United States v. Hill

14-3872-cr
United States v. Hill

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A
COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
3rd day of August, two thousand sixteen.

Present:
DENNIS JACOBS
DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. 14-3872-cr

ELVIN HILL, A/K/A ELTON,

Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________

For Appellee: DANIEL S. SILVER, Amy Busa, Seth D. DuCharme,
Assistant United States Attorneys, for Robert L.
Capers, United States Attorney for the Eastern
District of New York.

For Defendant-Appellant: YUANCHUNG LEE, Federal Defenders of New York,
New York, N.Y.
 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED.

Defendant-Appellant Elvin Hill appeals from his judgment of conviction in the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Matsumoto, J.), entered on October 3,

2014. This appeal stems from the murder of Fredy Cuenca on June 29, 1997. Hill was

convicted pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1) for murder in the course of a crime of violence under

18 U.S.C. § 924(c), in this case, Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951.

Hill challenges the district court’s decision to preclude an out-of-court witness statement

offered for its truth. He also challenges rulings concerning alleged propensity evidence, the

admissibility of his own statements during recorded prison phone calls, and testimony regarding

a lineup identification of Hill as the assailant. We assume familiarity with the facts, procedural

history, and the issues on appeal, which we describe only as necessary to explain our decision.1

I. Preclusion of Franklyn Abreu’s Statement

Hill challenges the district court’s decision to preclude a statement by Franklyn Abreu, a

ten- or eleven-year-old child who witnessed the crime.2 On July 1, 1997, two days after the

murder, Abreu was interviewed by law enforcement. A report prepared two days after the

interview represents that Abreu told law enforcement officials that the robber sitting directly

behind the cab driver pointed a gun at the driver’s head; after hearing a shot, Abreu saw the same

man exiting the vehicle from the rear driver’s side and carrying a gun.3 When interviewed by

1
In a concurrently published opinion, we consider one of Hill’s claims on appeal – whether Hobbs Act
robbery qualifies as a “crime of violence” under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3) – and we conclude that it does.
2
The record inconsistently refers to Abreu as ten or eleven years old.
3
The report states:
This witness, the 11 year old son of Tanya Givens, is outside his home on his bicycle
when he sees a male black with a dew rag [sic] on his head point a gun at cab driver who

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the police again in March 2012, Abreu stated that he could remember little about the incident.

He ultimately did not testify at trial.4 Hill understood Abreu’s statement to be relevant because

Rhan Powell, the Government’s cooperating witness, testified that the person who sat in the rear

passenger’s side (Hill) shot Cuenca, and the person who sat in the rear driver’s side (Powell) did

not. Other witnesses also testified that of the two men who exited the vehicle, only one carried

a gun, and it was the person who exited from the rear passenger’s side seat.

In two separate opinions, the district court denied Hill’s motion to admit Abreu’s

statement, as represented in the police report, under Rule 807’s residual hearsay exception.5

The court reasoned that “[a]lthough there [was] no indication that Abreu was motivated by bias

or an improper motive, the record [was] also bereft of any evidence that corroborate[d] Abreu’s

account of what transpired in the cab or establish[ed] that it [was] reliable hearsay.” Special

App’x 12. Instead, Abreu’s account was that of a child witnessing a crime, and it was “not only

uncorroborated,” but also in fact “contradicted by the contemporaneous accounts provided by

two other eyewitnesses.” Id. With those considerations in mind, the district court concluded

that Abreu’s statement was not a “particularly trustworthy” statement and that Hill had failed to

establish its admissibility pursuant to the residual exception. See id. at 11.

has his cab parked across the street. The witness hears a sound like a fire cracker, then
sees the front driver’s side window shatter. The black male with the dew rag gets out of
the driver’s side rear passenger seat. Another black male jumps out of the opposite side
of the cab. This second black male has waves in his hair and is holding a gun. The
black male with a dew rag on his head is also holding a gun and a paper bag. Both
individuals run towards the school.
Joint App’x 136.
4
Hill explains that “[d]espite their best efforts, defense lawyers and investigators were unable to find
Abreu. There is no dispute that the defense made substantial good-faith efforts to find Abreu, or that he
was ‘unavailable’ for trial.” Hill Br. 20.
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The district court’s second opinion denied Hill’s motion for reconsideration on the issue.

