NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 15-1464
___________
KEVIN L. DICKENS,
Appellant
v.
COMMISSIONER STAN TAYLOR; BUREAU CHIEF PAUL HOWARD;
RICHARD E. SEIFERT; ANTHONY NMN RENDINA; IBCC et al; JOHN RYAN;
MIKE LITTLE; JOE HUDSON; CPL. ONEY; WARDEN TOM CARROLL;
DEP. WARDEN BETTY BURRIS; MAJOR CUNNINGHAN; CAPT. SAGERS;
CAPT. BELANGER; STAFF LT. B. WILLIAMS; STAFF LT. BURTON; LT. NFN
SAVAGE; IGC LISA MERSON; SGT. EVANS; SGT. NFN MORAN, C/O HARRIS;
SGT. TYSON; C/O NEAL; QRT1 ET AL; LT. STANTON; C/O GARDELS;
LT. HARVEY; LT. SECORD; C/O RAINEY; QRT2 ET AL; JAYME JACKSON;
LT. PORTER; KRAMER; ZANDA; BRIAN ENGRAM; RON DRAKE; MAJOR
HOLMAN; DR. ARRONBUR; NURSE BRENDA HOLWERDA; NURSE
COURTNEY DOE; NURSE CINDY DOE; MEDICAL DIRECTOR; DELAWARE
CENTER FOR JUSTICE; SHAKEERAH HAIKAL; CAMILLE PRINGLE;
LITTLETON MITCHELL; FRANK SCARPETTI; LT. WELCOME; FIRST
CORRECTIONAL MEDICAL; MS. HAVEL; CPL. KROMKA;
COUNSELOR KROMKA; DANIEL L. MCKENTY; DOCTOR TAMMY KASTRE
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States
District Court for the District of Delaware
(D.C. Civil No. 1-04-cv-00201)
District Judge: Honorable Leonard P. Stark
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
July 19, 2016
Before: FUENTES, VANASKIE and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: July 28, 2016)
___________
OPINION*
___________
PER CURIAM
Kevin L. Dickens, a prisoner, filed a civil rights lawsuit against numerous prison
officials and the prison’s medical service provider. Dickens’s complaint alleged that
between February 2002 and October 2003, prison officials retaliated against him for
filing prison grievances, denied him food, and used excessive force against him on
several occasions. He further alleged that the medical service provider failed to diagnose
and treat the resulting injuries as well as another, unrelated illness. Several prison
officials were granted summary judgment, but Dickens was awarded default judgment
against the medical service provider; his claims against the remaining prison officials
proceeded to trial. After an eight day trial, the jury found in favor of Defendants. On
appeal, Dickens challenges the grant of summary judgment, three trial rulings, and the
District Court’s award of damages against the medical service provider. We will affirm.1
We first reject Dickens’s argument that the District Court erred in granting
summary judgment to two prison officials because Dickens did not exhaust his
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
administrative remedies, by timely filing a prison grievance challenging their conduct,
before filing suit against them. The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 mandates that
an inmate exhaust “such administrative remedies as are available” before filing suit to
challenge prison conditions. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Although an inmate “must exhaust
available remedies,” he “need not exhaust unavailable ones.” Ross v. Blake, -- U.S. --, --,
2016 WL 3128839, *7 (June 6, 2016). Dickens conceded that he did not timely file a
grievance, but he claimed that such a remedy was unavailable because, while his time to
file a grievance came and went, he was housed in isolation where he was denied access to
a pen and paper. In rejecting that argument, the District Court found Dickens’s claim
belied by the record—specifically, while he was in isolation, Dickens used a pen to
complete an authorization form requesting reimbursement in a different case, he used a
pen to sign for his legal mail, and he used a pen and paper to draft a three-page motion
for reargument in a different case. In light of this record evidence, the District Court did
not err in ruling that Dickens could have filed, but did not, a prison grievance regarding
these claims. See Small v. Camden Cty., 728 F.3d 265, 269-71 (3d Cir. 2013) (holding
that a district court may properly resolve disputed issues of fact regarding whether a
prisoner has exhausted a claim; we review such findings for clear error). Accordingly,
the District Court correctly ruled that Dickens’s lawsuit could not proceed on the
unexhausted claims.
