard, we decided Commonwealth v. McKenna,

383 A.2d 174 (Pa. 1978). Despite recognizing the importance of the doctrine of waiver

(Ncontinued)
A.2d 687, 695 (Pa. 1977), overruled by Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726 (Pa.
2002).
27
In Hubbard, direct appeal counsel also raised on appeal that post-sentence motion
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the waived claims of trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness. The Court reviewed those claims, determined that one had arguable
merit worthy of an evidentiary hearing, and remanded the case to the trial court.
Hubbard, 383 A.2d at 695-700.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 43
to the judicial process, the Court held that there were “occasional rare situations where

an appellate court must consider the interests of society as a whole in seeing to it that

justice is done,” requiring that we overlook waiver in capital cases. Id. at 180; see also

id. at 181 (“The waiver rule cannot be exalted to a position so lofty as to require this

Court to blind itself to the real issue[,] the propriety of allowing the state to conduct an

illegal execution of a citizen.”). This was subsequently termed the “relaxed waiver”

doctrine, which this Court, in its discretion, utilized for more than twenty years to permit

review of claims in capital cases that would otherwise have been waived for lack of

preservation. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Zettlemoyer, 454 A.2d 937, 955 n.19 (Pa.

1982) (addressing a claim on appeal not raised in post-verdict motions, which therefore

would have been waived, based upon this Court’s “independent, statutory obligation to

determine whether a sentence of death was the product of passion, prejudice or some

other arbitrary factor, whether the sentence is excessive or disproportionate to that

imposed in similar cases, and to review the record for sufficiency of the evidence to

support aggravating circumstances”), abrogated by Commonwealth v. Freeman, 827

A.2d 385 (Pa. 2003);28 but see, e.g., Commonwealth v. Peterkin, 513 A.2d 373, 378

(Pa. 1986) (finding waiver, in a capital case, of the defendant’s claim that the trial court

28
In Freeman, this Court abrogated the relaxed waiver doctrine prospectively in capital
direct appeals. Freeman, 827 A.2d at 402 (holding that, going forward, “as a general
rule on capital direct appeals, claims that were not properly raised and preserved in the
trial court are waived and unreviewable”). The Court left the McKenna decision intact,
stating, however, that it would be the “‘rare’ claim” that would necessitate this Court’s
review of a waived issue of the constitutional dimension that was “fundamental and
plainly meritorious[.]” Id. Nonetheless, at the time this Court decided Williams’ direct
appeal in 1998, the relaxed waiver doctrine remained in full force and effect. See
Williams I, 720 A.2d at 684 n.12.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 44
improperly excluded two prospective jurors based upon their views of capital

punishment as trial counsel failed to object to the exclusion of these jurors).

Therefore, at the time of Williams’ direct appeal in this matter, the Williams I

Court may have reviewed the claims at issue, despite their waiver by Attorney Seay. As

we explained in Williams II, it can be difficult to determine whether this Court would

have exercised its discretion to invoke the relaxed waiver doctrine to decide what would

otherwise have been a waived issue. Williams II, 936 A.2d at 25. Our review of the

decision by the Williams I Court reveals that the Court invoked the relaxed waiver

doctrine to address “several claims” that Williams did not preserve before the trial court.

Williams I, 720 A.2d at 684 n.12. In fact, this Court reviewed all of the claims Williams

raised on direct appeal, regardless of whether they were preserved in the court below,

including various claims of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness that Attorney Seay failed to

raise in his post-sentence motion, and relied upon Zettlemoyer in support of its use of

the relaxed waiver doctrine. See id. at 684 n.12, 685-87.29

29
Although the certified record does not contain Attorney Seay’s post-sentence motion,
the trial court in its written opinion on direct appeal detailed the issues raised therein.
Regarding claims of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, the trial court described the motion
as containing a bald allegation of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness without elaboration,
accompanied by “a list of complaints of trial counsel ineffectiveness handwritten by
[Williams],” each of which the trial court proceeded to list and explain the basis for its
denial. Trial Court Opinion, 4/24/1996, at 3-5. The ineffectiveness claims included trial
counsel’s failure to visit Williams more than twice prior to trial; seek suppression of
certain statements made by witnesses for the Commonwealth because of
inconsistencies appearing therein; seek the trial judge’s recusal based upon the judge’s
pretrial disclosure that the prosecutor was a witness to an automobile accident in which
the judge was involved; object to the trial court’s more favorable treatment of the
prosecution; request a mistrial based upon the trial court’s limitation of cross-
examination of the representatives of the Medical Examiner’s Office; and trial counsel’s
advice that Williams not testify. Id. at 4-5.
(continuedN)

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 45
 On this record, we are nearly certain that if appellate counsel had raised a claim

on direct appeal alleging trial counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to present expert

testimony or adequately cross-examine the Commonwealth’s experts and a claim of trial

court error in limiting defense counsels’ cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s

experts, this Court would have reviewed the issues despite Attorney Seay’s failure to

raise them in his post-sentence motion. Because direct appeal counsel could have

raised these claims before this Court on direct appeal, and this Court, in all likelihood,

would have reviewed the issues, direct appeal counsel can still be found to have

rendered ineffective assistance despite Williams’ failure to properly layer an allegation

of post-sentence counsel’s ineffectiveness in his PCRA petition. As such, the

Commonwealth’s argument fails.

