In Re Selena L.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
May 26, 2016 Session

IN RE SELENA L. ET AL.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bradley County
Nos. V-14-611; V-14-612 J. Michael Sharp, Judge

No. E2015-02059-COA-R3-PT-FILED-JULY 27, 2016

This is a termination of parental rights case regarding the parental rights of the mother,
Brandy L. (“Mother”) to her minor children, Selena L. and Isabella H., ages five and two
respectively when the termination action was filed (collectively, “the Children”). Mother
voluntarily placed Selena L. in the custody of a relative in 2009, shortly after the child’s
birth. On April 13, 2012, the Hamilton County Juvenile Court (“juvenile court”) placed
the Children into the custody of the maternal great-grandmother, Vickie R. (“Petitioner”),
upon Petitioner’s filing an action for custody.1 On August 25, 2014, Petitioner filed
petitions in the Bradley County Circuit Court (“trial court”) seeking to terminate the
parental rights of Mother and to adopt the Children.2 Following a bench trial, the court
terminated Mother’s parental rights to the Children after determining by clear and
convincing evidence that Mother had abandoned the Children by: (1) willfully failing to
visit them, (2) willfully failing to financially support them, and (3) exhibiting a wanton
disregard toward their welfare. The trial court further found by clear and convincing
evidence that terminating Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the Children.
Mother has appealed.3 We reverse the trial court’s finding that Mother abandoned the
Children by willfully failing to support them during the determinative four-month period.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other respects, including the termination of
Mother’s parental rights to the Children.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

1
The pleadings filed in the juvenile court in the underlying custody action are not contained in the record
on appeal for the termination action.
2
Petitioner filed separate petitions for each child with the trial court, containing virtually identical factual
allegations against Mother.
3
The fathers of the Children, whose respective parental rights to the Children were also terminated by the
trial court, are not participating in this appeal. Thus, we will limit our discussion to facts and conclusions
of law which are relevant to the termination of Mother’s parental rights.
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

Rachel Fisher, Cohutta, Georgia, for the appellant, Brandy L.

Hanna Stokes, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Vickie R.

OPINION

I. Factual and Procedural Background

This termination of parental rights action began when Petitioner filed petitions
with the trial court on August 25, 2014, seeking to terminate Mother’s parental rights and
to adopt the Children. Petitioner alleged, inter alia, that Mother had abandoned the
Children by willfully failing to support them, willfully failing to visit them, and
participating in behavior prior to her incarceration that exhibited a wanton disregard for
the welfare of the Children. Petitioner further alleged that the termination of Mother’s
parental rights was in the best interest of the Children. While incarcerated, Mother filed a
pro se letter with the court, contesting the allegations. Mother subsequently filed an
answer to the petitions, formally denying the allegations.

At the time the termination action was filed, Petitioner had maintained custody of
the Children for approximately two years and four months. Testimony demonstrated that
Mother had voluntarily relinquished custody of Selena L. to the child’s maternal
grandmother in 2009. Mother offered postpartum depression as reason for her
relinquishment of custody. Petitioner testified, however, that Mother had admitted that
the change of custody was due to Mother’s methamphetamine use. Regarding Isabella
H., Mother retained custody until the child was removed on April 13, 2012, upon
Petitioner’s initial custody action. At that time, Petitioner sought custody of both
Children on April 13, 2012, following an incident wherein Selena L. was present in a
vehicle containing a methamphetamine lab, as discovered by law enforcement during a
routine traffic stop. At the time of this incident, the maternal grandmother was also
present in the vehicle.

After the Children were placed in the custody of Petitioner, the juvenile court
ordered that Mother participate in visitation with the Children every Sunday from 2:00
p.m. until 8:00 p.m. During March of 2013, upon agreement of the parties, Mother’s
visitation time was changed to 1:00 p.m. through 7:00 p.m. every Sunday.4 The
visitations were to occur at Petitioner’s home. Under the agreement, Mother was

4
This visitation schedule was in effect during the four months prior to Mother’s subsequent incarceration.
2
provided a thirty-minute “grace period” to arrive for each visitation. Should Mother not
appear or contact Petitioner by 1:30 p.m. on the date of the visit, the visit would be
forfeited by Mother. In the event that Mother contacted Petitioner, the visitation would
be forfeited if Mother had not appeared by 2:00 p.m.5 The juvenile court did not require
Mother to contact Petitioner prior to any visitation. Petitioner and Mother agreed that
Petitioner never turned Mother away from a visit even when Mother appeared late for the
visitation regardless of Mother’s tardiness. According to Petitioner, Mother was late for
a majority of her visits with the Children if she appeared at all.

Testimony further established that during the pendency of the juvenile court
action, Petitioner and Mother reached an additional agreement, which provided that
Mother would receive increased visitation with the Children if she completed certain
requirements, including providing clean drug screens and attending drug counseling.
Although Mother indicated that she completed a treatment program twice during the
pendency of the juvenile court case, she was unable to provide the trial court with
evidence to support her testimony.6 According to Petitioner, Mother never presented
evidence of the successful drug screens or completion of drug counseling.

