Com. v. Heyward, D.

J-S40034-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
DAIVON HEYWARD, :
:
Appellant : No. 1408 EDA 2015

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence January 8, 2015
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
Criminal Division, No(s): CP-51-CR-0012398-2013

BEFORE: BOWES, MUNDY and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED JULY 22, 2016

Daivon Heyward (“Heyward”) appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered following his conviction of first-degree murder, carrying a firearm

without a license, carrying a firearm on public streets, and possessing an

instrument of crime (“PIC”).1 We affirm.

In its November 4, 2015 Opinion, the trial court provided a

comprehensive summary of the factual and procedural history underlying the

instant appeal, and the evidence presented at trial, which we adopt for the

purpose of this appeal. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/4/15, at 1-20.

On appeal, Heyward presents the following claims for our review:

I. Is [Heyward] entitled to an arrest of judgment with regard to
his convictions for first[-]degree murder, carrying a firearm
without a license, carrying a firearm on public streets and [PIC,]
since the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdicts of guilt
as the Commonwealth failed to sustain its burden of proving
[Heyward’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt?

1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502, 6106, 6108, 907.
J-S40034-16

II. Is [Heyward] entitled to a new trial with regard to his
convictions for first[-]degree murder, carrying a firearm without
a license, carrying a firearm on public streets and [PIC,] since
the verdicts of guilt are against the weight of the evidence?

III. Is [Heyward] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial
court’s error in allowing the Commonwealth to present testimony
with regard to [Heyward’s] and others[’] alleged extortion of
money from Commonwealth witness Kyron Shorter [“Shorter”]?

IV. Is [Heyward] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial
court’s ruling that limited the defense cross-examination of
Commonwealth witness [Shorter] with regard to his preliminary
hearing testimony and his statements to detectives?

V. Is [Heyward] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial
court’s ruling that denied a [M]otion for a mistrial made as the
result of the trial court’s permitting the Commonwealth to
present out[-]of[-]court statements made by [Shorter] to
[Philadelphia] Police Officer Anthony Comitalo [“Officer
Comitalo”]?

VI. Is [Heyward] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial
court’s ruling that allowed the Commonwealth to present the
testimony of Commonwealth witness[,] Detective Frank Mullen
[(“Detective Mullen”),] to narrate a videotape recording?

VII. Is [Heyward] entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial
court’s ruling that denied [Heyward’s] request for a jury
instruction on voluntary manslaughter?

Brief for Appellant at 6-7.

Heyward first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his

convictions. Id. at 37. Heyward contends that the Commonwealth’s case

was primarily based upon the testimony of Shorter, Shahere Jackson-

McDonald (“Jackson-McDonald”) and cell phone records. Id. Heyward

asserts that the Commonwealth’s evidence failed to identify him as the

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shooter or as a participant in the incident. Id. Heyward further asserts that

the Commonwealth’s evidence was speculative, as the Commonwealth’s

witnesses were not in a position to see the perpetrator of the shooting, the

clothing worn by the shooter, or the shooter’s facial features and physical

characteristics. Id. at 37-38. As a result, Heyward argues, the witnesses’

descriptions were “inadequate, incomplete or inapplicable.” Id.

Regarding the physical evidence, Heyward contends that the

Commonwealth’s ballistics evidence was contradicted by the identifying

witnesses, and that Heyward is not depicted in the videotaped evidence. Id.

Even if the Commonwealth had presented evidence that he was involved in

the incident, Heyward argues, the Commonwealth failed to establish the

intent necessary to sustain his convictions. Id.

In its Opinion, the trial court set forth the appropriate standard of

review, addressed the sufficiency of the evidence underlying Heyward’s

conviction of first-degree murder, and concluded that the claim lacks merit.

See Trial Court Opinion, 11/4/15, at 21-23. We agree with the sound

reasoning of the trial court, as set forth in its Opinion, and affirm on the

basis of its Opinion with regard to Heyward’s first claim.2 See id.

2
As to Heyward’s convictions for carrying a firearm without a license,
carrying a firearm on public streets, and PIC, Heyward identified no element,
other than the identification of him as the assailant, that the Commonwealth
failed to establish. Based upon our rejection of his challenge to the
identification evidence, we conclude that any challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence underlying Heyward’s remaining convictions lacks merit.

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J-S40034-16

Heyward next claims that the verdict is against the weight of the

evidence.3 Brief for Appellant at 47. Heyward argues that the

Commonwealth failed to prove the essential elements of the crimes charged

beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 49. Again, Heyward asserts that the

identifying witnesses were not in a position to identify the perpetrator; the

descriptions given by the witnesses were inadequate; and surveillance video

did not show Heyward to be present at the crime scene. Id. Heyward

challenges the Commonwealth’s presentation of cellular telephone records,

as the records show only that he was using the phone at the time of the

shooting, and no witness testified that the shooter was using a phone. Id.

Heyward additionally contends that the Commonwealth presented no

physical or scientific evidence connecting him to the shooting, except for

inconsequential DNA evidence. Id. at 50. Further, Heyward states that the

location of ballistics evidence contradicted the testimony of the

eyewitnesses. Id. Finally, Heyward argues that the Commonwealth failed

to prove that he had the requisite specific intent to kill the victim. Id. at 49,

51.

“The decision to grant or deny a motion for a new trial based upon a

claim that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence is within the

3
Heyward properly preserved his claim in his post-sentence Motion. See
Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(a)(1)-(3) (providing that a challenge to the weight of the
evidence must be raised “(1) orally, on the record, at any time before
sentencing; (2) by written motion at any time before sentencing; or (3) in a
post-sentence motion.”).

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J-S40034-16

sound discretion of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Cash, 2016 Pa.

LEXIS 1081, *13-14 (Pa. May 25, 2016).

Thus, the function of an appellate court on appeal is to review
the trial court’s exercise of discretion based upon a review of the
record, rather than to consider de novo the underlying question
of the weight of the evidence. An appellate court may not
overturn the trial court’s decision unless the trial court palpably
abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim. Further, in
reviewing a challenge to the weight of the evidence, a verdict
will be overturned only if it is so contrary to the evidence as to
shock one’s sense of justice.

Id. at *14 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

In its Opinion, the trial court set forth a comprehensive analysis of

Heyward’s claim, and ultimately concluded that it lacks merit. See Trial

Court Opinion, 11/4/15, at 26-28. We discern no abuse of discretion in the

trial court’s denial of Heyward’s claim. Accordingly, we affirm on the basis of

the trial court’s Opinion with regard to Heyward’s second claim. See id.

In his third claim, Heyward argues that the trial court improperly

permitted the Commonwealth to present testimony that after the shooting,

he and others had attempted to extort money from Shorter, a

Commonwealth witness. Brief for Appellant at 53. According to Heyward,

the trial court previously had ruled that testimony concerning the extortion

attempts was not admissible, unless Heyward “opened the door” for such

testimony. Id. at 54. At trial, however, the trial court permitted Shorter to

testify that his two-month delay in reporting the murder was caused by the

extortion attempts. Id. Heyward disagrees that such testimony was

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J-S40034-16

necessary to explain Shorter’s delay in reporting his observations to the

police. Id. Heyward contends that any connection is pure speculation, and,

in any event, would constitute “reverse extortion,” because “the individual

who allegedly [had] witnessed a crime is the one paying the money, rather

than the individual who was involved in the shooting.” Id. at 55.

Heyward’s claim implicates the admissibility of evidence. The

admissibility of evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court,

and therefore, we “will reverse [the] trial court’s decision … only if the

appellant sustains the ‘heavy burden’ to show that the trial court has abused

its discretion.” Commonwealth v. Christine, 125 A.3d 394, 398 (Pa.

2015) (citation omitted).

It is not sufficient to persuade the appellate court that it might
have reached a different conclusion[;] it is necessary to show an
actual abuse of the discretionary power. An abuse of discretion
will not be found based on a mere error of judgment, but rather
exists where the court has reached a conclusion [that] overrides
or misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is
manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice,
bias or ill-will.

Id. (citation omitted).

In its Opinion, the trial court addressed Heyward’s challenge to the

admissibility of evidence related to the attempted extortion, and concluded

that the claim lacks merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 10/4/15, at 28-30. We

agree with the sound reasoning and conclusion reached by the trial court,

and affirm on this basis, with the following addendum. See id.

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J-S40034-16

In his brief, Heyward avers that the evidence related to the attempted

extortion of Shorter “is akin to permitting the Commonwealth to present

testimony concerning unrelated criminal activity.” Brief for Appellant at 55.

Only relevant evidence is admissible at trial. Pa.R.E. 402. Evidence is

relevant if it tends to make a material fact more or less probable than it

would be without the evidence. Pa.R.E. 401. Relevant evidence may be

excluded, however, if its probative value is outweighed by unfair prejudice.