2. Reasonable Basis for Omission of Ineffectiveness Claim

The Commonwealth further asserts that Williams did not “substantiate his

allegation” of appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to raise on direct appeal the

above-discussed claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness. Brief for the Commonwealth at

37. The Commonwealth states that Williams alleged in his PCRA petition that appellate

(Ncontinued)
Our review of the Williams I decision reveals that this Court addressed multiple claims
of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness raised for the first time on appeal, including trial
counsel’s failure to object to testimony by a detective that the police believed Williams
and his codefendants were involved in as many as two dozen homicides; his failure to
object to testimony given by the sister of the Anderson brothers that she recognized
Williams, having seen him with her brothers approximately two weeks before their
deaths and that upon seeing her in the courtroom, he put his head down on the table;
his failure to object to hearsay statements made by a witness at trial; and his failure to
request a curative instruction after the trial court denied trial counsel’s request for a
mistrial when a testifying witness compared Williams to “Aaron Jones,” who, according
to Williams, was “one of the most notorious killers in Philadelphia history.” Williams I,
720 A.2d at 685-87.

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 46
counsel was operating under the mistaken belief that he could only raise record-based

claims on direct appeal, but at the PCRA hearing, appellate counsel testified that he

was well aware that he was required to raise all claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel on direct appeal, including extra-record issues. Id. at 37-38 (citing N.T.,

3/12/2013, at 100). According to the Commonwealth, appellate counsel’s strategy of

winnowing down the issues and eliminating weaker claims was eminently reasonable,

as both this Court and the United States Supreme Court have found that the exclusion

of arguably meritorious claims to advance arguments on appeal that counsel believes to

have a better chance of success is “sound appellate practice[.]” Id. at 39-43 (citing,

inter alia, Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000); Commonwealth v. Bracey, 795

A.2d 935, 950 (Pa. 2001)).

The PCRA court, on the other hand, found that appellate counsel admitted that

he confined his claims to those appearing of record and that this was consistent with his

practice at the time. PCRA Court Opinion, 12/30/2013, at 40-41 (citing N.T., 3/12/2013,

at 98-99). The PCRA court found that this was improper because, as discussed at

length hereinabove, the law required all claims of ineffective assistance of prior counsel

to be raised at the earliest stage following the appointment or retention of new counsel.

Id. at 41. The PCRA court further observes, as we did above, that appellate counsel

was not constrained by the omission of this issue from Williams’ post-sentence motions,

as the relaxed waiver doctrine would have permitted this Court to review these issues

despite their waiver, and appellate counsel raised numerous other claims that Attorney

Seay failed to preserve for our review on direct appeal. Id. The PCRA court concluded

that appellate counsel’s decision not to raise this meritorious claim was unreasonable

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and prejudiced Williams, as this issue would likely have been successful on appeal. Id.

at 41-42.

Williams asserts that there is no support in the record for a finding that appellate

counsel relied upon any strategic reason for failing to raise on direct appeal this claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Brief for Williams at 44-45. Rather, according to

Williams, appellate counsel’s testimony was that he simply failed to investigate non-

record claims, which was ineffective. Id. at 45.

An assessment of appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to raise a claim

of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness involves the same type of proof required for any claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel. The petitioner has the burden of pleading and

proving that the underlying claim has arguable merit (i.e., that trial counsel in fact

rendered ineffective assistance in the manner that should have been alleged on

appeal); appellate counsel did not have a reasonable strategic basis for failing to raise

the claim; and the petitioner was prejudiced, as there is a reasonable probability that the

outcome of the direct appeal would have been different if appellate counsel had raised

the omitted claim. Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 108 A.3d 739, 750 (Pa. 2014), cert.

denied, 135 S. Ct. 2817 (U.S. 2015); Commonwealth v. Lopez, 854 A.2d 465, 469 & n.5

(Pa. 2004).

As our discussion under Section B makes clear, the underlying claim has

arguable merit. The Commonwealth otherwise only challenges the PCRA court’s

finding that appellate counsel’s failure to raise the claim was not based upon a

[J-89A-2015 and J-89B-2015] - 48
reasonable appellate strategy.30 Our review of the notes of testimony from the PCRA

hearing reveals that appellate counsel testified that he had little to no independent

recollection of his representation of Williams. N.T., 3/12/2013, at 100, 102. He testified

that although he was aware of his obligation to raise claims of ineffective assistance of

prior counsel “as soon as possible,” he acknowledged that he raised only record-based

claims in support of Williams’ direct appeal and that he had no recollection of

undertaking an investigation of any potential extra-record issues, including failing to

seek funds for the appointment of an expert.31 Id. at 99-100, 104-05. He testified that

this was “not inconsistent” with his practice at that time. Id. at 99.