The evidence also established a series of criminal convictions concerning Mother.
On January 10, 2014, Mother was arrested for felony theft of property related to an
incident occurring on December 19, 2013. Mother was released on bond on January 10,
2014. Mother was subsequently convicted of felony theft of property on October 7,
2014, and was sentenced to two years of incarceration. On April 18, 2014, Mother was
arrested and charged with several drug-related offenses, eventually resulting in
convictions for possession of methamphetamine, possession of amphetamine, and
possession of drug paraphernalia. Mother remained in jail from April 19, 2014, until
April 29, 2014, before being released on bond. On May 18, 2014, Mother was arrested

5
The parties ostensibly agreed upon the following visitation schedule in juvenile court on March 13,
2013:

[Petitioner] requested the Court change the current visitation schedule to allow the
children to be in bed earlier. The current visitation is every Sunday from 2:00 p.m. until
8:00 p.m. The mother agreed to visit from 1:00 p.m. until 7:00 p.m. every Sunday. The
maternal grandmother is now allowed to accompany the mother on the third Sunday since
the Restraining Order has been lifted. Mother will have a thirty (30) minute grace period
after which the visit will be forfeited if she has not contacted [Petitioner]. Any visit will
be forfeited after 2:00 p.m., even if the mother has contacted [Petitioner].

The record before us contains no juvenile court order memorializing the respective agreement. The
limited evidence regarding this agreement is the parties’ testimony and an apparent summary of the court
proceedings that took place on March 13, 2013.
6
Mother explained that she lost her paperwork while incarcerated.
3
again on drug charges and was eventually convicted of additional counts of possession of
methamphetamine and possession of drug paraphernalia. The trial court took judicial
notice that Mother remained incarcerated until January 2015.

Although no court order existed directing Mother to pay child support for the
Children, Mother admitted that she was aware of her duty to support the Children.
According to Mother, Petitioner had informed her that the Children did not need anything
but that Mother could purchase anything for the Children that she desired. While Mother
conceded that she had not provided any financial support for the Children from January
2014 through May 2014, she testified that she did bring them gifts, such as sunglasses or
candy, when she attended visitations. Mother also stated that prior to her incarceration in
2014, she resided with her former paramour, who paid her bills. As explained by Mother,
her former paramour died of a drug overdose in April 2014, shortly before she was
incarcerated. Approximately one week earlier, she moved in with her father.

The trial court conducted a bench trial over the course of two days on March 31,
2015, and September 3, 2015. During the first day of trial, Mother indicated that she had
been drug-free since her release from incarceration in January 2015. Mother
acknowledged that she visited the Children only once following her release. While
Mother had not yet attended counseling, she had an appointment scheduled. During the
second day of trial, Mother indicated that although she had discussed counseling with a
provider, she had not actually begun.

Regarding efforts to gain employment following her release from incarceration,
Mother claimed that she had submitted “thousands” of job applications. She related that
her lack of a high school diploma and her status as a convicted felon limited her
employment options. Mother stated that in March 2015, she had two job interviews.
Although she was offered employment, she declined the job opportunity because she
lacked transportation. By September 3, 2015, Mother was employed. Her pay stubs
evinced a total gross income of $131.08. Concerning Mother’s residence, she lived with
a relative who had criminal convictions involving methamphetamine. The amount of rent
Mother paid varied from month to month.

Following the conclusion of trial, the trial court entered a final order on September
25, 2015, terminating Mother’s parental rights to the Children. The court found by clear
and convincing evidence that Mother had abandoned the Children by: (1) willfully
failing to visit them, (2) willfully failing to provide financial support for them, and (3)
exhibiting a wanton disregard for the welfare of the Children prior to her incarceration.
The trial court further found by clear and convincing evidence that termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the Children. Mother timely appealed.

4
 II. Issues Presented

Mother presents four issues for our review, which we have restated as follows:

1. Whether the trial court erred in determining that Mother willfully
failed to visit her Children during the determinative four-month
period.

2. Whether the trial court erred in determining that Mother willfully
failed to financially support her Children during the determinative
four-month period.

3. Whether the trial court erred in determining that prior to Mother’s
incarceration, she engaged in conduct exhibiting a wanton disregard
for the welfare of the Children.

4. Whether the trial court erred in determining that the termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the Children.

III. Standard of Review

In a termination of parental rights case, this Court has a duty to determine
“whether the trial court’s findings, made under a clear and convincing standard, are
supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530
(Tenn. 2006). The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed de novo upon the record,
accompanied by a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates against
those findings. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); See In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 524
(Tenn. 2016); In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d at 530. Questions of law, however, are
reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. See In re Carrington H., 483
S.W.3d at 524 (citing In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 393 (Tenn. 2009)). The trial court’s
determinations regarding witness credibility are entitled to great weight on appeal and
shall not be disturbed absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See Jones v.
Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002).

“Parents have a fundamental constitutional interest in the care and custody of their
children under both the United States and Tennessee constitutions.” Keisling v. Keisling,
92 S.W.3d 374, 378 (Tenn. 2002). It is well established, however, that “this right is not
absolute and parental rights may be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence
justifying such termination under the applicable statute.” In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96,
97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71
L.Ed.2d 599 (1982)). As our Supreme Court has recently explained:
5
 The parental rights at stake are “far more precious than any property right.”
Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758-59. Termination of parental rights has the legal
effect of reducing the parent to the role of a complete stranger and of
severing forever all legal rights and obligations of the parent or guardian of
the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(l)(1); see also Santosky, 455 U.S.
at 759 (recognizing that a decison terminating parental rights is “final and
irrevocable”). In light of the interests and consequences at stake, parents
are constitutionally entitled to “fundamentally fair procedures” in
termination proceedings. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 754; see also Lassiter v.
Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of Durham Cnty, N.C., 452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981)
(discussing the due process right of parents to fundamentally fair
procedures).