3
We also reject Dickens’s argument that the District Court violated his right to a
fair trial by requiring him to wear physical restraints—hand cuffs, a waist chain, and a
black box—throughout the trial. We note that Dickens’s counsel did not object to these
security measures, and thus this claim may be waived on appeal. In any event, upon
thorough review of the record, we perceive no abuse of discretion. Comporting with our
decision in Sides v. Cherry, 609 F.3d 576, 582 (3d Cir. 2010), the District Court held a
hearing, before the trial and outside the presence of the jury, to address security measures
and strike the appropriate balance between the potential prejudice to Dickens and the
need to maintain safety and security. The District Court’s decision on that balance was
supported by ample evidence in the record—most notably, a declaration from the Deputy
Warden averring that Dickens was one of the “four most dangerous” inmates he had
encountered and attesting that Dickens had been subject to 300 incident reports and
convicted of felony assault numerous times for throwing urine and feces at prison staff.
Moreover, the District Court took active steps to mitigate any prejudice, including
removing the jurors from the courtroom when Dickens took and left the witness stand and
instructing them not to draw any negative inference from Dickens’s status as an inmate.
Nor are we persuaded by Dickens’s claim that the District Court erred in allowing
Defendants to introduce evidence of his felony convictions because they occurred from
2006 to 2010, after the events at issue in his trial. Dickens’s prior convictions were
admissible under Federal Rules of Evidence 609, which provides that, when the opposing
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party seeks to use prior felony convictions to impeach the credibility of a witness who is
not a defendant in a criminal case, that evidence “must be admitted, subject to Rule
403.”2 Rule 403 requires district courts to consider whether the probative value of the
evidence in substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. In assessing that
balance, courts should consider: (1) the nature of the convictions; (2) the time elapsed
since the convictions; (3) the importance of the witness’s credibility to the case; and (4)
the importance of credibility to the claim at hand. Sharif v. Picone, 740 F.3d 263, 272
(3d Cir. 2014).
Before trial, the District Court ruled that Dickens’s convictions would be
admissible at trial under Rule 609 because they were probative of his credibility, which
would be critical at trial, and because the evidence’s relevance was not substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, particularly where the jury would be aware
that Dickens was in prison for committing a crime. We review this determination for an
abuse of discretion, id. at 267, and we perceive none here. As to the first factor, although
convictions for assault are less probative of a witness’s truthful character than convictions
involving crimes of deception or dishonesty, assault convictions may nevertheless be
2
Nor is there merit to Dickens’s argument that the District Court erred in admitting his
convictions under Rule 404. As discussed herein, the District Court properly admitted
the convictions under Rule 609. See United States v. Caldwell, 760 F.3d 267, 286 & n.13
(3d Cir. 2014). Nor are we persuaded by Dickens’s argument that the convictions were
per se inadmissible because they occurred after the events described in his complaint.
See 28 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 6133
(2d ed. 1987) (“[C]onvictions should be admissible even if they occurred after the events
5
admitted upon balancing the other factors. See Caldwell, 760 F.3d at 286. The
remaining factors each weigh in favor of admissibility. As to the second factor, Dickens
history of continuous, intervening convictions from 2006 through 2010 suggests that his
character has not improved since the events alleged in his complaint. See id. at 287 (“the
probative value of an older conviction may remain undiminished if the defendant . . . has
multiple intervening convictions, [] which could suggest his character has not
improved.”). Moreover, the third and the fourth factor overlap and weigh heavily in
favor of admissibility—this case came down to whether the jury believed Dickens’s
testimony or the testimony of the prison officials. Indeed, Dickens was his own primary
witness, and thus his credibility was paramount to his case. See id. at 288.
We also reject Dickens’s argument that the District Court abused its discretion in
permitting each Defendant to exercise one peremptory challenge during jury selection.
