[Cite as State v. West, 2016-Ohio-5032.]
COURT OF APPEALS
MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES:
: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
Plaintiff - Appellee : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
: Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs- :
:
KENNETH R. WEST : Case No. CT2015-0050
:
Defendant - Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Muskingum County
Court of Common Pleas, Case No.
CR2014-0293
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: July 18, 2016
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
GERALD V. ANDERSON II DAVID A. SAMS
Muskingum County Prosecutor's Office P.O. Box 40
24 North Fifth Street, P.O. Box 189 Jefferson, Ohio 43162
Zanesville, Ohio 43702-0189
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 2
Baldwin, J.
{¶1} Appellant Kenneth R. West appeals a judgment of the Muskingum Common
Pleas Court denying his motion to suppress. Appellee is the State of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} On September 15, 2015, shortly after midnight, Deputy Angelo, an officer
of eleven and a half years, responded to an attempted robbery at the Speedway on the
corner of Military and Maple in Zanesville, Ohio. Deputy Angelo took Dresden Road
towards the Speedway in attempt to come across the perpetrator, as Dresden is a road
commonly used by those robbing the Speedway at Military and Maple. While turning
from Maple onto Dresden, Deputy Angelo noticed a Dodge pickup truck, license plate
GDK 3393, attempting to turn South onto Maple from Dresden. After relaying the license
plate number to dispatch, Deputy Angelo asked for a hold on the plate number in case a
vehicle description came in from the Speedway robbery. Deputy Angelo was only able
to note that the driver was a white male with a black t-shirt.
{¶3} Shortly after arriving at the Speedway, Deputy Angelo received notice that
the Duke and Duchess station on Maple and Forest had also been robbed. Given his
experience with robberies of both singular and successive gas stations in the Zanesville
area, he knew that the next likely point of contact after the Speedway at Maple and
Military would be the Duke and Duchess on Maple and Forest. From there, string
robberies would carry on to the Duke and Duchess at Blue and Adair.
{¶4} While en route to the Duke and Duchess on Maple and Forest, Deputy
Angelo noticed the same Dodge pickup, license plate GDK 3393, turning off of Forest
and onto Blue, towards Adair, he became suspicious of the presence of the same vehicle
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 3
on yet another common escape route, this one from the robbery of the Duke and
Duchess on Maple and Forest and in the direction of the Duke and Duchess at Blue and
Adair. Deputy Angelo testified that, given the light traffic and the time between the two
sightings of the Dodge, the pickup would have only been at the second location if it had
stopped somewhere between the Speedway on Maple and Military and making the turn
from Forest onto Blue.
{¶5} At this time, Deputy Angelo made an investigatory stop of the pickup. During
this investigatory stop, the driver related to the deputy inconsistent and contradictory
information. This contact led to the defendant’s arrest and the subsequent search of his
vehicle. Appellant was indicted on or about September 17, 2014, on one count of
Robbery with a Repeat Violent Offender specification and one count of Theft. A
suppression hearing was held on March 6, 2015, where the trial court ultimately denied
Appellant’s motion to suppress. A jury trial on July 30, 2015, returned a guilty verdict to
the count of Robbery with the Repeat Violent Offender specification. Appellant was
sentenced on September 8, 2015, for eight (8) years on the Robbery count and five (5)
years on the Repeat Violent Offender specification, to be served consecutively, for an
aggregated thirteen (13) year sentence.
{¶6} Appellant assigns one error on appeal arising from the March 6, 2015,
suppression hearing:
{¶7} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT SUPPRESSING EVIDENCE
OBTAINED FROM A WARRANTLESS STOP OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S
VEHICLE IN THE ABSENCE OF REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE SUSPICION.”
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 4
{¶8} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In
reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said
findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio
St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d
1141(1991); State v. Guysinger, 86 Ohio App.3d 592, 621 N.E.2d 726(1993). Second, an
appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the
findings of fact. In that case, an appellate court can reverse the trial court for committing
an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (1993). Finally,
assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not against the manifest weight of the
evidence and it has properly identified the law to be applied, an appellant may argue the
trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to
suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court must independently
determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the
appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 641
N.E.2d 1172 (1994); State v. Claytor, 85 Ohio App.3d 623, 620 N.E.2d 906 (1993);
Guysinger, supra. As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S.