Among the constitutionally mandated “fundamentally fair
procedures” is a heightened standard of proof—clear and convincing
evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. This standard minimizes the risk of
unnecessary or erroneous governmental interference with fundamental
parental rights. Id.; In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010).
“Clear and convincing evidence enables the fact-finder to form a firm belief
or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and eliminates any serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness of these factual findings.” In re
Bernard T. 319 S.W.3d at 596 (citations omitted). The clear-and-
convincing-evidence standard ensures that the facts are established as
highly probable, rather than as simply more probable than not. In re
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); In re M.A.R., 183
S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

***

In light of the heightened burden of proof in termination proceedings,
however, the reviewing court must make its own determination as to
whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a
preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing evidence of
the elements necessary to terminate parental rights. In re Bernard T., 319
S.W.3d at 596-97.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522-524. “[P]ersons seeking to terminate [parental]
rights must prove all the elements of their case by clear and convincing evidence,”
including statutory grounds and the best interest of the child. See In re Bernard, 319
S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010).
6
 IV. Statutory Abandonment

Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 (Supp. 2015) lists the statutory grounds for
termination of parental rights, providing in relevant part as follows:

(a) The chancery and circuit courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction
with the juvenile court to terminate parental or guardianship rights to
a child in a separate proceeding, or as a part of the adoption
proceeding by utilizing any grounds for termination of parental or
guardianship rights permitted in this part or in title 37, chapter 1,
part 1 and title 37, chapter 2, part 4.

***

(c) Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:

(1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that
the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights
have been established; and

(2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the
best interests of the child.

The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights upon statutory grounds that she
abandoned the Children. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(1) provides in
relevant part:

(g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be
based upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The
following grounds are cumulative and non-exclusive, so that listing
conditions, acts or omissions in one ground does not prevent them
from coming within another ground:

(1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-
102, has occurred; . . .

In the case at bar, Mother was arrested on April 18, 2014, and again on May 18,
2014. Because Mother remained incarcerated at the time the petition was filed to
terminate her parental rights, the definition of abandonment contained within Tennessee

7
Code Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (Supp. 2015) applies. This subdivision provides in
pertinent part:

(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of
an action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child,
or the parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of
the four (4) months immediately preceding the institution of such
action or proceeding, and either has willfully failed to visit or has
willfully failed to support or has willfully failed to make reasonable
payments toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive
months immediately preceding such parent’s or guardian’s
incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in conduct prior
to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of
the child . . . .

Pursuant to this definition, the determinative period applicable to the grounds of willful
failure to support and willful failure to visit began four months immediately preceding
Mother’s arrest on April 18, 2014. The relevant four-month period therefore spanned
December 18, 2013, through April 17, 2014. See In re D.H.B., No. E2014-00063-COA-
R3-PT, 2015 WL 1870303 at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 23, 2015) (interpreting the four-
month period “immediately preceding” the parent’s incarceration as ending on the day
before the actual date of incarceration). In calculating the four-month period preceding
Mother’s incarceration, the trial court looked to the date of Mother’s May 2014
incarceration. The record and Mother’s testimony support the trial court’s finding that
Mother was arrested on May 18, 2014, and remained incarcerated from “May of 2014
through January of 2015.” However, the record reflects that Mother was also arrested on
April 18, 2014, and remained incarcerated until April 29, 2014, shortly before the arrest
occurring in May 2014.7 Due to Mother’s arrest and incarceration in April 2014, we
conclude that the relevant four-month period must be recognized as encompassing the
four months immediately preceding Mother’s arrest on April 18, 2014.

Pursuant to the statutory definition of abandonment, the trial court must also find
that a parent’s failure to visit or support during the determinative period was willful. See

7
The record reflects that Mother was also arrested on January 10, 2014, but was released from jail that
same day. This Court has recently held that a parent’s entry into police custody and resultant brief
incarceration of less than twenty-four hours without a court-imposed sentence of incarceration is not
sufficient for purposes of classifying the parent as an “incarcerated or recently incarcerated parent to
which Tenn. Code Ann. 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) applies.” See In re Kaitlin W., E2015-01553-COA-R3-PT,
2016 WL 2931326 at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 16, 2016); see also In re Courtney N., E2012-01642-COA-
R3-PT, 2013 WL 2395003 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 31, 2013). Therefore, Mother’s January 2014 arrest does
not affect the statutorily determinative period.
8
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 810
(Tenn. 2007). As this Court has previously explained:

The concept of “willfulness” is at the core of the statutory definition of
abandonment. A parent cannot be found to have abandoned a child under
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) unless the parent has either
“willfully” failed to visit or “willfully” failed to support the child for a
period of four consecutive months.

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863.

Failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a person is “aware of his or her
duty to visit or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no
justifiable excuse for not doing so.” Id. at 864. Further, failure to visit or support is not
excused by another person’s conduct “unless the conduct actually prevents the person
with the obligation from performing his or her duty . . . or amounts to a significant
restraint of or interference with the parent’s efforts to support or develop a relationship
with the child.” Id. This Court further explained:

The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor’s intent.
Intent is seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to
peer into a person’s mind to assess intentions or motivations. Accordingly,
triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a
person’s actions or conduct.

Id. (citations omitted).