According to Rule 47(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a “court must allow the
number of peremptory challenges provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1870.” Under 28 U.S.C. §
1870, multiple defendants may be “considered as a single party for the purposes of
making challenges, or the court may allow additional peremptory challenges and permit
them to be exercised separately or jointly.” “In other words, the allocation of
peremptories in multiple defendant cases is left to the discretion of the trial court.”
Tidemann v. Nadler Golf Car Sales, Inc., 224 F.3d 719, 725 (7th Cir. 2000); see also
about which the current case is concerned.”).
6
Fedorchick v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 577 F.2d 856, 858 (3d Cir. 1978) (on petition for
rehearing en banc) (recognizing District Court’s broad discretion under § 1870). Dickens
presents no argument that the District Court’s allocation of peremptories was otherwise
improper, and we perceive no abuse of discretion. Tidemann, 224 F.3d at 725.
Dickens also challenges the amount of damages the District Court awarded against
Defendant First Correctional Medical (FCM), which provided medical services to
Delaware prisoners, including Dickens, during the timeframe of events described in his
complaint. Before trial, the District Court granted default judgment against FCM on
Dickens’s claims that the provider failed to promptly and accurately diagnose and treat a
genital rash, and failed to properly treat his injuries stemming from an altercation with
prison staff that resulted in broken glasses, broken dentures, facial swelling and injuries
to his jaw. After trial, the District Court ordered Dickens to file a statement outlining the
damages sought against FCM along with support therefor.3 Dickens sought actual and
punitive damages totaling $100,000. In support, he filed a statement describing the
incidents and attached copies of his prison grievances and several medical slips.
The District Court awarded Dickens $1,000 in actual damages and no punitive
damages. The District Court noted that it had heard testimony relevant to Dickens’s
damages at trial and that his prison grievances and medical slips bore no reasonable
3
We note that the District Court correctly treated as true Dickens’s allegations regarding
the ways in which FCM violated his rights, but not his calculation of damages against
FCM. See Credit Lyonnais Sec. (USA), Inc. v. Alcantara, 183 F.3d 151, 154-55 (2d Cir.
7
relationship to his request for $100,000. The District Court also cited Carter v. Kastre,
Civ. A. No. 06-561, 2009 WL 1530827, * 2 (D. Del. June 1, 2009), in which another
district court awarded the prisoner-plaintiff $1500 against FCM for “missed medications
and lack of treatment [that] injured plaintiff [the] and caused dizziness, rashes, and
elevated levels of the HIV.”
We review the District Court’s determination of damages in connection with a
default judgment for clear error. Cutcliff v. Reuter, 791 F.3d 875, 882 (8th Cir. 2015);
see also Leeper v. United States, 756 F.2d 300, 307 (3d Cir. 1985) (reviewing damage
award for clear error). We perceive none here. Because Dickens “was a prisoner during
the period at issue, his compensable damages involve only pain and suffering, and not
medical costs or lost earnings.” Thompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 301 (5th Cir. 1987)
(internal footnote omitted). In calculating those damages, the District Court properly
based its damage award on Dickens’s own trial testimony about his pain and suffering
related to injuries treated by FCM. The District Court also looked to another district
court decision fixing a dollar amount for pain and suffering. Given the “exceedingly
narrow” scope of this Court’s review, and because “[e]vidence of pain and suffering is
particularly ill-suited to review upon only a written record,” Walters v. Mintec/Int’l, 758
F.2d 73, 80, 81 (3d Cir. 1985) (internal quotation marks omitted), we will not disturb the
District Court’s decision to award Dickens $1,000 in compensatory damages. Nor are we
1999).
8
persuaded that the District Court abused its discretion in declining to award punitive
damages. See Cooper Indus. v. Leatherman Tool Grp., 532 U.S. 424, 433 (2001). Even
accepting Dickens’s allegations against FCM as true, he has not shown that its conduct
“amount[ed] to something more than a bare violation justifying compensatory damages.”
Keenan v. City of Phila., 983 F.2d 459, 469-70 (3d Cir. 1992) (quoting Cochetti v.
Desmond, 572 F.2d 102, 106 (3d Cir. 1978)).
For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.
9