Pa.R.E. 403.

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b)(1) provides that “[e]vidence of a

crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in

order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance

with the character.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1). However, such evidence “may be

admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of

accident. In a criminal case this evidence is admissible only if the probative

value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.” Pa.R.E.

404(b)(2). “In addition, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has recognized a

res gestae exception to Rule 404(b)[,] which allows admission of other

crimes evidence when relevant to furnish the context or complete story of

the events surrounding a crime.” Commonwealth v. Dillon, 925 A.2d 131,

136-37 (Pa. 2007); see also Commonwealth v. Lark, 543 A.2d 491, 497

(Pa. 1988) (recognizing that evidence of other crimes, while generally not

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J-S40034-16

admissible solely to show criminal propensity, may be admissible in special

circumstances, where it is relevant for some other legitimate purpose; one

special circumstance is the “res gestae” exception, where such evidence

became part of the history of case and formed a part of the natural

development of the facts).

Shorter testified at trial that, upon witnessing the shooting, he ran to

the home of his girlfriend. N.T., 10/28/14, at 134. Shorter stated that he

did not call 911, because he was scared. Id. According to Shorter, he next

encountered Heyward at a “Chinese store,” at which time Heyward told

Shorter that he “had to give up some money in order to stay around there.”

Id. at 137, 141. Shorter understood Heyward’s comment to mean that “I

had to give up some money to stay around there ‘cause I was the only one

going around the neighborhood saying what I saw.” Id. at 141. During his

testimony, Shorter acknowledged that he was trying to sell marijuana in the

area, and that Heyward’s comment pertained to Shorter’s statements

regarding the shooting, and his intention to sell marijuana. Id. at 142-43.

Shorter testified that a man named Keith, who knew both Shorter and

Heyward, subsequently approached Shorter. Id. at 143-45. After that

encounter, Shorter stated, he told his girlfriend and then the police about

the shooting. Id. at 145.

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J-S40034-16

During cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Shorter about

his preliminary hearing testimony regarding the money sought by Keith and

Heyward:

Q. [The Commonwealth:] Next question [from the preliminary
hearing transcript].

Was there a dollar amount?

Do you remember that?

A. [Shorter:] Yes.

Q. And what was the dollar amount?

A. Initially they said 12 hundred.

Q. Initially they said 12 hundred.

You were asked on page 29, … was there any dollar
amount ever talked about? Five hundred or two thousand? Was
there a dollar amount talked about in terms of what you had to
give this man?

Your answer. Four hundred and fifty dollars.

Question. Four hundred fifty?

Answer. Four hundred and fifty.

Question. I’m sorry. Did you tell that to the detective
when you gave the statement on the 11th?

Your answer. I believe so.

You [re]call being asked that question and giving those
answers, sir?

A. Yes.

Q. Did you tell the detective that the amount of money was four
hundred and fifty dollars?

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J-S40034-16

A. No. Not initially.

Q. At any time did you tell the detective that the amount of
money was four hundred and fifty dollars?

A. Yes.

Q. And he wrote it down in your statement?

A. Yes.

Q. You have your statement in front of you?

A. (No response).

Q. [The Commonwealth:] Could we direct the witness to page
three, first full question and answer?

Q. [Defense counsel:] … First question. You see that first
question, how much money did Keith tell you he wanted?

A. Yes.

Q. All right. And what did you tell the detective?

A. 12 hundred.

Q. Is there any mention of four hundred fifty dollars in that
statement?

A. No.

Id. at 183-85.

The testimony now challenged by Heyward was elicited during redirect

examination, when the Commonwealth asked Shorter to clarify his testimony

regarding the amount of money requested by Keith and Heyward:

Q. [The Commonwealth:] … [Defense c]ounsel asked you the
question about the amount of money that you were asked to
give up.

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J-S40034-16

You said initially your testimony to us and what we heard
in the preliminary hearing was 12 hundred dollars. That’s what
you told the detectives; right?

A. [Shorter:] Yes.

Q. Did you also go on in September to describe to the detective
when you were talking about Keith, that Keith said he wanted
five hundred on Friday, and the rest another time?

A. Yes.

Q. This was on September 11th, 2013.

After September 11th, 2013[,] did you have contact with
Keith prior to coming to the preliminary hearing?

A. I had a phone call.

Q. And was money discussed on the phone call by Keith?

[Defense counsel:] Objection, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Overruled.

A. [Shorter:] Yes.

…

Q. [The Commonwealth:] And what did he say?

A. I told him I didn’t have the money, I had to do something
with my kids, and he said knock the fifty dollars off and that’s
where the four fifty came in at.

Id. at 197-98.

Contrary to the assertions of Heyward, this testimony was relevant to

explain the discrepancies in Shorter’s testimony, pointed out during cross-

examination, and to describe the chain of events. Under these

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J-S40034-16

circumstances, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in

admitting this testimony. See Dillon, 985 A.2d at 136-37.

In his fourth claim, Heyward argues that the trial court improperly

limited the cross-examination of Shorter with regard to his preliminary

hearing testimony and his statements to the detectives. Brief for Appellant

at 56. Heyward argues that he was entitled to cross-examine Shorter about

the extortion attempts, and that the trial court’s restriction infringed on his

confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution.4 Id.

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 611(b) addresses the scope of cross-

examination, providing as follows: “Cross-examination of a witness other

than a party in a civil case should be limited to the subject matter of the

direct examination and matters affecting credibility; however, the court may,

in the exercise of discretion, permit inquiry into additional matters as if on

direct examination.” Pa.R.E. 611(b). “The scope of cross-examination is a

matter within the discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent

an abuse of that discretion.” Commonwealth v. Ballard, 80 A.3d 380, 394

(Pa. 2013) (citation omitted).

In its Opinion, the trial court addressed Heyward’s claim, and

concluded that it lacks merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/4/15, at 30-32.

4
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that
“[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right … to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const., amend. VI.

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J-S40034-16

We agree with the sound reasoning of the trial court regarding this claim, as

set forth in its Opinion, and affirm on this basis. See id.

In his fifth claim, Heyward argues that the trial court improperly

denied his Motion for a mistrial, based upon the admission of out-of-court

statements made by Shorter to Officer Comitalo. Brief for Appellant at 59.

Heyward contends that the statements constituted inadmissible hearsay,

subject to no exception. Id. Further, Heyward argues, the trial court’s

cautionary instruction did not cure the prejudice resulting from the

admission of Shorter’s out-of-court statements. Id. at 60.

A motion for a mistrial is within the discretion of the trial court.

Commonwealth v. Stafford, 749 A.2d 489, 500 (Pa. Super. 2000). “[A]

mistrial is required only when an incident is of such a nature that its

unavoidable effect is to deprive the appellant of a fair and impartial trial.”

Commonwealth v. Lease, 703 A.2d 506, 508 (Pa. Super. 1997).

However, a mistrial “is not necessary where cautionary instructions are

adequate to overcome prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 30

A.3d 381, 422 (Pa. 2011). On appeal, our standard of review is whether the

trial court abused its discretion in denying a mistrial. Stafford, 749 A.2d at

500.

Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.” Pa.R.E. 801(c); Commonwealth v. McCrae, 832 A.2d

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J-S40034-16

1026, 1034 (Pa. 2003). Rule of Evidence 802 provides that, “[h]earsay is

not admissible except as provided by these rules [the Rules of Evidence],

other rules prescribed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, or by statute.”

Pa.R.E. 802; accord Commonwealth v. Johnson, 107 A.3d 52, 82 (Pa.

2014) (citation omitted).

Our review of the record discloses that at trial, the Commonwealth

questioned Officer Comitalo about the events that transpired on September

11, 2013, the day Shorter informed the police that he had witnessed the

shooting. N.T., 10/29/14, at 115. Officer Comitalo testified that he had

been called to the area of Ogontz and Olney Avenues, where he and other

officers met with Shorter. Id. At that time, Officer Comitalo asked Shorter

for the identity of the person who had been threatening him with a gun. Id.

at 115-16. According to Officer Comitalo, Shorter replied that there were at

least two males in a newer model Jeep Cherokee. Id. at 116. Officer

Comitalo indicated that Shorter then voluntarily accompanied police back to

their station. Id. At issue is the following testimony by Officer Comitalo:

Q. [The Commonwealth:] And do you remember—[w]hat did
[Shorter] tell you? Did he tell you about anything in particular
when you went back to the district?

A. [Officer Comitalo:] Yeah. He had—[h]e mentioned he had
details about a murder that occurred in the 14th District.

The male that was in the Cherokee was—

[Defense counsel:] Objection.

THE COURT: Let me see counsel at sidebar.

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J-S40034-16

(A sidebar discussion was held off the record.)

THE COURT: The objection is overruled and you may resume.

By [The Commonwealth]

Q. … [F]irst, I want to direct your attention to why [] Shorter
called the police and had asked for help that day in terms of the
Cherokee.