This Court has often held that a parent’s “demeanor and credibility as a witness
also play an important role in determining intent, and trial courts are accordingly in the
best position to make such determinations.” In re Adoption of Destiny R.D., No. M2011-
01153-COA-R3-PT, 2012 WL 1066496 at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 27, 2012) (citing In
re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003)). Further, as Tennessee Code Annotated §
36-1-102(1)(G) expressly provides: “Specifically, it shall not be required that a parent be
shown to have evinced a settled purpose to forego all parental rights and responsibilities
in order for a determination of abandonment to be made.” Incorporating the foregoing
analysis, we shall review in turn each form of statutory abandonment found by the trial
court.

9
 A. Willful Failure to Visit

Mother contends that the trial court erred in determining that clear and convincing
evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights on the ground that Mother
willfully failed to visit the Children during the determinative four-month period. Mother
argues that the trial court failed to consider evidence in support of Mother’s assertion that
she visited the Children during the relevant period. Mother further contends that her
failure to visit the Children was not willful considering her lack of transportation and the
Petitioner’s purported interference with her visitation. Upon a thorough review of the
record, we disagree and conclude that the trial court’s findings, made under a clear and
convincing standard, are supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

Mother argues that the trial court erred by failing to properly weigh evidence
presented of a visit that Mother alleged occurred on January 22, 2014. Having
considered this evidence, the trial court found that the visit did not occur. We emphasize
that the trial court found mother’s credibility as a witness to be lacking regarding her
testimony concerning the dates of her visits with the Children. In contrast, the trial court
found “[Petitioner’s] testimony to be much more credible than [Mother’s] testimony as to
this issue.” We further emphasize that the trial court’s determinations regarding witness
credibility are afforded great weight on appeal. See Jones, 92 S.W.3d at 838. In its final
order, the trial court made the following findings of fact regarding the dates of Mother’s
visitation with the Children in relevant part:

The court finds that the mother only visited the children a total of three
times for a short period of time during the entire year of 2013. The court
finds that the mother’s last visit with the children, prior to the mother’s
incarceration of May of 2014, was on Mother’s Day of 2013.8

Having determined that the correct four-month period was December 18, 2013,
through April 17, 2014, we further determine that the trial court made findings of fact
encompassing the correct four-month period despite its miscalculation. The trial court
found that Mother had willfully failed to visit the Children from as early as May 2013
through her incarceration in May 2014. Since the trial court’s finding regarding the time
period that Mother willfully failed to visit the Children necessarily included a
determination that Mother willfully failed to visit from December 18, 2013, through April
17, 2014, the trial court thereby found that Mother had failed to visit the Children during
the correct period. As such, in this case, the court’s miscalculation of the relevant
statutory period on this issue constitutes harmless error.9
8
This Court takes judicial notice that Mother’s Day in the year 2013 occurred on May 12, 2013. See
Tenn. R. Evid. 201(b)(2).
9
This Court in no way concludes that the miscalculation of the relevant period should be harmless error
10
 Mother contends, however, that her failure to visit the Children was not willful in
view of her lack of transportation and Petitioner’s interference. See In re M.L.D., 182
S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (“The element of willfulness is central to the
determination of abandonment.”) A parent’s failure to visit is not excused by another
individual’s conduct unless “those acts actually prevent the parent from visiting the child
or constitute a significant restraint or interference with the parent’s attempts to visit the
child.” In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009) (citing In re Audrey S, 182
S.W.3d at 864); see also In re M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d at 896.

The trial court made the following findings of fact in its final judgment with
respect to Mother’s willfulness as to her failure to visit:

The court heard the testimony of [Petitioner] that she did not prevent the
mother from visiting the children, and had in fact gone numerous time[s] to
pick up the mother to give her a ride so that she could visit with the
children. However, [Petitioner] also testified that on the rare occasions
when the mother did take advantage of any visitation with her children, that
the mother was late every single time to the visits. [Petitioner] also
testified, and provided pictures for the court, of the mother’s sleeping
during at least two of the visits with her children. The order of the
Hamilton County Juvenile Court, wherein [Petitioner] was given custody of
the children, specifically states that the mother would forfeit her visitation,
which was set for every Sunday, if the mother was more than 15 minutes
late. Even though[] the mother violated this provision every time she
visited, the court finds that [Petitioner] continued to allow the mother to
exercise her visitation, even when [Mother] chose to arrive hours late, if at
all. The court takes judicial notice of the fact that [Petitioner] testified that
there were numerous times that [Mother] told her oldest child that she
would be back to see her in a week, and that [Mother] rarely, if ever, kept
her word to her child. [Petitioner] testified that this caused great
disappointment and emotional hardship to the child in that the child often
stood at the door or window looking for her mother to return because her
mother had told the child she would return. It was traumatic for the child
when the mother continually failed to do what she promised her child she
would do. The mother testified that her lack of visits with her children
[was] caused, at least in part, due to [Petitioner] not answering her phone

in every case. In contrast, this Court determines that in this particular case, due to the extensive findings
of fact by the trial court regarding the ground of willful failure to visit, the miscalculation of the relevant
period was harmless.
11
 calls. However, when questioned on cross-examination, the mother
admitted that every time that she attempted to exercise her visitation, that
the petitioner was in fact at home with the children, and the mother never
missed a visit because of the petitioner and the children were not at home.
The mother also testified that she had problems getting transportation,
however, the mother also admitted that the prior visitation order did not
require an advance phone call or text, and that she could simply show up
each week for the visit. Ultimately, the court finds that the mother was
simply making excuses and attempting to blame [Petitioner] for her own
failures to visit when in fact, the court finds that it was not [Petitioner’s]
fault on any occasion that the mother failed to visit her children. The court
finds that the mother’s lack of visiting her children was due to her own
willful failure to visit, and was done so by her personal choice.