690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996), “. . . as a general matter
determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo
on appeal.” When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier
of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate the credibility
of witnesses. See State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 1995–Ohio–243, 652 N.E.2d
988; State v. Fanning , 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982).
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 5
{¶9} In the instant case, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding that
the officer had a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to justify stopping his vehicle.
{¶10} In order for a stop to be constitutional, it must be made on reasonable,
articulable facts that, when viewed in the totality of circumstances, infer that criminal
activity may be afoot. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889
(1968). According to State v. Spradlin 5th Dist. Licking No. 11 CA 59, 2012-Ohio-1211,
at ¶ 21, “an officer may ‘approach a person for purposes of investigating possible criminal
behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest.’ However, . . . an
officer must rely upon reasonable, articulable facts and inferences indicating that criminal
activity is in progress or is about to be committed.” (citing Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S.
1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889) (citation omitted). Reviewing this reliance on
“reasonable, articulable facts and inferences” requires that “an investigative stop by a
police officer must be viewed in light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances.”
State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177, 524 N.E.2d 489, syllabus one (1988).
{¶11} Conversely, a stop is unconstitutional when it is made on merely a hunch
that criminal activity is afoot. See State v. Hill, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 21604, 2006-
Ohio-6118 (stating an officer executing an arrest because the vehicle and defendant were
simply in an area of high crime did not rise to be more than a hunch in order to satisfy the
reasonable, articulable suspicion standard); See also State v. Cunningham, 9th Dist.
Medina No. 14CA0032–M, 2015-Ohio-4306 (stating the officer lacked any reasonable,
articulable suspicion because there were no facts presented that raised an inference
connecting the defendant to criminal activity).
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 6
{¶12} We engage in this totality of the circumstances test now because “[n]o
judicial opinion can comprehend the protean variety of the street encounter, and we can
only judge the facts of the case before us.” Terry v. Ohio, supra, 392 U.S. at 15. Terry
comprehended the complexity and minutia of evaluating the constitutionality of
warrantless stops, thus giving rise to the “totality of circumstances” factors test that this
Court uses today to evaluate the case before us.
{¶13} Under the “totality of circumstances” test put forth in Bobo and Spradlin, it
is evident that a reviewing court must weigh a series of factors, none of which are solely
dispositive, in order to determine whether a reasonable and articulable suspicion that
criminal activity was afoot existed. In Bobo, officers made a constitutional stop and search
of the Defendant because the location of the stop was known for a high number of drug
transactions, the stop was made late at night, the experience of the officer and his
knowledge of drug transactions, the furtive movement of the defendant, and the necessity
of safety of the officer upon leaving his vehicle. 37 Ohio St. 3d at 178-79.
{¶14} In Spradlin, officers were dispatched to a subdivision for a robbery in
progress in Pataskala, Ohio. The subdivision had one main road, which the Court found
the officers had effectively blocked off. The small blockade at the subdivision stopped a
green, late-model car and a brown SUV. This stop was made on the basis of the
knowledge that the robbers would need to leave the subdivision along that pathway and
the close time and proximity of the stop to the site of the robbery. After the vehicles had
been stopped, the officers were told that the suspects committing the robbery were two
white males driving a green, beat-up car and were notified of their names, one of which
being the Defendant. Upon confirming that it was the Defendant driving the green, late-
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 7
model car, the suspects were removed from the vehicle. This Court found that “[t]he
‘totality of the circumstances’ in this case consists of a limited set of facts occurring
rapidly within a few minutes. [This Court] conclude[d] that these facts, when viewed in
total and taken together with rational inferences from those facts, create a reasonable
and articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot and warranted a brief traffic
stop.” Spradlin, 2012-Ohio-1211, ¶ 30.
{¶15} Conversely, Appellant, sub judice, points to two distinct instances where
officers were not found to have reasonable, articulable suspicion. In Hill, supra, the officer
relied almost entirely on the knowledge that the vehicle was parked in an area with a high
rate of drug crime. Originally, the stop was allegedly made on a taillight violation or a
window tint violation, but on appeal, the court found the State failed to show that the
defendant had committed either of those violations. 2006-Ohio-6118, ¶ 10. Without a
reason for the stop based on an apparent crime, the stop had to be based on reasonable
and articulable suspicion. However, the singular fact that the car was in an area that deals
drugs, without more, led the court to find that the stop was based upon merely the officer’s
hunch. Id. at ¶ 14.