Did he tell you who was in the Cherokee and what that
person had either said to him or did to him?

A. Initially at location, no, but eventually, yes.

Q. And what did he say about that individual?

[Defense counsel:] I would object.

THE COURT: Overruled.

THE WITNESS: He said that it was a male that he knew by the
name of Dai and he was—

[Defense counsel:] Objection.

[The Commonwealth:] If I can, I will give the officer his
interview.

Did he tell you basically—Let me clarify.

[Defense Counsel:] I move for a mistrial.

Id. at 116-18.

The trial court denied the Motion for a mistrial, but offered to issue a

cautionary instruction:

THE COURT: Well, I’m prepared to deny your [M]otion for
mistrial.

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J-S40034-16

What I would do is give the following cautionary
instruction.

There’s no evidence that anyone in the Jeep Cherokee had
or showed a gun on September 11th when [] Shorter spoke with
Officer Comitalo.

[Defense counsel]: Reflecting back on [] Shorter’s testimony,
he said there were two incidents. First as to [Heyward], my
client, at the Chinese store. Second incident involved Keith, that
was my understanding, alone.

THE COURT: That’s what I understood.

…

[Defense counsel]: And now you have this incident of
[Heyward], Keith and a third male inside the vehicle with an
inference that, you know, there might be a weapon involved.

And my request would be that in addition to that that there
is no evidence that [Heyward] was present in that vehicle.

It needs to be clear, Judge.

THE COURT: Okay.

...

THE COURT: I’ll complete the cautionary instruction with also
there is no evidence that [Heyward] was present in the Jeep
Cherokee.

Id. at 127-28. When court resumed, the trial court gave the following

cautionary instruction to the jury:

Before we proceed further, ladies and gentlemen, I just need to
tell you there is no evidence that anyone in the Jeep Cherokee
had or showed a gun on September 11th[,] when [] Shorter
spoke with Officer Comitalo.

Also[,] there is no evidence that [Heyward] was present in
the Jeep Cherokee.

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J-S40034-16

Id. at 128-29. Defense counsel did not object to the cautionary instruction.

Upon review, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by denying Heyward’s Motion for a mistrial. The trial court’s

cautionary instruction alleviated any prejudice caused by Officer Comitalo’s

testimony. See Commonwealth v. Lopez, 57 A.3d 74, 85 (Pa. Super.

2012) (stating that a jury is presumed to follow the instructions of the trial

court). Accordingly, we cannot grant Heyward relief on this claim.

In his sixth claim, Heyward argues that the trial court improperly

permitted Detective Mullen, a Commonwealth witness, to narrate a video

recording shown to the jury. Brief for Appellant at 62. Heyward contends

that Detective Mullen’s narration invaded the fact-finding province of the

jury. Id. at 63. According to Heyward, Detective Mullen narrated the

actions of “key Commonwealth witness [] Jackson-McDonald, who claimed to

be an eyewitness to the shooting.” Id. at 64. Heyward asserts that as an

eyewitness, Jackson-McDonald’s position and her ability to observe were key

facts. Id. Heyward contends that the jury could easily determine for itself

the actions and position of Jackson-McDonald, and Detective Mullen’s

narration invaded the jury’s fact-finding function. Id. Finally, Heyward

points out that Detective Mullen was not qualified as an expert witness, nor

did he possess any special knowledge or training upon which he could rely in

rendering an opinion. Id.

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J-S40034-16

In its Opinion, the trial court addressed this claim and concluded that

it lacks merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/4/15, at 34-35. We agree with

the sound reasoning of the trial court, and discern no abuse of discretion or

error in the admission of Detective Mullen’s testimony. See id. We

therefore affirm on the basis of the trial court’s Opinion with regard to

Heyward’s sixth claim. See id.

In his seventh claim, Heyward argues that the trial court improperly

failed to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Brief for Appellant at

66. Heyward directs our attention to the testimony of Ditavious Smith

(“Ditavious”), who stated that the victim, his nephew, was in a relationship

with Heyward’s mother. Id. at 67. Ditavious further testified that he had

heard of problems between the victim and Heyward’s mother, and that the

victim previously had assaulted Heyward. Id.

Heyward also directs our attention to the testimony of Joann Smith

(“Joann”), who provided a statement to police that the victim had beaten

Heyward’s mother. Id. Joann additionally testified that she had heard of

the beating in the neighborhood. Id. Heyward contends that “[t]he jury

could have concluded that this relationship had an impact on [Heyward] that

drove him to seek out the victim and shoot him, thereby supporting a

voluntary manslaughter instruction. Id. at 68.

In its Opinion, the trial court addressed this claim and concluded that

it lacks merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/4/14, at 23-26. We agree with

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J-S40034-16

and affirm the trial court’s resolution of this claim based upon the reasoning

set forth in its Opinion. See id.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/22/2016

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 Circulated 07/15/2016 10:55 AM

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

TRIAL DIVISION - CRIMINAL SECTION

COMMONWEALTH OF CP- 51-CR-0012398-2013

PENNSYLVANIA
CP-51-CR-0012398-2013 C
~m. v Heyward Oa,va,

FILED
vs.
II I
III II7365917501
II IIII /IIII //IIII NOV. 4 2015
Criminal App~a\~ Unit
DAI VON HEYWARD First Judicia\ D1stnct cf PA
SUPERIOR COURT
NO. 1408 EDA 2015

OPINION

GEROFF,J. NOVEMBER 4, 2015

On November 3, 2014, after a jury trial, the Defendant, Daivon Heyward, was convicted of

murder of the first degree, carrying a firearm without a license, carrying a firearm on public

streets, and possessing an instrument of crime. (N.T. 11/03/2014, pp. 4-8). On January 8, 2015,

this court sentenced Defendant to a term of imprisonment of life without parole on the

conviction of murder of the first degree. (N.T. 01/08/2015, p. 17). Following the recommendation

of the Commonwealth, this court imposed no further sentence on the remaining three

II Page
convictions. (N.T. 01/08/2015, pp. 7 ,8, 17). On June 10, 2015, counsel for the Defendant filed a

timely notice of appeal pursuant to Pa. R. App. P. § 1925 (b).

In his Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, the Defendant raises seven (7) issues.

Defendant claims: (1) the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

Defendant was the perpetrator; (2) the verdict was against the weight of the evidence; (3) the

trial court erred when it allowed testimony that Defendant and another man had attempted. on

two occasions to extort money from Kyron Shorter, an eyewitness to this crime; (4) the trial

court erred in limiting the Defendant's opportunity to cross-examine Kyron Shorter regarding

his testimony at the preliminary hearing and his statement to detectives; (5) the trial court erred

in denying Defendant's motion for a mistrial when the Commonwealth presented testimony

about statements made by Kyron Shorter to Police Officer Anthony Comitalo, as that testimony

was hearsay without an exception; (6) the trial court erred when it allowed Detective Frank

Mullen to narrate video surveillance which was played in court before the jury, such error

usurping from the jury its duty as the sole arbiter of factual determinations; and (7) the trial

court erred when it denied Defendant's request for a jury instruction of voluntary manslaughter.

THE EVIDENCE

The evidence adduced at trial established that during the late night hours of July 17, 2013

into the early morning hours of July 18, 2013, Gregory Smith suffered three gunshot wounds in

the Germantown section of the city near the corner of Wister Street and Germantown Avenue.

(N.T.10/28/2014, pp.107,15, 125,27.129,31). As a result of the wounds sustained, Gregory Smith

was pronounced dead on the scene by medical assistance units at 12:32 am. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp.

55,60]. Daivon Heyward was identified as the shooter by two identifying witnesses. (N.T.

10/28/2014, pp.125,27, 129, 34]; (N.T.10/29/2014, pp. 78,83].

21Pagc
 Eyewitness Testimony

Kyron Shorter testified at trial as an eyewitness to the murder. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.123,

200]. Mr. Shorter testified that he had been living in the Germantown area of the city for

roughly five years preceding the day of the murder. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 123, 24]. On the night

in question, Mr. Shorter was walking up Germantown Avenue from the Logan Street

intersection toward Wister Street to buy marijuana. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 125,27]. As Mr.

Shorter passed the Reger Street alley but before he reached Wister Street, Mr. Shorter saw the

Defendant at the intersection just above Wister Street and Germantown Avenue-Manheim

Avenue and Germantown Avenue-crossing over Germantown Avenue toward the Wister

Street Plaza.1 [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.125,28, 156,]. Mr. Shorter saw Defendant cross Germantown

Avenue toward the Wister Street Plaza where the decedent, Gregory Smith, was standing. [N.T.

10/28/2014,pp. 127, 31].

Mr. Shorter testified that the decedent said something to the Defendant as the Defendant

approached him, but Mr. Shorter could not hear what was said. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 130,31].