We note that although we review the trial court’s findings of fact with a presumption of
correctness, the trial court’s conclusion that Mother’s failure to visit constituted willful
abandonment is a question of law, which we review de novo with no presumption of
correctness. See In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 810 (Tenn. 2007).

Mother specifically argues on appeal that Petitioner interfered with Mother’s
visitation by “Petitioner’s actions toward Mother’s reliable sources of transportation and
Petitioner’s refusal to answer the phone.” Petitioner denied any interference with
Mother’s visitation, testifying that she encouraged Mother to visit and even provided
transportation for Mother on multiple occasions. Mother testified that Petitioner failed to
answer telephone calls and text messages from Mother to allow Mother to confirm the
visits. We note the proof showed that Mother often called from telephones other than her
own. The trial court found and Mother admitted that there was no court order requiring
Mother to confirm the visits. Instead, the juvenile court had provided Mother a specific
timeframe for visitation to occur every week, and Mother was simply to appear at
Petitioner’s home for the visit at the appointed time.

In support of her argument that Petitioner interfered with her visitation, Mother
presented a text message from Mother to Petitioner. In this text message, Mother stated
that Petitioner denied her a visit with the Children. We note that the text message
transmitted by Mother to Petitioner was sent at 1:44 p.m. on the date of the visit, fourteen
minutes after the grace period had ended. Mother had thereby forfeited her visitation on
that date.10 Mother provided no evidence that she had contacted Petitioner prior to 1:30

10
Mother testified that she sent the text message to Petitioner on February 22, 2015, following Mother’s
incarceration. The record reflects that Mother was released from jail in January 2015. We note that this
visit would be outside the determinative period for failure to visit. However, it may be necessary to
consider actions outside the relevant period when determining whether Mother’s actions were considered
12
p.m. on the date of the text message. Mother also admitted that an ongoing concern
during the juvenile court action was her tardiness and failure to attend visits with the
Children.

Having carefully reviewed the evidence, we conclude that Petitioner’s actions did
not prevent Mother from visiting the Children or amount to a significant restraint on
Mother’s ability to visit. In fact, Mother was never turned away when she appeared for a
visit. Petitioner testified that she was home every Sunday at the appropriate time while
Mother acknowledged that she never appeared for a visit to find Petitioner and the
Children absent. Even had Petitioner not answered telephone calls from Mother, the
juvenile court and the agreement of the parties had not required Mother to confirm visits
with Petitioner in advance. In early 2013, Mother was simply to appear each Sunday at
1:00 p.m. for her visits with the Children. Mother recognized that appearing for the visits
was her responsibility. Despite that knowledge, Mother conceded that she did not
consider alternate transportation, such as a bus, taxi, or bicycle, but relied solely on
friends and family to transport her to the visits.

We further determine Mother’s claim that Petitioner “assured Mother’s failure by
frustrating Mother’s avenues of transportation through legal action” to be without merit.
Mother asserts that Petitioner contacted law enforcement during one of Mother’s visits
with the Children and thus frustrated Mother’s transportation options. In support, Mother
presented a police report regarding one incident occurring on December 9, 2012.
Although Mother testified that Petitioner was involved in an argument with other
individuals at the visit, the report Mother submitted indicates that the altercation occurred
during one of Mother’s visits between Mother and the maternal grandfather. Mother
claimed that this incident with law enforcement caused one of the individuals she deemed
as reliable transportation to no longer transport her to visits. Mother’s testimony
regarding Petitioner’s involvement in the altercation was inconsistent with the evidence
she presented at trial. Mother also asserts that Petitioner obtained a restraining order
against the maternal grandmother, who was Mother’s reliable transportation to the visits
with the Children. The restraining order was in effect in 2013 but not during the four-
month determinative period preceding Mother’s incarceration.11 According to Mother’s
testimony, the maternal grandmother was willing to transport Mother to her visits with
the Children after the restraining order ended.

willful. See In re Jamie G., M2014-01310-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3456437 at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. May
29, 2015) perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 28, 2015); In re Alex B.T., No. W2011-00511-COA-R3-PT,
2011 WL 5549757 at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2011) (“[C]ourts often consider events that occurred
prior to the relevant period to determine if there was interference with the biological parent’s attempts to
visit or support the child.”).
11
The portion of the juvenile court record that was entered as an exhibit at trial reflects that on or before
March 13, 2013, the restraining order had been lifted.
13
 On this issue, the trial court found that Mother’s testimony was not credible and
that Mother “was simply making excuses and attempting to blame [Petitioner] for her
own failures to visit . . . .” The trial court concluded that Petitioner had proven by clear
and convincing evidence that Mother willfully failed to visit her children during the four
months preceding her incarceration. Giving great deference to the trial court’s
determination of the credibility of witnesses and noting the proper four-month period, we
conclude that the evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s determination that
Mother willfully failed to visit the Children for four months preceding her incarceration.
Therefore, the trial court did not err in terminating Mother’s parental rights based on her
willful failure to visit the Children.

