[Cite as Danopulos v. Am. Trading II, L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-5014.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IRENE DANOPULOS, : APPEAL NO. C-150585
TRIAL NO. A-1406301
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
AMERICAN TRADING II, LLC, :
Defendant-Appellee.
:
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed from is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 20, 2016
W. Michael Conway, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Crehan & Thumann, LLC, Robert J. Thurmann and Laura I. Hillerich, for
Defendant-Appellee.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
C UNNINGHAM , Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Irene Danopulos appeals the Hamilton County
Common Pleas Court’s entry of summary judgment for defendant-appellee American
Trading II, LLC, in her action for conversion related to her stolen jewelry.
Danopulos also challenges the trial court’s denial of her requests for leave to amend
the complaint to add two causes of action. Because the trial court erroneously
interpreted R.C. Chapter 4727 when it held that its provisions shielded American
Trading, a pawnbroker, from liability to Danopolus for conversion and all causes of
action related to the stolen items, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand
the cause for further proceedings.
I. Background Facts and Procedure
{¶2} On June 21, 2014, Danopulos’s jewelry, which she valued at $48,000,
was stolen from her home in Montgomery County. American Trading, a licensed
pawnbroker located in Hamilton County, purchased the jewelry from a third party
for $2,125 on June 24, 2014. On July 17, 2014, a Montgomery County detective
advised American Trading that the items were stolen and that Danopulos wanted
them returned. American Trading refused.
{¶3} Danopulos then filed this lawsuit against American Trading,
presenting a cause of action sounding in replevin and conversion that sought the
return of the stolen jewelry or, alternatively, damages in the amount of $48,000 in
the event that the items could not be returned. During the litigation, Danopulos
learned that American Trading had sold the stolen items before she had asked for
their return.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶4} After unsuccessfully moving to dismiss the complaint, American
Trading moved for summary judgment. Relying on a case from the Eleventh District
Court of Appeals, Molk v. Gold Star Pawn Shop, L.L.C., 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-
089, 2011-Ohio-2454, American Trading argued that its compliance with two specific
provisions of R.C. Chapter 4727, which governs licensed pawnbrokers in Ohio,
precluded any claim by Danopulos against it concerning the stolen items.
Specifically, American Trading contended that before selling the items it had not
received any notification indicating that they may have been stolen, and it had held
the goods for at least 15 days, as required by R.C. 4727.12(A). Further, American
Trading contended that it had timely reported its purchase of the items to the
relevant law enforcement authority, as required by R.C. 4727.09.
{¶5} Danopulos opposed summary judgment in part on the ground that
American Trading’s purported compliance with the waiting provision of R.C.
4727.12(A) and the reporting requirement of R.C. 4727.09 did not, as American
Trading contended, provide it with a superior claim to the stolen items as against the
true owner. And she presented her own affidavit and that of Detective Gary
Ridgeway of the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Department demonstrating that the
items at issue were in fact stolen from her.
{¶6} The trial court granted summary judgment to American Trading. The
court found, relying on Molk, that American Trading’s compliance with the relevant
provisions of R.C. Chapter 4727 vested it with ownership rights that shielded
American Trading from all claims by Danopulos with respect to the stolen items.
{¶7} After American Trading had moved for summary judgment,
Danopulos moved for leave to amend the complaint to add a cause of action based on
negligence, and later moved to add a cause of action for damages based on a violation
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
of R.C. 2913.51, the receipt-of-stolen-property statute, as purportedly authorized by
R.C. 2307.60. American Trading opposed amendment, in part on the grounds that,
consistent with Molk, it could not be liable to Danopulos “for any other theory of
relief” related to the stolen items because of its compliance with R.C. 4727.09 and
4727.12. Subsequently, the trial court found that amendment of the complaint would
be “futile,” and denied Danopulos’s motions to amend the complaint on that basis.
{¶8} Danopulos now appeals, challenging in two assignments of error the
grant of summary judgment and the denial of the motions for leave to amend the
complaint.
II. Analysis
A. Summary Judgment on Conversion Claim
{¶9} In her first assignment of error, Danopulos argues that summary
judgment was improper because a genuine issue of fact remained as to whether
American Trading complied with the reporting provisions of R.C. 4727.09, and
because such compliance, even if established, could not defeat her conversion claim
as a matter of law. We find the second issue dispositive and, without deciding the
first issue, determine that summary judgment was improperly entered.
{¶10} Initially, we note that we review the grant of summary judgment de
novo, applying the standards set forth in Civ.R. 56. See Comer v. Risko, 106 Ohio
St.3d 185, 2005-Ohio-4559, 833 N.E.2d 712, ¶ 8.