Mr. Shorter testified that after the decedent communicated with the Defendant, he turned and

walked away from the Defendant down Germantown Avenue and turned onto Wister Street.

[N.T. 10/28/2014, p. 131]. Mr. Shorter testified that the Defendant came up behind the decedent

and shot him twice. (N.T.10/28/2014, pp.131,32]. Mr. Shorter then saw the Defendant run away

from the crime scene through a breezeway for the Wister Street Plaza. (N.T.10/28/2014, pp.131,

33]. Mr. Shorter testified that the Defendant returned to the scene of the crime and fired three

more shots while the decedent was on the ground and was "twitch(ing]." (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.

1
The Wister Street Plaza is strip mall of shops. The plaza's parking lot is separated from
the sidewalk by a wall. According to K yron Shorter, the decedent, Gregory Smith, was standing
near the wall of the Wister Street Plaza before he and the Defendant interacted. (N.T.
10/28/2014, pp.129,31].
3IPaPe·~ .
131, 33]. Mr. Shorter saw the Defendant run back through the same breezeway of the Wister

Street Plaza toward a broken section of a fence in the rear of the parking lot which led to Collum

Street. (N.T.10/28/2014, pp.133].

Mr. Shorter testified that he never told the police or the mother of his child, with whom

he lives, about what he saw that night. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 127,31]. A week after the murder,

Mr. Shorter saw the Defendant at a Chinese restaurant near the intersection of Germantown

Avenue and Seymour Street. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 137,38]. According to Mr. Shorter, the

Defendant told Mr. Shorter that he could not stay in the neighborhood unless he paid the

Defendant the sum of $1,200.00. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 136,43, 183,84]. Mr. Shorter stated that

the reason for the extortion was two-fold: (1) Defendant believed Mr. Shorter to be a "law,

abiding citizen'" because Mr. Shorter was telling people in the neighborhood what he had seen

that night; and (2) the money was a license for Mr. Shorter to continue to sell marijuana in the

neighborhood [N.T.10/28/2014, pp.142,43].

On September 11, 2013, Mr. Shorter was near the corner of Seymour Street and

Germantown Avenue when an acquaintance of the Defendant, a person by the name of Keith,

approached him and demanded the sum of four hundred and fifty dollars. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.

143,45, 183,84]; see also [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 203,05]. Keith stated that the money was payment

so that Mr. Shorter could stay in the neighborhood because he was a "rat." (N.T.10/28/2014, pp.

2
Mr. Shorter elaborated on this phrase through the following testimony on direct
examination:
Q: When you used the term at the preliminary hearing law abiding citizen, do you
mean the way we commonly think of, meaning that you hadn't committed any crimes?

A: Basically Iwas saying something that Isaw.
Q: Meaning you saw a shooting where a man died?
That's what you were referring to?
A: Yes.

(N.T.10/28/2014, pp.152,53].
41Page
143,44]. The same day that this exchange with Keith occurred, Mr. Shorter called the police and

had plainclothes officers pick him up on a different street so that no one in the neighborhood

would see Mr. Shorter entering a police cruiser. (N.T.10/28/2014, pp.145,47].

On that day, Mr. Shorter gave a statement to homicide detectives detailing what he had

seen on July 18, 2013.3 (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 147,56]. Roughly a month after his statement, Mr.

Shorter testified at the preliminary hearing and again identified the Defendant, a person whom

he knew from the neighborhood since roughly 2010. (N.T.10/28/2014, pp. 148,50].

During cross-examination, Defendant's counsel questioned Mr. Shorter about

inconsistencies between his testimony at trial, his testimony from the preliminary hearing, and

his statement to detectives.4 First, counsel questioned Mr. Shorter about where he was standing

when the shooting took place. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 160,65]. The following exchange occurred

during cross examination:

Q: Your testimony is you were on the corner of the alleyway (Reger Street] and
Germantown at the time of the shooting?

A: No. I said I was a little bit up from the alleyway.

Q: To the left or to the right?

A: To the left.

Q:Howfar?

A: Where the Metro store is [sic].

3
Each page of Mr. Shorter's statement was initialed. Mr. Shorter also signed a Statement
of Adoption and Attestation. During the interview, Mr. Shorter identified both the Defendant
and Keith from two separate photo arrays. (N.T.10/28/2014, pp.147,48].
4
At the heart of Defendant's fourth issue is Defendant's claim that he was denied a fair
and full opportunity to cross-examine Mr. Shorter regarding some discrepancies involving his
trial testimony, preliminary hearing testimony, and statement to homicide detectives. (N.T.
10/28/2014, pp.191,92 203,05]. This Court is forced to place the whole line of skewed
questioning into focus to explain why the Court sustained the objection, ending counsel's line of
questioning.

SIPag~
 Q: Where the Metro store is at [sic]?

A: Yes.

Q: Where is the Metro store in relation to this?

A: Right before Wister Street corner. It's like right at the Wister Street corner.

Q: So my question is when you were questioned by the Prosecutor as to where you were
on direct examination, you say you were at Germantown Avenue and Reger Street,
which one is it, Germantown Avenue and Reger or Germantown Avenue and Wister?

A: A little bit up from Reger on [Germantown] Avenue on the opposite side of Wister.
That's what I said.

[N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 160,61]. Defendant's counsel also questioned Mr. Shorter about his

testimony given at the October 2, 2013 preliminary hearing. At the preliminary hearing, Mr.

Shorter stated that he was at the corner of Wister Street and Germantown Avenue. [N.T.

10/28/2014, pp. 162,63]. Defendant also questioned Mr. Shorter about why Mr. Shorter testified

at the preliminary hearing that he first saw the Defendant on Wister Street and testified on

direct examination that he first saw Defendant when Defendant was crossing Germantown

Avenue near the corner of Germantown Avenue and Manheim Street, approaching the decedent

who was sitting on the wall to the Wister Street Plaza. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.163,64]. Defendant

also questioned Mr. Shorter regarding Mr. Shorter's testimony on direct examination where Mr.

Shorter stated that Defendant first shot the decedent while the decedent and Defendant were

already on Wister Street. [N.T.10/28/2014, pp.162,67]. Defendant asked Mr. Shorter why he had

told detectives that Defendant first fired shots while the decedent was on Germantown Avenue

walking toward Wister Street. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 174,75]. Mr. Shorter stated that the two

streets intersect and he did not differentiate the two as being distinct because the incident

initially occurred at or near the corner. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 174,75, 195,96, 198,200] (stating
I"

that when the decedent got off the wall and started to walk away from Defendant, Defendant

started shooting at the decedent right before the decedent turned down Wister Street).

Defendant focused a good deal of his questions on several other inconsistencies with Mr.

Shorter's account of the details of the shooting. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 167,92). Mr. Shorter

testified at trial that Defendant had a black revolver but that he could not remember the clothes

Defendant was wearing that night. [N.T.10/28/2014, pp.167,70]. During the preliminary hearing,

Mr. Shorter stated that he could not see the color of the gun, but testified that Defendant was

wearing a black hoodie which covered Defendant's dreadlocks. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 167,69).

Mr. Shorter also stated that the decedent was sitting on the Wister Street Plaza wall alone

when Mr. Shorter walked up the block. [N.T.10/28/2014, pp.170,73].

During cross-examination, Mr. Shorter used reference points within the courtroom to

estimate how far he was from the decedent and Defendant when the shooting occurred. [N.T.

10/28/2014, pp. 186,89]. Using certain reference points within the courtroom, Mr. Shorter

testified that he stood roughly 35 feet from the decedent and 16 feet from Defendant when

Defendant removed the weapon and fired the first shots on Wister Street. [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.

186,89).

Defendant's last line of questioning centered on the alleged extortion attempts. [N.T .

10/28/2014, pp. 182,86, 191,92). As this issue touches on two of Defendant's assignments of error,

the following excerpt took place regarding the extortion attempts:

Q: This is what you said at the preliminary hearing on page 28.
Question. I will start at line 11.
Did anyone approach you and tell you why they need the money?
Your answer. Did anyone approach me telling me why they needed the money?
Question. Right. Why you need to give up the money?
Your answer. I guess because they was trying to make - I don't know. Just to make me
give money up just because I was a rat or something. I don't know. I don't know if they -
I don't know if they heard something. I don't know.

71 Page
 You recall being asked that question and giving that answer that you didn't know why
you were asked to give up money?

A:No.

Q: You don't recall that?

A: No.

Q: Next question. Was there a dollar amount?
Do you remember that?

A: Yes.

Q: And what was the dollar amount?

A: Initially they said 12 hundred.

Q: Initially they said 12 hundred.
You were asked on page 29, question, was there any dollar amount ever talked about?
Five hundred or two thousand? Was there a dollar amount talked about in terms of what
you had to give this man?
Your answer. Four hundred and fifty dollars.
Question. Four hundred fifty?
Answer. Four hundred and fifty dollars.
And you told that to the detective too; is that correct?
Answer. Four hundred and fifty.
Question. I'm sorry. Did you tell that to the detective when you gave the statement on
the nth?
Your answer. I believe so.
You call [sic] being asked that questions and giving those answers, sir?