{¶16} Secondly, in Cunningham, it was again found that the arresting officer did
not have enough to stop and seize the defendant because there was nothing to connect
him to a recent robbery. 2015-Ohio-4306, ¶ 18. The officer in Cunningham witnessed an
unfamiliar truck pull abruptly into the driveway of a home the officer was familiar with, due
to his nightly patrol, which was approximately one-quarter mile away from the site of the
robbery. The officer did not confirm matching descriptors prior to the stop and was not
relying on his experience with robberies to evaluate behavior. The officer was admittedly
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 8
unsure of who the driver of the vehicle might have been, whether it was “the robbery
suspect, . . . somebody there to rob the house, . . . someone who had just gotten home
drunk, you know, and passed out at the wheel.” Id. at ¶ 19. This lack of certainty, coupled
with the lack of other relevant and reasonable, articulable factors showed that the officer
possessed merely a hunch when he stopped the defendant. Id. at ¶ 20.
{¶17} In the instant case, Deputy Angelo had the requisite reasonable, articulable
suspicion necessary to effectuate the stop of Appellant’s vehicle given his experience
with singular and successive local gas station robberies. Further, the presence of the
same vehicle, with Appellant inside, on two separate occasions on common avenues of
travel for those committing successive gas station robberies within close proximity to and
around the time of the attempted and successful robberies. Much like the experience,
proximity, and time factors seen in Bobo and Spradlin, this case, too, presents a series
of factors where any one of them may only give rise to a hunch, but when evaluated
together, produce the reasonable, articulable suspicion required for a stop. Specifically,
the stop was based upon (1) Deputy Angelo’s eleven and a half years of experience with
gas station robberies, both successive and singular, (2) the closeness of proximity and
time of the Dodge pickup to the first, attempted robbery, (3) the nexus of proximity and
time of the same Dodge pickup to the second, successful robbery, and (4) the knowledge
that the same Dodge pickup would have only been spotted at the second location if it had
briefly stopped somewhere between where it was spotted after the first robbery and where
it was spotted after the second robbery.
{¶18} Appellant misplaces his confidence in Hill and Cunningham, as both of
those cases outlined situations where the officer prematurely made a stop without enough
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 9
factual information to draw a reasonable inference. The officer in Hill attempted to justify
the stop solely on her knowledge of the area as being rife with drug crime and the officer
in Cunningham had no way of tying the potentially suspicious vehicle to the crime for
which the stop was made, admitting there were several reasons why he approached the
vehicle, most of which were not related to criminal activity. Here, Deputy Angelo not only
knew the area and understood how gas station robberies are executed, but he waited to
gather more information before stopping the Dodge pickup. If he had stopped the Dodge
immediately after the first robbery on a road travelled by past perpetrators, this case would
more closely align with Hill, as the stop would have been based solely on the fact that the
pickup was in a specific location, or Cunningham, as there would be no reasonable
inferences connecting the vehicle to the initial, attempted robbery. But because of Deputy
Angelo’s prudence, he waited, asked dispatch to hold the plate, and sought to gather
more information. Upon witnessing the same vehicle appearing in such close time and
proximity to the second gas station, Deputy Angelo gained enough factual information to
draw an inference in order to create a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the Dodge
pickup and its driver may be involved with criminal activity.
{¶19} “The Fourth Amendment does not require a police officer who lacks the
precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his
shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary, Terry
recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate
response.” Bobo, supra, at 180 (citing Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-146 (1972))
(citations omitted). Here, we are not asking that Deputy Angelo had enough information
to meet the threshold of probable cause, all that we seek is proof that Deputy Angelo
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 10
could articulate reasonable suspicion of the vehicle in question, a lower threshold that this
Court finds he met through his experience, prudence in gathering information, and
identification of the suspect vehicle in close proximity and time to two robberies in
Zanesville, Ohio. Under the totality of circumstances, we conclude that the facts gathered
and articulated by Deputy Angelo and Appellee, when aggregated and taken with rational
inferences, create a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot
and warranted the brief traffic stop of Appellant, which gave rise to his arrest, indictment,
and conviction.
{¶20} The assignment of error is overruled.
{¶21} Accordingly, the judgment of the Muskingum County Common Pleas Court
is affirmed. Costs are assessed to appellant.
By: Baldwin, J.
Farmer, P.J. and
Delaney, J. concur.
State v. West
Combined Opinion