B. Abandonment by Willful Failure to Support

Mother contends that the trial court erred by finding that Mother willfully failed to
financially support the Children. Mother asserts that because she brought gifts, such as
sunglasses or candy, to the Children when she participated in a visit on January 22, 2014,
during the determinative period, she attempted to support the Children. Mother also
reasons that her failure to support the Children was not willful due to her inability to pay
child support. See In re R.L.F., 278 S.W.3d 305, 320 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (“‘A parent
who fails to support a child because he or she is financially unable to do so is not
willfully failing to support the child.’”) (quoting In re M.J.M., Jr., No. M2004-02377-
COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 873302 at *8 n.17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2005)), overruled on
other grounds by In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533 (Tenn. 2015). Mother argues that she
“is not self-supporting and, therefore, is likewise unable to support the children.” Upon a
thorough review of the record, we determine that the evidence preponderates in favor of
the trial court’s finding that Mother paid no child support during the four months prior to
her incarceration. However, we determine that the evidence does not preponderate in
favor of the trial court’s determination that Mother’s failure to support the Children was
willful during the relevant period.

Regarding Mother’s nonpayment of support for the Children, the trial court stated
in its final judgment in pertinent part:

[Petitioner] testified that the mother has not provided any support for the
minor children, nor provided any gifts for the minor children for the
entirety of the time that she had the children since April of 2012. The
mother testified that [Petitioner] never told her that the children needed
anything. She also testified that no one ever told her she was supposed to
pay any support. The court finds that there is no question that the mother
provided no support of any type for the children for well in excess of the
14
 four months preceding the mother’s incarceration in May of 2014.

***

The court finds, and the mother testified, that from December of
2013 through the date of her release from incarceration in January of 2015,
that the mother never brought any gifts for the children, nor did she provide
any support of any type for the children during this period.

Having determined that the correct four-month period was December 18, 2013,
through April 17, 2014, we further determine that the trial court made findings of fact
regarding Mother’s willful failure to support encompassing the correct four-month period
despite its miscalculation. The trial court found that Mother had willfully failed to
support the Children from as early as April 2012, when Petitioner was awarded custody,
through Mother’s incarceration in May 2014. Since the trial court’s finding regarding the
time period that Mother willfully failed to support the Children necessarily included a
finding that Mother willfully failed to support from December 18, 2013, through April
17, 2014, the trial court thereby found that Mother had willfully failed to support the
Children during the determinative period. As such, in this case, the miscalculation of the
relevant statutory period on this issue constitutes harmless error.12

The trial court clearly found that Mother’s claim that she had provided gifts for the
Children was not credible. Mother admitted at trial that she paid no financial support
toward the care of the Children for a majority of the relevant period. Mother did state
that she had provided small gifts, such as sunglasses and candy, for the Children. Such
gifts, at most, constitute mere token support. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(B)
(defining “token support” as “support, under the circumstances of the individual case,
[which] is insignificant given the parent’s means”). We therefore conclude that the
record does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Mother did not provide
support for the Children.

We next must determine whether clear and convincing evidence supports the trial
court’s finding that Mother’s failure to financially support the Children was willful.
Merely demonstrating that a parent did not support his or her children financially during
the statutorily determinative period is not sufficient to prove this ground. See In re
M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 655 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). It is often necessary for the trial

12
Again, we emphasize that this determination does not reflect a conclusion that the miscalculation of the
relevant period should be harmless error in every case. In the case at bar, due to the extensive findings of
fact by the trial court regarding the ground of willful failure to support, the miscalculation of the relevant
period was harmless.
15
court to consider circumstantial evidence when determining a parent’s intent. See In re
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863-64.

Mother argues that any failure to support on her part is not willful due to her
limited means. The trial court found in relevant part as follows regarding Mother’s
willfulness in her failure to support her children:

During the course of this hearing, the mother testified that she was
able to work, and had in fact applied for “thousands” of jobs. However,
when questioned on cross-examination, the mother could only name three
places where she remembered applying for a job. During the course of the
March 31st, 2015 hearing, the mother informed the court that she was going
to apply for a job on that date (March 31, 2015) at Ryan’s, and that she had
another job interview the next day at McDonald’s. However, when
questioned about this during the September 4th, 2015 hearing, the mother
admitted that she only went to one interview and did not get that job.
However, the mother testified that she had recently taken a job with a
siding company. However, the court takes judicial notice of the fact that
the mother’s total pay history provided to the court from March through
May of 2015 was a total of $131.08. The court does not find [Mother’s]
testimony regarding her job applications, and her diligent search for
employment, to be at all credible. The court finds she has made very little,
if any, effort to gain ongoing gainful or meaningful employment to support
herself.

***

The court finds this especially troubling, given the fact that the
mother testified that she was, and is, a smoker. The mother testified that
she smokes a minimum of one pack per day, at approximately $4.00 per
pack. The court notes this to be, at a minimum, $120.00 per month, and the
court finds it troubling that the mother chooses to supply her own desires
and habits, rather than in any way providing any form of support to either
of her children, at any time since they have been in the custody of the
petitioner since 2012 through the date of this hearing.

The court wishes to note here that the mother’s testimony regarding
her search for “thousands” of jobs is not at all credible. . . . The court finds
that the mother has made little, if any, efforts to obtain a job, and the court
finds, based upon all of the proof before the court, that the mother has no
means to support her children and little if any means to support herself.
16
 The court finds that the mother has made no real progress in becoming
employed, even though the court finds she is very able physically and
mentally to be gainfully employed. The court sees no real effort or desire
on the mother’s part to become employed to support herself or her children.