A:Yes.

Q: Did you tell the detective that the amount of money was four hundred and fifty
dollars?

A: No. Not initially.

Q: At any time did you tell the detective that the amount of money was four hundred and
filty dollars?

A: Yes.

Q: And he wrote it down in your statement?

A: Yes.

8 IP -s 1:
Q: You have your statement in front of you?

A: (no response)
COMMONWEALTH: Could we direct the witness to page three, first full question and
answer?

Q: Question - No. Statement. 4 2, Page 3.
First question. You see that first question, how much money did Keith tell you he
wanted?

A:Yes.

Q: All right. And what did you tell the detective?

A 12 hundred.

Q: ls there any mention of four hundred fifty dollars in that statement?

A:No.

Q: And, sir, you waited almost two months after this incident before you went and told
the police your story; is that correct?

A: Yes.

Q: You recall testifying at the preliminary hearing on page 25, line 16, question, all right,
how long after that conversation did you give a statement to the detective about what
you claim you saw?
Your answer. I gave the statement as soon as I got scared, as soon as he told me, as soon
as he said that I had to give up money, that's when I called 911.

Question. That same night or the next day?

Answer. Next day. I said the following day.

Question. So I believe the shooting occurred on July 18th of 2013; correct?

COMMONWEALTH: I'm going to object for the moment, Your Honor.

COURT: Let me see you at sidebar.

(A sidebar discussion was held off the record.)
 COURT: Just for the record, I'm going to sustain the Commonwealth's objection to this
particular line of questioning. So let's move on.

(N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 183,85, 191,92]. After Mr. Shorter's testimony concluded, both attorneys

and this court discussed the Commonwealth's objection which this court sustained. (N.T.

10/28/2014, pp. 203,05]. In sum, Defendant's questioning conflated two separate extortion

attempts into one, in part because the testimony at the preliminary hearing did not clearly

comparonentalize which incident was being referenced through the question that was asked.

(N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 204,05]. The first extortion attempt, an interaction between Defendant

and Mr. Shorter, occurred a week after the murder. (N.T. 10/28/2014, p. 204]. The second

attempt, which involved Keith Williams, an acquaintance of Defendant, occurred on September

11, 2013. (N.T. 10/28/2014, p. 204). The Commonwealth's objection focused on Defendant's

impeachment by reading the preliminary hearing notes of testimony and not on the line of

questioning itself. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 204,05]. This court sustained the objection because the

line of questioning was confusing the jury to the point that the jury may not have understood

the difference between the two incidents. [N.T. 10/28/2014, p. 205]. In response, Defendant

argued that he should have been entitled to ask the questions and that the onus should have

been on the prosecution to clarify any confusion or issues through redirect examination, by

rehabilitating the witness. [N.T.10/28/2014, p. 205].

Shahere jackson-Mclronald also testified as an eyewitness to the murder. (N.T.

10/29/2014, pp. 78,97). On the night in question, Ms. McDonald had just left her mother's

residence and was standing at the corner of Manheim Street and Germantown Avenue waiting

for a bus. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 78,83]. At that corner, there are two establishments-a

pharmacy and the Sugar Stick Bar-each occupying a corner on either side of Manheim Street.

[N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 78,83]. Ms. McDonald was positioned on the corner in front of the

10 IP a t» c
(r
 pharmacy. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 79,81]. Ms. McDonald testified that she saw the Defendant

walking down Germantown Avenue on the opposite side of the street. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 79,

83]. Ms. McDonald stated that Defendant was walking down Germantown Avenue before he

crossed the street to the side where she was standing. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 79,83]. Ms.

McDonald testified that the Defendant came within five feet of her before crossing back over

Germantown Avenue to approach three boys who were standing near the wall to the Wister

Street Plaza. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 82,84]. According to Ms. McDonald, as Defendant was

crossing back over Germantown Avenue toward the three males standing by the Wister Street

Plaza, he pulled out a gun and started shooting. [N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 83]. Immediately, all the

males near the Wister Street Plaza wall disbanded. One of the males ran down Germantown

Avenue and turned left onto Wister Street. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 83,86]. According to Ms.

McDonald, the Defendant followed that male, later determined to be Gregory Smith, and shot

him on Wister Street. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 83,86]. Ms. McDonald hid underneath a car and

waited fifteen minutes for the bus to arrive. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 83,84]. Once the bus arrived,

Ms. McDonald crawled out from her position under the vehicle and took the bus home. [N.T.

10/29/2014, pp. 83,84].

The next day, Ms. McDonald spoke to Sylvester Mitchell by phone. (N.T.10/29/2014, pp.

89,92]. Mr. Mitchell told Ms. McDonald about the grief his family was dealing with over the

death of a family member. [N.T.10/29/2014, p. 90]. Ms. McDonald then described the location of

and timing of the murder she had witnessed. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp. 90,91]. Mr. Mitchell told Ms.

McDonald that she needed to speak to detectives about what she had seen. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp.

90,91]. Detectives later met Ms. McDonald at her home. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 147,55]. She told

them what she had seen. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 149]. Ms. McDonald agreed to give a formal

statement at the homicide division on July 24th_ [N.T.10/29/2014, pp. 89,96, 149,55].

IIIP1tge
 Both witnesses testified that Defendant's hair style was different at trial compared to his

hair style on the night of the murder. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 83;85, 93;94]; [N.T. 10/28/2014, pp.

127;28]. Ms. McDonald stated that she had never seen Defendant prior to that night, but also

described a tattoo located on Defendant's neck which she noted as Defendant passed her. [N.T.

10/29/2014, pp. 84, 88;89].

Other Evidence

Officer Lamont Fox, of the Philadelphia Crime Scene Unit, arrived at the crime scene at

or about l:30am. [N.T.10/28/2014, pp. 207;10, 12]. Along with his partner, Officer Clyde Frasier,

Officer Fox secured the scene, one block up from Wister Street and Germantown Avenue to the

comer of Manheim Street and Germantown Avenue and one block down Wister Street,

encompassing the area (and more) around which the decedent was found on the sidewalk. [N.T.

10/28/2014, pp. 209,11]. Officer Fox testified that four fired cartridge casings were recovered and

one strike mark was found in a building located at the comer of the Wister Street and

Germantown Avenue intersection, on the opposite side of Wister Street from the Wister Street

Plaza. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 9,15, 17; 18]. The four fired cartridge casings were found in the space

from the Germantown Avenue sidewalk near the wall to the Wister Street Plaza to the location

of the decedent on Wister Street. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 11;18]. The first two fired cartridge

casings were spaced from each other by some distance down the sidewalk just outside the

Wister Street Plaza. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp.11;18]. The remaining two fired cartridge casings were

concentrated in proximity to the decedent's body found on Wister Street. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp.

28, 30]. Officer Fox testified that the distance from the opposite corner of Wister Street and

Germantown Avenue to the decedent's body was 121 feet, 6 inches. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp. 22;23].

Relying on one of the photographs taken that night, Officer Fox stated that a person

standing where the decedent was resting on the Wister Street sidewalk could not see the corner

12 IP a gc
of Reger Street and Germantown Avenue; obstructing the view was a building at the corner of

Wister Street and Germantown Avenue-the building which had the strike mark which the

crime scene officers found during their investigation. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 22, 26]. According to

Officer Fox, the strike mark was associated with this incident because the markings indicated

that the building had just been impacted and fine granules of paint or dirt were still present

directly below the impact point on the ground [N.T.10/29/2014, pp. 21,22]. Relying on a scaled

map prepared of the area, Officer Fox estimated that the distance between the corner of Reger

Street and Germantown Avenue to the corner of Wister Street and Germantown Avenue is

approximately fifty (50) feet. [N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 31]. All four fired cartridge casings were

analyzed and were determined to have been fired from the same weapon.5 [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp.

13,17].

Officer Frederick Clough testified that he and Officer Weston (first name not given)

responded to the 12:15am radio call relayed by police dispatch. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 38, 43].

Officer Clough testified that upon his arrival, the decedent was severely injured and

unresponsive. [N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 39]. Along with testifying regarding the steps he and Officer

Weston took to secure the scene, Officer Clough, an officer in that district for eleven years,

testified that there was an opening in the fence located in the back of the Wister Street Plaza;

the opening was not repaired as of the date of the incident or for the entire time he has been on

patrol in that district. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 35, 36, 49,52]. Officer Clough stated that a person

could easily exit through the opening in the fence to access Collum and Lena Streets. [N.T.

10/29/2014, p. 50].