{¶11} Conversion is a common-law tort relating to the wrongful exercise of
dominion over property in exclusion of the owner’s right, or the withholding of
property from the owner’s possession under a claim inconsistent with the owner’s
rights. See, e.g., Eysoldt v. Proscan Imaging, 194 Ohio App.3d 630, 2011-Ohio-
2359, 957 N.E.2d 780, ¶ 26 (1st Dist.), citing Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Broadcasting Co., 47 Ohio St.2d 224, 226, 351 N.E.2d 454 (1976), reversed on other
grounds, 433 U.S. 562, 97 S.Ct. 2849, 53 L.Ed.2d 965 (1977); Fulks v. Fulks, 95 Ohio
App. 515, 519, 121 N.E.2d 180 (4th Dist.1953). Here, Danopulos alleged that
American Trading converted her stolen jewelry, which American Trading sold and
has not returned to her.
{¶12} Under the common law, a thief does not acquire good title to stolen
property and, therefore, “one who purchases or acquires property from a thief,” even
in good faith, does not have a right to the possession of the goods against “the
rightful owner.” Wacksman v. Harrell, 174 Ohio St. 338, 340, 189 N.E.2d 146
(1963); see Allan Nott Ents. v. Nicholas Starr Auto, L.L.C., 110 Ohio St.3d 112, 2006-
Ohio-3819, 851 N.E.2d 479; M & M Hotel Co. v. Nichols, 21 Ohio Law Abs. 66, 32
N.E.2d 463 (1st Dist.1935). This long-standing rule has been codified in part in R.C.
1302.44(A), which mirrors UCC 2-403(1), and provides that “[a] purchaser of goods
acquires all title which the transferor had or had power to transfer * * *.”
{¶13} It is undisputed that American Trading is a pawnbroker. The Ohio
licensing provisions related to pawnbrokers are set forth in R.C. Chapter 4727 and,
where applicable, R.C. Chapter 4737. American Trading argued, and the trial court
determined, that American Trading’s compliance with R.C. Chapter 4727 resulted in
the transfer of interest in the stolen items to American Trading that defeated
Danopulos’s conversion claim.
{¶14} Our resolution of this issue involves the interpretation of the
provisions in R.C. Chapter 4727. “Where the language of a statute is clear and
unambiguous, it is the duty of the court to enforce the statute as written, making
neither additions to the statute nor subtractions therefrom.” Hubbard v. Canton
City School Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451, 2002-Ohio-6718, 780 N.E.2d 543, ¶ 14,
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
quoted in Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Dayton Freight Lines, Inc., 112 Ohio St.3d 52, 54,
2006-Ohio-6498, 858 N.E.2d 324. After our review of R.C. Chapter 4727, we
determine that it simply does not contain any language concerning the transfer of
interest of stolen property to a pawnbroker as against the true owner.
{¶15} Moreover, to the extent that there is any ambiguity, except for
remedial laws, we must construe “statutes in derogation of the common law * * *
strictly.” R.C. 1.11; see Armstrong v. Marathon Oil Co., 32 Ohio St.3d 397, 414, 513
N.E.2d 776 (1987). We find no reason why the rule of strict construction should not
apply here where American Trading and the trial court read the statutes to establish
an interest in stolen property against its true owner that conflicts with the common
law. See generally Crock Constr. Co. v. Stanley Miller Constr. Co., 66 Ohio St.3d
588, 592, 613 N.E.2d 1027 (1993), quoting Robert V. Clapp Co. v. Fox, 124 Ohio St.
331, 178 N.E.2d 586 (1931), paragraph one of the syllabus (holding that Ohio’s
mechanics’ lien statutes create rights in derogation of the common law, and are
generally strictly construed as to the question as to whether a lien attaches).
{¶16} Ultimately, R.C. Chapter 4727 contains no language to support the
reading by American Trading and the trial court, whether we construe the statutory
language liberally or strictly. The statutes do, among other things, set forth a
regulatory scheme to help prevent the flow of stolen property, allow for the return of
stolen property, and provide criminal penalties for violators. See R.C. 4727.09,
4727.12, and 4727.99. But the statutes plainly do not provide for the transfer in
interest in stolen property to a pawnbroker against the true owner. We hold that
R.C. Chapter 4727 does not contain provisions providing a pawnbroker with a right
of possession to stolen property against the true owner, even if the pawnbroker
complies with the provisions of the chapter.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶17} American Trading maintains that Molk supports the trial court’s
decision. See Molk, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-089, 2011-Ohio-2454. In that case,
the plaintiff, Mark Molk, allowed his friend, Joseph Sabo, to borrow his four firearms
for the purpose of having them appraised. Id. at ¶ 6. Sabo instead pledged the
firearms to Gold Star, a pawnbroker, and Gold Star’s employee, Anthony Zaffiro,
furnished the information related to the pledge to the municipal police department
where Gold Star was located in accordance with R.C. 4727.11. Id. at ¶ 6 and 10.
