Case: 15-60709 Document: 00513604623 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/22/2016
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 15-60709
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
Summary Calendar FILED
July 22, 2016
Lyle W. Cayce
SHARITA GILES, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
SHAW SCHOOL DISTRICT; EVERETH STANTON, individually and in
their official capacity as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Shaw
School District; GEORGIA BALLARD, individually and in their official
capacity as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Shaw School District;
EVELYN HENRY, individually and in their official capacity as a member of
the Board of Trustees of the Shaw School District; CORA JACKSON,
individually and in their official capacity as a member of the Board of
Trustees of the Shaw School District; ESTHER SHARP, individually and in
their official capacity as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Shaw
School District; LEON MCNEAL, individually and in their official capacity as
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Shaw School District,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Mississippi
USDC No. 4:14-CV-24
Before WIENER, HIGGINSON, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
Case: 15-60709 Document: 00513604623 Page: 2 Date Filed: 07/22/2016
No. 15-60709
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:*
Sharita Giles brought various claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against her former employer, Shaw School District,
and members of its School Board. The district court granted summary
judgment for Defendants, and we affirm.
I.
Sharita Giles served as the principal of McEvans School in the Shaw
School District from 2008 to 2013, when the members of the District’s Board of
Trustees declined to renew her employment. The Board cited the low
performance of McEvans during Giles’s tenure based on the District’s
numerical rating system, which measures the success of each school. Although
McEvans received successful ratings for the school years preceding her tenure,
during Giles’s tenure, McEvans never received a successful rating. Following
two “failing” ratings, the District instituted an “At-Risk Plan” for McEvans,
and McEvans did not meet all of the plan’s goals by the 2012 deadline.
In October 2012, the District superintendent recommended that the
Board approve a 5% pay increase for Giles, but the Board did not approve the
raise. 1 Following that denial, Giles filed a charge with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging sex discrimination under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2. In February 2013, the
District’s superintendent recommended Giles for annual employment renewal,
but the Board did not approve her renewal. Giles received written notice of
the Board’s decision and requested a hearing pursuant to Mississippi Code
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
1 The Board approved raises of 3.5% for two female administrators and one male
principal at that time. (ROA.1687-89).
2
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§ 37-9-109. Following the multiple-day hearing, the Board upheld the
nonrenewal. Giles appealed the result to the Chancery Court of Bolivar
County, Mississippi, which upheld the Board’s decision. Giles then filed
additional EEOC charges, alleging that the nonrenewal and the result of the
hearing were discrimination due to her gender and retaliation for her earlier
EEOC filing.
After receiving a right to sue letter from the EEOC, Giles filed this action
in federal court, alleging gender discrimination and retaliation under Title VII.
Giles also brought claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging gender
discrimination pursuant to the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment and substantive and procedural due process violations.
Defendants moved for summary judgment on each claim, and the district court
granted each motion. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
II.
A.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Haire v. Bd. of
Supervisors of La. State Univ. Agric. & Mech. Coll., 719 F.3d 356, 362 (5th Cir.
2013). Summary judgment is proper if the evidence, taken in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, shows that “there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Haire, 719 F.3d at 362.
B.
Giles argues that Defendants discriminated against her due to her
gender in violation of Title VII and the equal protection clause. She cites both
Defendants’ nonrenewal of her employment and the decision to not approve a
pay increase. Giles has not presented any direct evidence of discrimination;
therefore, under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, she must
first establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination. Bryan v. McKinsey
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& Co., 375 F.3d 358, 360 (5th Cir. 2004) (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973)); Lee v. Conecuh Cty. Bd. of Educ., 634 F.2d 959,
962 (5th Cir. 1981) (recognizing the application of McDonnel Douglas to equal
protection claims). To establish a prima facie case, Giles must show
(1) [s]he is a member of a protected class, (2) [s]he was qualified
for the position at issue, (3) [s]he was the subject of an adverse
employment action, and (4) [s]he was treated less favorably
because of [her] membership in that protected class than were
other similarly situated employees who were not members of the
protected class, under nearly identical circumstances.