5
Officer Gregory Welsh, of the Firearms Identification Unit for Philadelphia, was
admitted as an expert in the field of ballistics and firearm identification. [N.T.10/30/2014, pp.Ll-
13].
Bl Page
 Dr. Sam Gulino, Chief Medical Examiner for the City of Philadelphia, was admitted as

an expert in forensic pathology. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 56, 56,76]. Dr. Gulino testified that an

Associate Medical Examiner, Dr. Edwin Lieberman, conducted the autopsy and prepared the

report regarding his findings. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 59,60]. After a full review of the entire file

and the final report prepared by Dr. Lieberman, Dr. Gulino agreed with the conclusions reached

by Dr. Lieberman. (N.T.10/29/2014, pp. 61,62].

According to Dr. Gulino, the decedent's cause of death was a gunshot wound to the chest

and the manner of death was homicide. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 63]. Dr. Gulino stated that the

decedent suffered three gunshot wounds-one to the upper left back, one to the left buttock,

and one to the right front part of the chest. (N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 62]. The projectile which

penetrated the right front part of the chest hit the sternum and broke the breast bone, and the

broken breast bone caused a tearing of the pericardia! sac surrounding the heart; this injury

proved to be the fatal injury. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 62, 67,69]. During the autopsy, two bullet

jackets were retrieved from the decedent's body and were sent to the Firearm Identification

Unit for analysis.6 (N.T. 10/30/2014,pp. 17, 21].

Police Officer Anthony Comitalo testified regarding a September 11, 2013 radio call that

occurred at l:50pm regarding an incident involving a person with a gun. (N.T.10/29/2014, p.115].

Officer Comitalo arrived to the corner of Ogontz and Olney Avenues. (N.T. 10/29/2014,pp. 115].

Kyron Shorter approached Officer Comitalo, who asked Mr. Shorter general questions about

who had the gun and whether that person was threatening Mr. Shorter. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp.

115, 16]. Officer Comitalo described Mr. Shorter's demeanor as nervous and upset to the point

6
Officer Welsh testified, see supra note 5, that both bullet jackets were fired from the
same weapon. (N.T.10/30/2014, ppIv- 21]. Officer Welsh could not definitively say that the
bullet jackets and the fired cartridge casings were from the same weapon, but could say that the
fired cartridge casings were forty caliber Smith and Wesson and that the bullet jackets were
either forty caliber Smith and Wesson or ten millimeter. (N.T.10/30/2014, pp. 20,22].
14 IP agc
that Mr. Shorter was shaking. [N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 121]. At the scene, Mr. Shorter told Officer

Comitalo that two men in a Jeep Cherokee had threatened him with a gun. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp.

115, 16]. Once Officer Comitalo transported Mr. Shorter back to the police station, Mr. Shorter

stated that he had information regarding the July murder of Gregory Smith and that knew the

person who committed the murder by the name "Dai." [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 116,22]. The

following exchange occurred on direct examination:

Q: So I'm going to ask you a couple of questions about what [Mr. Shorter] told you.

First I want to direct your attention to why Mr. Shorter called the police and had

asked for help that day in terms of the Cherokee.

Did he tell you who was in the Cherokee and what that person had either said to

him or did to him?

A: Initially at location, no, but eventually, yes.

Q: And what did he say about that individual?

DEFENSE: I would object.

COURT: Overruled

A: He said that it was a male that he knew by the name of Dai and he was -

DEFENSE: Objection.

COMMONWEALTH: If I can, I will give the officer his interview.

DID he tell you basically- Let me clarify-

DEFENSE: I move for mistrial.

COURT: We can deal with that not at this particular moment.

I'm going to suggest that you do a little leading.

[N.T.10/29/2014, pp.117,18]. Officer Comitalo stated that Mr. Shorter informed him that he had

information regarding this murder, that people were extorting money from him because of what

IS I Page
he saw or knew regarding this murder, and that a gentleman by the name of Keith was the

person inside the Jeep Cherokee. [N.T. 10/29/2014,pp. 119,22]. According to Officer Comitalo,

police searched for a Jeep Cherokee with an individual named Keith within, but the police were

not able to find the vehicle or the suspect. [N.T.10/29/2014, p.122].

This court handled Defendant's motion for a mistrial in the robing room and outside the

presence of the jury. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 125,28]. The Commonwealth argued that Officer

Comitalo's testimony regarding the Jeep Cherokee was cut short after Officer Comitalo started

saying that the person who was in the vehicle was Dai, Defendant's nickname. [N.T. 10/29/2014,

pp. 125, 28]. The Commonwealth argued that the testimony did not imply that the Defendant

was present in the Jeep Cherokee with a gun hours before Mr. Shorter gave his statement to

Officer Comitalo. [N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 126]. In an abundance of caution, the Commonwealth

argued that should the testimony require clarification, this court could issue a curative

instruction to the jury stating that there was no evidence, physical or testimonial, that there was

a gun shown or displayed on September 11th in the Jeep Cherokee. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 11,18].

After this court denied the motion for mistrial, Defendant requested that a curative instruction

also be given to the jury stating that there is no evidence that the Defendant was present in the

vehicle. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 127, 28]. This court issued the jury a cautionary instruction

informing them that there was no evidence that a gun was present or shown to Mr. Shorter by

the males in the Jeep Cherokee on September 11th and that there was no evidence that the

Defendant was present in the Jeep Cherokee. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp.128,29].

Detective Joseph Barnberski, the assigned detective for this case, testified that no

eyewitnesses came forward at the scene or within the days following the murder. [N.T.

10/29/2014, pp. 140,47]. Detectives Morton and Leahy interviewed the decedent's cousin,

Ditavious Smith, on July 19th_ [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 144,45]. Mr. Smith told the detectives to

16 IP age
contact a close family friend, Sylvester Mitchell, whom he believed to have information

regarding the murder. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 147,48]. Detectives spoke to Mr. Mitchell at Mr.

Mitchell's residence. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 148,49]. Mr. Mitchell directed the detectives to

Shahere jackson-Mcljonald, an eyewitness to the murder, and provided detectives Ms.

McDonald's cell phone number. (N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 149]. Detectives called Ms. McDonald and

asked to speak to her at her residence. (N.T. 10/29/2014, p. 149]. After the detectives spoke to

Ms. McDonald, Ms. McDonald consented to accompanying the detectives to the homicide

division where they conducted an interview. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 149,55]. Ms. McDonald told

officers that she had seen the murder, provided details of the incident, and identified Defendant

as the shooter from a photo array of eight pictures. (N.T.10/29/2014, pp.150,55].

Based on this information, on the evening of July 22, 2013, Detective Donald Marano

found Defendant and transported him to the homicide unit. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 130, 31]. During

the early afternoon of July 23, 2013, Detective Marano prepared a biographical summary of the

Defendant which included, inter alia, a description of a tattoo on Defendant's neck. (N.T.

10/29/2014, pp. 133, 34]. Detective Marano asked Defendant for his cell phone, for the cell phone

number associated with the cell phone and for permission to search the phone. (N.T.10/29/2014,

pp. 135, 36]. Along with turning over and consenting to a search of his phone, Defendant also

signed a Consent-to-Search document for Detective Marano. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 136,37].

Defendant also told Detective Marano that the cell phone was his cell phone and the one which

he used (N.T.10/29/2014, p.137]. Detective Marano placed the phone on a property receipt and

delivered it to Detective Bamberski. (N.T.10/29/2014,pp.137,38].

Detective Bamberski testified that he received the cell phone and accompanying

documentation from Detective Marano and had another detective, Detective Graf (first name

not given), prepare a search warrant for the cell phone. (N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 155,56]. After the

17 JP age
search warrant was approved, Detective Bamberski served the search warrant on T,Mobile for

call-detail records for that cell phone spanning the time period of July 16, 2013 to July 23, 2013.

[N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 157,59). The resulting call-detail records provided by T,Mobile were

initially reviewed by an internal department expert, Detective Dunlap (first name not given),

before being sent to the FBI's specialist, Agent William Shute, for certification. [N.T.10/29/2014,

pp.157,59].

On September 11, 2013, Detective Bamberski interviewed Mr. Shorter. [N.T. 10/29/2014,

pp. 159,60]. Detective Bamberski presented Mr. Shorter a photo array containing Defendant's

picture. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 159,60]. Mr. Shorter identified Defendant as the perpetrator;

detectives then arrested Defendant pursuant to an arrest warrant. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp.160,64].

During cross-examination, Detective Bamberski was questioned about the call-detail

records and the name officially associated with the account. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 168,69].

Detective Bamberski testified that this cell phone and cell phone number were associated with

Dawn Heyward, Defendant's mother. [N.T. 10/29/2014, pp. 169]. On redirect, Detective

Bamberski testified that he had spoken to Dawn Heyward on July 19, 2013; during that

interview, Ms. Heyward informed Detective Bamberski of the numbers to the cellular phones

that belong to her and to the decedent, Gregory Smith; the numbers to the cellular phones that

Mr. Heyward and Gregory Smith owned were distinct from the number the Defendant told

Detective Marano belonged to him. [N.T.10/29/2014, pp.171,74).