When Sabo failed to redeem the firearms, Gold Star sold them after a 30-day waiting
period that arguably applied pursuant to R.C. 4727.12(B) because Gold Star had been
notified by a neighboring police department that the firearms were possibly stolen.
Id. at ¶ 11 and 13.
{¶18} The trial court held that because Gold Star had complied with the
relevant provisions of R.C. Chapter 4727, it had obtained lawful ownership of the
stolen guns and, as a result, it could not be liable to Molk, the owner of the stolen
property, on conversion, replevin, and negligence claims. Id. at ¶ 24 and 25. Molk
appealed, but challenged the judgment only on the ground that the trial court erred
by finding that Gold Star had complied with the retention period set forth in R.C.
4727.12(B). The court of appeals affirmed.
{¶19} Molk contains no analysis explaining how a pawnbroker’s compliance
with R.C. Chapter 4727 vests in the pawnbroker a right of possession against the
lawful owner of stolen goods. And we can find no support in the law for such a
holding. Thus, we do not find Molk to be persuasive authority.
{¶20} The Ohio Supreme Court, however, has repeatedly protected the
common-law rule of a true owner’s superior interest in stolen property. For example,
in Allan Nott Ents., 110 Ohio St.3d 112, 2006-Ohio-3819, 851 N.E.2d 479, the court
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
held that “absent any question of estoppel arising from the act of the owner, a thief
cannot convey valid title to a stolen motor vehicle to a bona fide purchaser for value
without notice, although the certificate used in the purported transfer appears valid
on its face,” notwithstanding any arguably conflicting language in the Ohio
Certificate of Motor Vehicle Title Act or R.C. 1302.44. Id. at syllabus, following
Hardware Mut. Cas. Co. v. Gall, 15 Ohio St.2d 261, 240 N.E.2d 502 (1968). We find
the reasoning of those cases persuasive.
{¶21} Thus, the trial court erred when it misinterpreted the relevant
provisions of R.C. Chapter 4727 to conclude that a pawnbroker’s compliance with
such provisions eliminated the pawnbroker’s liability for conversion with respect to
stolen property in a claim brought by the true owner of the stolen property.
Accordingly, we sustain the first assignment of error on this basis, without deciding
whether the trial court erred by determining that American Trading had successfully
complied with the relevant reporting provision of the statute.
B. Denial of Leave to Amend the Complaint
{¶22} In her second assignment of error, Danopulos argues that the trial
court erred by denying her motions to amend the complaint. She argues that she
should have been permitted to add the additional causes of action set forth in her
proposed amended complaints.
{¶23} Civ.R. 15(A) provides that after a responsive pleading has been served,
the trial court should liberally grant leave to amend when justice so requires. The
decision to grant or deny a motion for leave to amend is within the discretion of the
trial court. See Wilmington Steel Prods., Inc. v. Cleveland Elec. Illuminating, 60
Ohio St.3d 120, 122, 573 N.E.2d 622 (1991), cited in McConaughy v. Boswell Oil Co.,
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
126 Ohio App.3d 820, 831, 711 N.E.2d 719 (1st Dist.1998); Brown v. FirstEnergy
Corp., 159 Ohio App.3d 696, 2005-Ohio-712, 825 N.E.2d 206, ¶ 5-6 (9th Dist.).
{¶24} In ruling on a motion for leave to amend, the trial court should
consider factors including whether the movant made a prima facie showing of
support for the new matters sought to be pleaded, the timeliness of the motion, and
whether the proposed amendment would prejudice the opposing party. See
Cleveland Elec. Illuminating.
{¶25} A trial court’s decision is unreasonable and an abuse of discretion
when it is not supported by a sound reasoning process. See AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River
Place Community Urban Redev. Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597
(1990).
{¶26} Here, the trial court denied the motion after determining that any
amendment would be futile because Danopulos could not succeed on the claims in
light of the court’s interpretation of R.C. Chapter 4727 and Molk. We hold that the
trial court’s denial of the motion to amend was unreasonable and an abuse of
discretion where the court’s conclusion that the amendment would be futile was
based on an erroneous interpretation of the law.
{¶27} The trial court, however, did not address the other reasons American
Trading presented in opposition to Danopulos’s request to amend. Therefore, we
sustain the second assignment of error, but on remand the trial court must consider
American Trading’s other reasons for opposing Danopulos’s request to add the two
additional causes of action.
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III. Conclusion
{¶28} Because the trial’s court’s grant of summary judgment to American
Trading and denial of Danopulos’s motions to amend the complaint were based on
the court’s erroneous interpretation of R.C. Chapter 4727, we reverse the trial court’s
judgment and remand the cause for proceedings consistent with the law and this
opinion.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
DEWINE and MOCK, JJ., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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