A parent’s unemployment or underemployment is not, by itself, indicative of
willfulness but requires the court to determine whether that unemployment or
underemployment was voluntary or involuntary. See In re Matthew T., No. M2015-
00486-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 1621076 at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20, 2016) (citing In
re M.P.J., No. E2008-00174-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 3982912 at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 27, 2008)). The trial court’s factual finding of whether a parent is voluntarily
unemployed or underemployed is entitled to a presumption of correctness unless the
evidence preponderates against that finding. See Miller v. Welch, 340 S.W.3d 708, 712-
13 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010). A determination of whether a parent is voluntarily
unemployed “‘may be based on any intentional choice or act that adversely affects a
parent’s income.’” See In re Matthew T., 2016 WL 1621076 at *10 (quoting Tenn.
Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.04(3)(a)(2)(ii)(I)) (emphasis omitted). “[T]he reasons
motivating a parent’s employment decision have some bearing on the determination of
whether they are voluntarily unemployed.” In re Matthew T., 2016 WL 1621076 at *10
(citing Richardson v. Spanos, 189 S.W.3d 720, 726 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). A parent’s
turning down or failing to pursue employment opportunities can support a finding of
voluntary unemployment. See In re Jamie G., 2015 WL 3456437 at *14-16; In re M.P.J.,
2008 WL 3982912 at *10.

Mother testified that she began seeking employment following her incarceration
and that she had submitted “thousands” of employment applications since that time. The
trial court found Mother’s testimony regarding her diligence in seeking employment as
not credible. Petitioner presented evidence that Mother refused a job opportunity that
was offered to her following her incarceration. The job opportunity that Mother turned
down, however, did not occur during or prior to the relevant four months such that it
would affect her income during the determinative period. Mother’s unemployment and
nonpayment of child support do not, by themselves, constitute willful failure to support.
See In re Matthew T., 2016 WL 1621076 at *10. In this case, the evidence provided in
the record is insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Mother’s failure to
support was willful during the determinative four-month period. Inasmuch as Petitioner
has failed to clearly and convincingly prove that Mother willfully failed to support the
Children during the four-month statutory period, we conclude that the trial court erred in
terminating Mother’s parental rights based on her willful failure to support the Children.
We therefore reverse the trial court’s judgment as to this statutory ground.

17
 C. Abandonment by Wanton Disregard for the Welfare of the Children

The trial court also found that Mother abandoned the Children by exhibiting
wanton disregard for their welfare prior to her incarceration. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-102(1)(A)(iv). Mother contends that her actions did not constitute a wanton disregard
for the welfare of the Children. Mother specifically argues that she made efforts to attend
drug treatment programs and that no evidence existed that she used drugs during the five
months prior to trial. Mother also offered explanations during trial as to the cause of her
substance abuse. Mother stated that her substance abuse addiction became “bad” in 2013
because she became depressed when Petitioner would not allow her to visit the Children
and Petitioner’s boyfriend called her a “druggie” in the presence of the Children. While
we commend Mother for her efforts to overcome her drug addiction, we agree with the
trial court’s conclusion that Mother’s actions constituted wanton disregard for the welfare
of the Children.

Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) provides in pertinent part:

(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of
an action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child,
or the parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of
the four (4) months immediately preceding the institution of such
action or proceeding, and . . . the parent or guardian has engaged in
conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for
the welfare of the child . . . .

(Emphasis added.) A parent’s actions constituting wanton disregard for the welfare of
the Children are not restricted to only the four-month period prior to incarceration. See In
re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 871. This Court has consistently held that “probation
violations, repeated incarceration, criminal behavior, substance abuse, and the failure to
provide adequate support for a child can, alone or in combination, constitute conduct that
exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of a child.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
867-68; see also In re K.F.R.T., No. E2015-01459-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 908926 at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 10, 2016). Moreover, “[w]anton disregard for the welfare of the
child can be established by the parent’s previous criminal conduct along with a history of
drug abuse.” In re S.L.A., 223 S.W.3d 295, 299 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. Apr. 2, 2007).

In this case, by Mother’s own admission, Mother was using controlled substances
heavily during the months prior to her incarceration. Mother also admitted to failing a
18
drug screen for methamphetamine in 2014 prior to her incarceration. Although Mother
claims that she had completed drug treatment prior to her incarceration, she was unable to
present proof thereof to the court. Mother also was not visiting the Children during this
time. Petitioner established that while Mother would promise the child, Selena L., to
return to visit the child the following week, she failed to appear. Mother participated in
criminal activity prior to her incarceration which included theft and several drug offenses.
On October 7, 2014, Mother pled guilty to felony theft of property, two counts of
possession of methamphetamine, possession of amphetamine, and two counts of
possession of drug paraphernalia.13

As Mother notes, the record contains no evidence of any use of controlled
substances for five months prior to trial. Mother further asserts that she was employed,
sober, and maintained stable housing through family support at the time of trial.
Although a parent’s recent sobriety may be a factor relevant to the best interest analysis,
Mother’s conduct prior to her incarceration, including both her criminal activity and her
illegal drug use, clearly and convincingly constituted a wanton disregard for the welfare
of the Children. The trial court did not err in terminating Mother’s parental rights based
on this statutory ground.