Detective Frank Mullen testified regarding the steps taken to search the vicinity of the

crime scene for video surveillance. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 35,54]. The search uncovered two

surveillance videos which were recording the exterior of the Germantown Pharmacy, which is

located at the corner of Germantown Avenue and Manheim Street, but neither camera was

positioned to capture the shooter or the murder. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 36,38]. Detective Mullen

18 j l' a g c
testified that both videos showed Ms. McDonald walking in and out of the spectrum of the

camera's recording area. [N.T.10/30/2014, pp. 39,49]. Detective Mullen identified Ms. McDonald

as the person pacing in and out the camera's eye. [N.T.10/30/2014, pp. 37,49]. Based on the size

and quality of the video, Detective Mullen identified Ms. McDonald each time she reappeared on

the video and described the angle of the camera for the jury after each short portion of the

surveillance was played. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 41,49]. Defendant objected to the form of the

testimony and argued that the video spoke for itself. [N.T.10/30/2014, p. 45]. This court allowed

the testimony to proceed; Defendant raises this ruling as his sixth issue in his Statement of

Matters Complained of on Appeal.

Detective Mullen also testified about the documentation which he received from a

member of the District Attorney's Office who conducted a forensic examination of Defendant's

cellular phone. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 53,56]. The forensic examination of the phone's exported

stored data from the cellular phone which Defendant had turned over to Detective Marano on

July 23rd. [N.T.10/30/2014, pp. 52,55]. Part of the stored information included numerous images

of Defendant with other young males wearing "Brickyard" t-shirts and numerous pictures of

young females in varying states of undress. [N.T.10/30/2014, p. 55].

William Shute, a Special Agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Cellular

Analysis Survey Team, was qualified as an expert in historical cell site analysis. [N.T.

10/30/2014, pp. 82,92]. Agent Shute testified that call-detail records, such as the ones provided

by Detective Bamberski, resemble an individual's cell phone bill, with several additions and

variations. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 97,98]. Agent Shute stated that call-detail records list the date

and time of a call, the originating cellular phone number, the terminating (or receiving) cellular

7
The area where this incident took place is known as the "Brickyard" by the residents of
that community.
19 I p ugc
phone number, and the duration of the call-all features common to an individual's monthly

cellular phone statement. Id. The variations or additions found in a set of call-detail records

include a series of columns which provide location information regarding the cellular tower to

which the cellular phone connects when a call is initiated and the tower last used when the call

terminates. [N.T. 10/30/2014,pp. 98, 102,03].

Agent Shute conducted an analysis of the call-detail records which T,Mobile supplied in

response to Detective Bamberski's subpoena. (N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 94.,-124]. The call-detail

records were for the cellular phone number of the phone Defendant had given to Detective

Marano. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 97,99]. Defendant's cellular phone made or received calls several

calls between ll:38pm and 12:19am on the night in question. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 107,11].

Through the progression of phone calls, the cellular phone utilized two towers within the

general vicinity of the murder. (N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 107,11]. Furthermore, several of the calls

which were analyzed occurred one to three minutes apart from each other, but the call-detail

records listed the two towers as the originating and the terminating cell site location. [N.T.

10/30/2014, pp. 110,12]. Agent Shute testified that cell tower signals generally have a range of

overlap and that cellular phones will constantly search and move from tower to tower where the

phone "believes"it will get the strongest signal. [N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 107,09]. Agent Shute

concluded that the activity of the cellular phone over this short period of time between two

overlapping coverage areas from cell site towers would be indicative of the phone making or

receiving calls at or near the area of overlap between the coverage areas of the cell site towers.

[N.T. 10/30/2014, pp. 110,12]. The overlapping coverage areas of the cell site towers which

Defendant's phone used covered the area where the murder took place. [N.T. 10/30/2014,pp. 123,

24].

20 IP age
ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of the Evidence

The Defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to establish

that he committed the crime of murder of the first degree as well as all the attendant firearms

charges of which he was convicted." After a review of the entire record, this court finds this

claim meritless.

The standard for reviewing whether the conviction was based on sufficient evidence is

whether, viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find

every element of the crime beyond reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Lewis, 2006 PA Super 314,

911 A.2d 558, 563,64 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006). When reviewing the evidence adduced at trial, the

court may not weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for that of the Iacr-Iinder.

Commonwealth v. Derr, 841 A.2d 558, 560 (Pa. Super. 2004). It is for the fact-finder to determine

any doubts regarding the Defendant's guilt. If the facts relied on by the Iact-Iinder are so weak

or inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact may be drawn from the

circumstances, then the conviction in question cannot stand. Commonwealth v. Kim, 888 A.2d 847,

851,52 (Pa. Super. 2005), appeal denied, 587 Pa. 721, 899 A.2d 1122 (2006) (quoting Commonwealthv.

Lehman, 820 A.2d 766, 772 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations omitted)). To sustain the conviction, the

facts and circumstances relied on by the Commonwealth, as was the case at trial, must show

8
Defendant was charged and convicted of murder of the first degree, carrying a firearm
without a license, carrying a firearm on public streets, and possessing an instrument of crime.
(N.T.10/28/2014, pp. 36, 37]; (N.T.1V03/2014, pp. 4,9]. A self-authenticating record from the
Pennsylvania State Police stating that the Defendant did not have a license to carry a weapon in
Pennsylvania was presented before the jury. (N.T.10/29/2014,pp.176,77].
21 IP age .
that each and every essential element is established beyond reasonable doubt. See Commonwealthv.

Hargrave, 745 A.2d 20, 22 (Pa. Super. 2000), appeal denied, 563 Pa. 683, 760 A.2d 851 (2000);

Commonwealth v. Gooding, 818 A.2d 546, 549 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal denied, 575 Pa. 691, 835 A.2d

709 (2003). While guilt may never rest upon conjecture or surmise, a conviction may stand on

circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Roscioli, 454 Pa. 59, 62, 309 A.2d 396, 398 (1973)

("Although the Commonwealth does not have to establish guilt to a mathematical certainty, and

may in the proper case rely wholly on circumstantial evidence, the conviction must be based on

more than mere suspicion or conjecture."); see also Commonwealth v. Adams, 254 Pa. Super. 62, 64,

385 A.2d 525, 526 (1978). It is sufficient if the circumstances are consistent with criminal

activity even though they might likewise be consistent with innocent behavior. Commonwealth v.

LaRue, 381 Pa. 113, 112 A.2d 362 (1955); Commonwealth v. Gibson, 201 Pa. Super. 573, 193 A.2d 690

(1965).

First Degree Murder

To support a conviction for first-degree murder, the Commonwealth must prove: (1) that

the Defendant acted with the specific intent to kill; (2) that Gregory Smith was unlawfully

killed; and (3) that the Defendant committed the killing. Commonwealth v. Koehler, 558 Pa. 334,

737 A.2d 225, 233- 34 (1999). The mens rea here is the specific intent to kill, and is the factor that

distinguishes first-degree murder from lesser-graded crimes of murder. The use of a deadly

weapon on a vital part of a human body is sufficient to establish the specific intent to kill. The

Commonwealth also has the ability to prove the Defendant's intent through circumstantial

evidence. Commonwealthv. Anderson, 538 Pa. 574, 650 A.2d 20, 24 (1994); Commonwealth v. Packard,

767 A.2d 1068, 1071 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2001), appeal denied, 566 Pa. 660, 782 A.2d 544 (2001).

22 IP age
 A full review of the evidence presented at trial shows that sufficient evidence existed to

prove that Defendant was the perpetrator of Gregory Smith's murder. Two eyewitnesses, Mr.

Shorter and Ms. McDonald, saw Defendant chase the decedent down Germantown Avenue and

turn onto Wister Street before Defendant immobilized the decedent with the shots fired from

Defendant's weapon. Although the witnesses saw the same murder from dillering vantage

points, both testified that Defendant pulled out a weapon, chased Gregory Smith down

Germantown Avenue, and finally shot the decedent on Wister Street.

Furthermore, significant evidence existed to establish that Defendant committed the

murder with the specific intent to kill, the mens rea necessary for murder of the first degree. Ms.

McDonald testified that Defendant, after crossing Germantown Avenue toward her and the

Sugar Stick Bar, crossed back over Germantown Avenue toward the decedent once he saw the

decedent by the Wister Street Plaza. Ms. McDonald also stated that the decedent was near the

Wister Street Plaza with three other males. Once Defendant crossed toward the group and

removed the weapon, all the males, including the decedent, scurried in multiple directions, but

Defendant chased down only the decedent. Furthermore, Mr. Shorter testified that Defendant

shot the decedent twice, ran away through a breezeway through the Wister Street Plaza before

coming back to ensure the decedent's demise: he fired three more shots while the decedent lay

squirming on the pavement. Corroborating the testimony of both witnesses that Defendant was

the shooter, Defendant's own phone was utilizing towers within the vicinity at the time of the

murder. Clearly, the evidence was sufficient to justify the verdict.