Lee v. Kan. City S. Ry. Co., 574 F.3d 253, 259 (5th Cir. 2009). To establish the
fourth element, Giles’s “conduct that drew the adverse employment decision
must have been ‘nearly identical’ to that of the proffered comparator who
allegedly drew dissimilar employment decisions.” Id. at 260 (footnotes
omitted).
Giles has not established a prima facie case. Giles contends that one
male employee, L’Kenna Whitehead, was treated more favorably than her.
Whitehead was the principal at Shaw High School, another school in the
District, and the District approved a pay increase for Whitehead in November
2012 and renewed his employment in February 2013. However, Whitehead is
not a valid comparator. The record establishes that during the time Giles was
the principal at McEvans School, the school received consecutive
underperforming ratings and that those ratings were lower than the ratings
the school received before she become principal. Contrastingly, for the two
years Whitehead was principal at Shaw High School, the school received
ratings of “successful” and “high performing,” which were higher ratings than
Shaw High School received before Whitehead’s tenure.
The District voted to not give Giles’s a raise or to renew Giles’s
employment due to McEvans’s poor performance, and Giles has not pointed to
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a male comparator that saw similar decreases in performance ratings and
maintained employment. Therefore, Giles has not established a prima facie
case of gender discrimination under either Title VII or § 1983. See Lee, 574
F.3d at 260.
C.
Giles also argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment for Defendants on her Title VII retaliation claim. Giles contends
that the District voted to not renew her employment because she filed an
EEOC charge in response to the denial of her pay increase. Because Giles has
not offered direct evidence of retaliation, we also apply the McDonnel Douglas
burden-shifting framework to her Title VII retaliation claim. Septimus v.
Univ. of Hous., 399 F.3d 601, 608 (5th Cir. 2005). To establish a prima facie
case of retaliation, Giles must show “(1) [s]he participated in an activity
protected by Title VII; (2) [her] employer took an adverse employment action
against [her]; and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected activity
and the adverse employment action.” McCoy v. City of Shreveport, 492 F.3d
551, 556–57 (5th Cir. 2007). If Giles establishes a prima facie case, the burden
shifts to Defendants “to articulate a legitimate, . . . nonretaliatory reason for
its employment action.” Id. at 557. Giles must then show that Defendants’
reason was pretext for retaliation. Id. Ultimately, Giles “must establish that
. . . her protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by
the employer.” Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2534
(2013). Giles has not met this burden.
Assuming Giles can show a prima facie cause of retaliation, we agree
with the district court that she has not shown that the school district’s
nonretaliatory reason for the nonrewal (the poor performance of the school she
ran) was pretextual. Giles is thus unable to demonstrate a fact issue on the
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ultimate question of ‘but for’ causation that a retaliation plaintiff must show.
See Nassar, 133 S. Ct. at 2534. As a result, her retaliation claim fails.
D.
Finally, Giles argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment for Defendants on her substantive and procedural due process
claims. To establish a substantive or procedural due process claim, Giles must
show that she was deprived of a constitutionally protected liberty or property
interest. Wells v. Hico Indep. Sch. Dist., 736 F.2d 243, 251 (5th Cir. 1984).
Giles contends that she was denied a liberty interest because she has been
unable to receive employment following her renewal and that she was denied
a property interest when her employment was not renewed.
Giles has not alleged a constitutionally protected liberty interest.
Although a discharge from public employment that damages an employee’s
reputation may implicate a liberty interest, “[m]ere proof that nonrenewal
might make an individual less attractive to other employers does not, by itself,
implicate a liberty interest.” Wells, 736 F.2d at 256. Giles only alleged that
nonrenewal itself has led to her inability to find employment. Moreover, Giles
received a hearing and was given the opportunity to clear her name. See id.