It is true that “arguably meritorious claims may be omitted in favor of pursuing

claims which, in the exercise of appellate counsel’s objectively reasonable professional

judgment, offer a greater prospect of securing relief.” Bracey, 795 A.2d at 950 (citing

Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 750-54 (1983)). “Appellate counsel need not (and

should not) raise every nonfrivolous claim, but rather may select from among them in

order to maximize the likelihood of success on appeal.” Id. at 950-51 (quoting Robbins,

528 U.S. at 288). Contrary to the Commonwealth’s argument, however, appellate

30
We confine our discussion to the points raised, and therefore do not engage in a
lengthy discussion of the PCRA court’s finding that Williams was prejudiced by
appellate counsel’s failure to raise this claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.
31
The PCRA court found that “[a]ppellate counsel lacked a proper understanding of the
law and his obligation to investigate and raise all claims of prior counsel’s
ineffectiveness at the first available opportunity.” PCRA Court Opinion, 12/30/2013, at
40-41. While we disagree that the record supports a finding that appellate counsel was
unaware that he had to raise both record- and non-record-based claims at the earliest
opportunity, the record clearly supports a finding that, despite this knowledge, appellate
counsel failed to do so in Williams’ direct appeal without a reasonable strategic basis for
that decision.

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counsel did not testify that he made a reasoned decision to exclude this particular claim

of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in an effort to winnow down his arguments to those that

had the highest chance for success on appeal. Although appellate counsel testified that

he had no independent recollection regarding the issues he raised on appeal or why he

chose the issues he raised, he recalled that he did not seek funds to consult with an

expert while representing Williams and he acknowledged that raising only record-based

claims was consistent with his practice at the time of Williams’ direct appeal.

Moreover, to say appellate counsel omitted this claim of trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness in pursuit of fewer, more meritorious issues strains credulity. Appellate

counsel raised eighteen claims on direct appeal, several of which the Williams I Court

deemed “specious.” See Williams I, 720 A.2d at 685 n.13, 686, 689, 690, 691.

Reviewing the PCRA record in the light most favorable to Williams, we conclude

that it supports the PCRA court’s factual findings and legal conclusion that appellate

counsel had no reasonable basis for failing to raise the claim of trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness for not calling an expert to testify or cross-examining the

Commonwealth’s experts regarding the blood flow evidence and gunshot wound

evidence. We similarly find that the record and the law support the PCRA court’s

determination that Williams was prejudiced by appellate counsel’s failing. As our

discussion above suggests, there is a substantial likelihood that the outcome of

Williams’ direct appeal would have been different had appellate counsel raised this

issue at that time.

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 IV. Conclusion

The PCRA court’s determination that appellate counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by not raising a claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to call an

expert or question the Commonwealth’s experts regarding the inconsistencies between

White’s testimony and the locations the victims were found and the absence of non-

gunshot injuries and clothing damage on the victims is without merit. As such, the

PCRA court erred by granting Williams a new trial on that basis. Its conclusion that

appellate counsel was ineffective in not raising a claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness

for failing to call an expert to testify or question the Commonwealth’s experts regarding

the blood flow and gunshot wound evidence is supported by both the record and the

law. We therefore find no error in its decision to grant Williams a new trial on this basis.

Because we affirm the PCRA court’s decision to grant Williams a new trial, it is

unnecessary for us to address the propriety of the PCRA court’s determination that

appellate counsel was also ineffective for failing to raise on direct appeal a claim of trial

court error in limiting defense counsels’ cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s

experts, which the court below likewise concluded entitled him to a new trial.32 Further,

our decision here renders moot the issues raised in Williams’ cross-appeal.

32
We take no position on Chief Justice Saylor’s conclusion in his concurrence that the
trial court’s actions constituted a structural error that necessitates the grant of a new
trial. While the trial court erred in limiting cross-examination of an expert witness
through the use of hypothetical questions and denigrating defense counsel’s attempt to
pursue the line of cross-examination, defense counsel was able to elicit testimony in
support of the defense theory from two of the Commonwealth’s experts and presented
closing argument on the facts that counsel attempted to develop with the precluded
cross-examination. Because the record fully supports the PCRA court’s determination
that appellate counsel was otherwise ineffective for failing to raise a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel based upon trial counsel’s failure to present the above-discussed
(continuedN)

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 Order affirmed.

Justices Baer and Todd join the opinion, and Justice Wecht joins the opinion

except in the treatment of the claim premised upon the post-conviction testimony of

Charles Wetli, MD.

Chief Justice Saylor files a concurring opinion in which Justice Dougherty joins.

Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion.

(Ncontinued)
expert testimony, it is unnecessary in this case to engage in the detailed analysis
necessary to determine whether the law of structural error applies to the record before
us, especially in light of the fact that the parties neither raised nor briefed this question
on appeal. See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8 (1999) (stating that a finding of
structural error, which requires automatic reversal, is reserved for “a very limited class
of cases”) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

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