Voluntary Manslaughter

Within Defendant's 1925(b) statement, Defendant's last assignment of error alleges that

this court erred when it denied Defendant's request to have the jury instructed on voluntary

manslaughter. Given how the following analysis relies mainly on the lack of any evidence that

23 IP a t»
o e
this killing was committed with anything but the specific intent to kill, this court has decided to

address this issue along with the prior sufficiency-of -the-evidence claim.

In Commonwealth v. McCusker, 448 Pa. 382, 389, 292 A.2d 286, 290 (1972), the Supreme

Court held that a homicide defendant may rely "upon the cumulative impact of a series of related

events" to establish adequate provocation to support a conviction for voluntary manslaughter.

With regards to the claim that the jury should have instructed on voluntary manslaughter, the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that the trial court "shall only instruct on an offense

where the offense has been made an issue in the case and where the trial evidence reasonably

would support such a verdict .... Instructions regarding matters which are not before the court

or which are not supported by the evidence serve no purpose other than to confuse the jury."

Commonwealth v. Browdie, 543 Pa. 337, 349-50, 671 A.2d 668, 674 (1996); see also Commonwealth v.

Carter, 502 Pa. 433, 466 A.2d 1328 (1983) (voluntary manslaughter charge is appropriate only

when that crime is made an issue in the case, and evidence would support such a verdict).

The crime of voluntary manslaughter is codified at 18 PA.CS.§ 2503, which provides in

relevant part:

(a) General rule.-A person who kills an individual without lawful justification

commits voluntary manslaughter if at the time of the killing he is acting under a sudden

and intense passion resulting from serious provocation by:

(1) the individual killed; or

(2) another whom the actor endeavors to kill, but he negligently or accidentally

causes the death of the individual killed.

(b) Unreasonable belief killing justifiable.-A person who intentionally or

knowingly kills an individual commits voluntary manslaughter if at the time of the

killing he believes the circumstances to be such that, if they existed, would justify the
24 IP a ge
 killing under Chapter 5 of this title (relating to general principles of justification), but

his belief is unreasonable.

In the instant case, this court declined to give a voluntary manslaughter instruction

based on its determination that the evidence would not support such an instruction.

As stated above, Defendant went to the area of the Sugar Stick Bar - a bar known to be

frequented by the decedent-armed with a weapon. After crossing Germantown Avenue toward

the comer where the Sugar Stick Bar is located, Defendant saw the decedent on the opposite

side of Germantown Avenue with three other males. Defendant changed course and made his

way to the group, brandishing the weapon and opening fire on decedent as the decedent was

fleeing for his life. The testimony also established that Defendant, upon immobilizing the

decedent and after fleeing through the breezeway of the Wister Street Plaza, returned to the

injured victim to assail three more shots into the injured and unarmed target.

The evidence does not establish voluntary manslaughter. Defendant's mother and the

decedent were paramours, and defense counsel engaged several testifying witnesses in a line of

questioning regarding the alleged violent relationship that may have existed between the two;

not one witness confirmed that such a violent relationship existed. (N.T. 10/28/2014, pp. 81,85,

93,96] (stating that this witness, Diatavious Smith, never saw the decedent attack Defendant's

mother).

The manner of the homicide also belies any heat of passion argument. Arriving at the

scene already armed, Defendant sought out the decedent to kill him. Defendant made sure that

the assault brought about the desired result by returning to the area where the injured victim lay

writhing in pain to inflict the insurance damage to guarantee the victim's death. Both

Defendant's method in seeking out the decedent and the manner in which the assault took place

undermine any rational reliance that this murder was committed in any manner other than with

251Pag:c
the specific intent to kill. To be clear, the method and manner of this. murder were not done

under some overwhelming heat of passion. A voluntary manslaughter charge "shall be given only

when requested, where the offense has been made an issue in the case, and the trial evidence

reasonably would support such_ a verdict. ... The jury's discretion is better channeled under the

rule set forth here to rational deliberation and decision of whether a defendant is guilty of a

crime supported by the evidence." Commonwealth v. Carter, 502 Pa. 433, 443,44, 466 A.2d 1328,

1332, 33 (1983).

Weight of the Evidence

The Defendant next contends that a new trial should be granted because the verdict is

against the greater weight of the evidence.

The weight given to the evidence is wholly within the province of the finder of fact who

is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the

witnesses. Commonwealthv. Hunzer, 868 A.2d 498, 506,507 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005). Any motion for a

new trial grounded in the contention that the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence

concedes that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict. Accordingly, the trial court is

under no obligation to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner.

Commonwealthv. Rossetti, 863 A.2d 1185, 1191,1192 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004), appeal denied, 583 Pa. 689,

878 A.2d 864 (2005). Questions concerning inconsistent testimony go to the credibility of

witnesses. Commonwealth v. Dejesus, 580 Pa. 303, 311, 860 A.2d 102, 107 (2004). The court cannot

substitute its judgment for that of the jury on issues of credibility. Id. The decision whether to

grant a new trial on this basis rests within the discretion of the trial court. Commonwealth v.

Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 744 A.2d 745, 751,52 (2000); Commonwealthv. Hunter, 381 Pa. Super. 606, 617,

26 JP age
554 A.2d 550, 555 (1989). A trial court should award a new trial on the ground that the verdict is

against the weight of the evidence only when the jury's verdict is so contrary to the evidence as

to shock one's sense of justice, thus making the award of a new trial imperative so that what is

right and just may be given another opportunity to prevail. Commonwealth v. Whitney, 511 Pa. 232,

239, 512 A.2d 1152, 1155,1156 (1986). "A new trial should not be granted because of a mere

conflict in the testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have arrived at a different

conclusion." Widmer, 744 A.2d at 752. Rather, the role of the trial court is to determine that,

notwithstanding all the evidence, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore

them, or to give them equal weight with all the facts, is to deny justice. Id.

After review, this court finds the claim meritless; the verdict assigned by the jury was not

against the greater weight of the evidence. Notwithstanding the fact that both eyewitnesses

were not the most detailed and articulate in their testimony, the jury clearly found their first,

hand accounts to be credible. Both witnesses identified Defendant as the shooter. Both

witnesses also saw Defendant chase down the decedent to Wister Street before finally killing

him. The jury clearly believed that Defendant was present in the area of the murder during the

murder as his call-detail records showed, according to Agent Shute. Although the cameras

outside the pharmacy located at the corner of Manheim Street and Germantown Avenue did not

capture an image of Defendant that night, the lack of an image of Defendant does not equate

with Defendant's not being there. To the extent that Defendant asserts this claim to say that the

two eyewitnesses, both admitted marijuana users, are not credible, credibility determinations

are the province of the finder of fact, and this court will not reweigh the evidence.

Defendant claims that the witnesses were not in a position to see the crime. This claim

distorts the record. Defense counsel tried to pin Mr. Shorter into a binary choice - was Mr.

27 IP age
Shorter on the corner of Germantown Avenue and Reger Street or Germantown Avenue and

Wister Street. Multiple times, Mr. Shorter adamantly testified that he was between Wister Street

and the Reger Street alley. Buttressing this testimony, counsel asked Officer Fox whether

someone standing at the corner of Reger Street and Germantown Avenue would be able to see

where the decedent was lying; Officer Fox stated that, based on the photo which is limited by

the angle from which the lens captured the image, a person standing at that corner would not be

able to see the decedent lying on the sidewalk. However, this obstructed view, unsupported by

Mr. Shorter's own testimony, is not enough to discount entirely the witness' testimony. The jury

was free to give its own assignment of weight to the testimony it received and none of the

multitude of credibility issues Defendant relies on is sufficient to say that the jury's verdict was

against the greater weight of the evidence.

Extortion Attempts by Defendant and Keith Williams Against Mr. Shorter

The Defendant's next assignment of error relates to the trial court's pretrial evidentiary

ruling which barred testimony relating to attempts by Defendant and Defendant's acquaintance,

Keith Williams, to extort money from Mr. Shorter. This court ruled that, tentatively, the

extortion attempts would be excluded unless the testimony was required for identification

purposes or unless the door was opened. Defendant claims that the trial court erred in allowing

the Commonwealth to present the testimony notwithstanding the pretrial ruling.

A motion in limine is a pre-trial application before a trial court made outside the

presence of a jury, requesting a ruling or order from the trial court prohibiting the opposing

counsel from referring to or offering into evidence matters so highly prejudicial to the moving

party that curative instructions cannot alleviate an adverse effect on the jury. Commonwealth v.

28 IP age
Padilla, 2007 PA Super 130,