Giles has also not established unconstitutional deprivation of a protected
property interest. “A public employee has a property interest in her job if she
has a legitimate claim of entitlement to it, a claim which would limit the
employer’s ability to terminate the employment.” Johnson v. Sw. Miss. Reg’l
Med. Ctr., 878 F.2d 856, 858 (5th Cir. 1989). The claim of entitlement can be
created by state statute or by contract. Id. Giles’s employment contract
specified that it was for a term of one school year. Therefore, the contract did
not give her a claim of entitlement to further employment. See id. (noting that
a legitimate claim of entitlement is only created if it “limit[s] the employer’s
ability to terminate the employment”). However, Giles also contends that
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section 37-9-15 of the Mississippi Code, which requires the Board approve a
superintendent’s recommendation unless “good reason to the contrary exists,”
and section 37-9-109 of the Mississippi Code, which requires a hearing to be
held at the request of a nonrenewed employee, created such a claim.
As recognized by the Mississippi Supreme Court and district courts in
this circuit, the Mississippi Code may not create a claim of entitlement to
employment for a principal. Those courts acknowledge that even though the
statute requires the District to furnish reasons for nonrenewal, it does not
create “some form of tenure” because the District can decide to not renew a
teacher’s (or principal’s) contract for any reason. Calhoun Cty. Bd. of Educ. v.
Hamblin, 360 So. 2d 1236, 1239 (Miss. 1978) (discussing the substantive rights
created by section 37-9-15); see also Housley v. N. Panola Consol. Sch. Dist.,
656 F. Supp. 1087, 1090 (N.D. Miss. 1987). Those courts have also recognized
that section 37-9-109 merely provides a procedural right to a hearing, not a
claim of entitlement to employment. Pruette v. Dumas, 914 F. Supp. 133, 137–
38 (N.D. Miss. 1996). However, even if the Mississippi Code does create a claim
of entitlement to employment, and thus a substantive property right, Giles’s
substantive and procedural due process claims fail because she cannot show
that she was unconstitutionally deprived of that right.
If we assume Giles had a property right in her continued employment,
Giles must also “prove that the deprivation of the property right occurred
without due process of law.” Marco Outdoor Advert., Inc. v. Reg’l Transit Auth.,
489 F.3d 669, 672 (5th Cir. 2007). To establish a substantive due process
violation, Giles must demonstrate that “the behavior of the governmental
officer is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the
contemporary conscience.” Cripps v. La. Dep’t of Agric. & Forestry, 819 F.3d
221, 232 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Conroe Creosoting Co. v. Montgomery Cty.,
249 F.3d 337, 341 (5th Cir. 2001)). Given that the Board declined to renew
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Giles’s employment for good cause—the poor performance of her school—
Defendants’ actions do not shock the conscience.
Giles’s procedural due process claim also fails. “The basic requirement
of constitutional [procedural] due process is a fair and impartial tribunal,
whether at the hands of a court, an administrative agency or a government
hearing officer.” Valley v. Rapides Par. Sch. Bd., 118 F.3d 1047, 1052 (5th Cir.
1997). Following her nonrenewal, Giles was told the reason that her
employment was not renewed and was given a multiple-day hearing in front of
the Board, which she then appealed. Giles contends that she did not receive
the information in a timely manner and that one of the members of the Board
was biased. However, Giles was told the reason for her nonrenewal within the
timeline required by section 37-9-105 of the Mississippi Code. In addition, that
one of the members of the Board stated that the District “need[s] a new
principal at McEvans” before that member joined the Board does not overcome
“(1) the presumption of honesty and integrity of the adjudicators; and (2) the
presumption that those making decisions affecting the public are doing so in
the public interest.” Valley, 118 F.3d at 1052–53. This single allegation does
not show that the “disputed adjudicative issues” were “prejudged.” Id. at 1053.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment for Defendants.
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