V. Best Interest of the Children

Mother contends that the trial court did not fully consider the statutory factors set
forth in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) and that the trial court’s reasoning does
not support a finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the best interest of
the Children. We disagree. The trial court’s finding by clear and convincing evidence
that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the best interest of the Children is
supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

When a parent has been found to be unfit by establishment of at least one statutory
ground for termination of parental rights, as here, the interests of parent and child
diverge, and the focus shifts to what is in the child’s best interest. In re Audrey S., 182
S.W.3d 838, 877 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); see also In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 507,
523 (Tenn. 2016) (“‘The best interests analysis is separate from and subsequent to the
determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination.’”)
(quoting In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 254 (Tenn. 2010)). Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2015) provides a list of factors the trial court is to
consider when determining if termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest.
This list is not exhaustive, and the statute does not require the court to find the existence
of every factor before concluding that termination is in a child’s best interest. See In re
13
Mother was convicted of these crimes during her incarceration. The convictions, however, resulted
from Mother’s actions prior to her incarceration.
19
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523; In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (“The relevancy
and weight to be given each factor depends on the unique facts of each case.”).
Furthermore, the best interest of a child must be determined from the child’s perspective
and not the parent’s. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) lists the following factors for
consideration:

(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the
child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not
reasonably appear possible;

(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
other contact with the child;

(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
between the parent or guardian and the child;

(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely
to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical
condition;

(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional
or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child
or adult in the family or household;

(7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s
home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the
home, or whether there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances
or controlled substance analogues as may render the parent or
guardian consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
manner;

(8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian
20
 from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for
the child; or

(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent
with the child support guidelines promulgated by the department
pursuant to § 36-5-101.

The trial court made the following findings of fact regarding the best interest
analysis:

The court finds that the mother has not made such an adjustment of
circumstances, conduct or conditions, to make it safe and in the best interest
of these two children to return the children to her home. The court finds
that at all times during the pendency of this matter, that the mother has had
no stable home of her own, nor has she had any legal means to support
herself or her children. The court finds, based upon the evidence before the
court, this remains to be true. The court finds that the mother has failed to
effect a lasting adjustment in her life and/or to her lifestyle. The court finds
that the mother has failed to make any reasonable efforts or attempts to
utilize the available social services, other than by the mother’s own self-
serving testimony that she was going to begin to get counseling. However,
the court notes that the mother testified that on August 24, 2015 she finally
went to her first counseling appointment. The court finds this to be a very
unconvincing effort, given all of the time that the mother has had to begin
counseling and to be making progress. The court has no evidence before it
that the mother has made any real progress regarding all of the negative
issues in the mother’s life.

The court finds that these two children have been removed from the
mother’s custody for at least three years. The court finds that the mother’s
efforts to just now begin utilizing social services one time, one day prior to
what was supposed to be the final hearing date in this matter, does not
convince the court of the mother’s willingness or ability to utilize the
positive resources available to her. The mother’s actions give the court
great cause for continuing concern and alarm for these two children if
placed back in the custody of the mother. The court finds that this mother
has not maintained regular visitation with the children, and therefore, given
the lack of regular visitation caused by the mother’s own wil[l]ful actions,
this court has no indication of any real meaningful relationship existing
between this mother and either of her children at this point, given the
children’s ages and the time that has passed. This is especially true with
21
 the three (3) year old child, who has essentially had no relationship
whatsoever with her mother during the entirety of her life. By the mother’s
own testimony, she still is not ready even now to have full time custody and
care of both children. The court finds that to keep continuity in these
children’s lives together, with what is the only home that the three (3) year
old has ever known, and most likely the only stable home that the oldest
child has ever known, then it is in the best interest of these children for the
mother’s parental rights to be terminated.

The court specifically finds that these children have been cared for
and nurtured by the petitioner for the last three years of their lives. The
court takes judicial notice of the fact that this is roughly 50% of the older
child’s life and more than 90% of the younger child’s life. The court finds
that this mother has effectively neglected her children during the same
period of time by her own wil[l]ful choices and actions. Based upon all of
the above, the court finds that the termination of the mother’s parental
rights is in the best interest of these minor children, and this finding is made
by clear and convincing evidence.

Following our thorough review of the record, we agree with the trial court’s
determination regarding best interest. Mother admits to a previous substance abuse
addiction, including prior methamphetamine use. Mother claims that she requested help
from individuals to no avail. Mother explained that she was not able to resume custody
of her children at the time of trial, approximately three years after custody had been
placed with Petitioner. When asked why she was still not “on [her] feet,” Mother
referenced her controlled substance addiction. Although Mother testified that she has
been sober since her release from incarceration, she failed to provide any admissible
documentation.

Mother has failed to make an adjustment in her life that would make it safe and in
the Children’s best interest to be returned to her home. Mother acknowledged that she
was not able to resume custody of her children at the time of the trial. Mother further
testified that she was currently residing with a family member whom she admitted had a
history of criminal activity including, methamphetamine charges. Mother did not visit
the Children for approximately one year prior to Mother’s eight-month incarceration in
2014. The evidence supports a determination that a substantial parent-child relationship
is lacking between the Children and Mother. Mother had appeared for only one visit
following her release from incarceration as of March 31, 2015. She made little attempt to
rebuild the parent-child bond. We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate
against the trial court’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in the Children’s best interest.
22
 VII. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s finding by clear and
convincing evidence of the statutory ground of abandonment by willful failure to provide
financial support for the Children. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other
respects, including the termination of Mother’s parental rights to the Children. This case
is remanded to the trial court, pursuant to applicable law, for enforcement of the trial
court’s judgment terminating Mother’s parental rights and collection of costs assessed
below. Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellant, Brandy L.

_________________________________
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

23