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 We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. To that end, we

will reverse a district court’s evidentiary determination only if the court “acted arbitrarily or

irrationally.” United States v. Jackson, 335 F.3d 170, 176 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting United States

v. SKW Metals & Alloys, Inc., 195 F.3d 83, 88 (2d Cir. 1999)). The residual hearsay exception

provides that “a hearsay statement is not excluded by the rule against hearsay even if the

statement is not specifically covered by a hearsay exception in Rule 803 or 804” under certain

conditions. Fed. R. Evid. 807(a). Those conditions arise when “(1) the statement has

equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness; (2) it is offered as evidence of a material

fact; (3) it is more probative on the point for which it is offered than any other evidence that the

proponent can obtain through reasonable efforts; and (4) admitting it will best serve the purposes

of these rules and the interests of justice.” Id. A hearsay statement admitted under the

residual exception, then, must satisfy all of these requirements, and we have explained that it

must be “particularly trustworthy.” United States v. Morgan, 385 F.3d 196, 208 (2d Cir. 2004)

(quoting United States v. Bryce, 208 F.3d 346, 350-51 (2d Cir. 1999)).

The district court did not abuse its discretion in precluding Abreu’s statement under the

residual hearsay rule because, inter alia, the statement did not meet the trustworthiness

requirement. The statement is recorded in a report prepared by law enforcement as an

after-the-fact summary of Abreu’s interview, and the exact circumstances by which the report

was prepared are unclear. The statement itself, made late at night and two days after the crime,

is a child’s recollection of a traumatic event. In considering whether hearsay evidence is

admissible under Rule 807, we have explained that district courts “should view the evidence in

context.” Schering Corp. v. Pfizer Inc., 189 F.3d 218, 236 (2d Cir. 1999) (Sotomayor, J.); see

also United States v. Bortnovsky, 879 F.2d 30, 35 (2d Cir. 1989). We discern no abuse of

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discretion in the district court’s evaluation of that context here, nor in its conclusion that Abreu’s

statement was not sufficiently trustworthy to be admitted pursuant to the residual exception.

Hill argues that the district court’s preclusion of Abreu’s statement violated his due process right

to present a defense. Other evidence in the record, however, supported Hill’s theory that

Powell was the shooter. The district court did not exceed its discretion in concluding that

Abreu’s statement was not admissible pursuant to the residual exception.

II. Other Rulings

Alleged propensity evidence. Hill also argues that three witnesses each made

statements at trial suggesting his propensity for violence and that their statements were

prejudicial. The challenged statements include: (1) testimony by one witness that he and others

used “gun man” as Hill’s nickname, Joint App’x 668; (2) testimony by another witness that he

felt “jittery” when meeting Hill, id. at 766-67, and that Hill gave him “the creeps,” id. at 770; and

(3) testimony by a third witness—Powell—that on the day of the murder, “[w]e talked about,

you know, other individuals in the neighborhood. I believe he had an altercation—,” id. at

285-86. Propensity evidence is not admissible to prove that on a particular occasion a

defendant acted in accordance with a character trait. Fed. R. Evid. 404(a). But none of these

statements rise to the level of improper propensity evidence. As to the potential for prejudice of

the brief comments about being “jittery” around Hill, getting “the creeps” about Hill, and Hill

possibly having an altercation on the day of the crime, we conclude that, even if the statements

did constitute improper propensity evidence, Hill has fallen far short of establishing prejudice

from these fleeting remarks sufficient to warrant a reversal.

As to the testimony that Hill was known by the nickname “gun man,” we have noted that

if a “nickname [is] strongly ‘suggestive of a criminal disposition,’ and a propensity to commit

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particularly heinous crimes, including the very offenses charged in the indictment,” then such a

nickname might violate Rule 404(a). United States v. Farmer, 583 F.3d 131, 146 (2d Cir.

2009) (quoting United States v. Dean, 59 F.3d 1479, 1492 (5th Cir. 1995)). But we have also

explained that the “main problem” with the use of a potentially prejudicial nickname arises from

“prosecutors’ frequently repeated, gratuitous invocation of [the] nickname in . . . address[ing] . . .

the jury, uttered in a context that, in effect, invite[s] the jurors to infer that the defendant . . .

earned his nickname among his . . . colleagues as a result of his proclivity to commit” the

charged crime. Id. at 146-47. Even then, the “misuse and overuse of [a] nickname” does not

“lead us to vacate a conviction unless the defendant suffered ‘substantial prejudice, by so

infecting the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’”

Id. at 147 (quoting United States v. Shareef, 190 F.3d 71, 78 (2d Cir. 1999)).

The concerns we articulated in Farmer are not present in this case. Here, the

Government did not solicit or invoke the challenged nickname at all, much less use it

gratuitously or repeatedly. Rather, a witness uttered Hill’s nickname once. Further, the

district court immediately sought to mitigate any potential prejudice. Ruling on Hill’s motion

for a mistrial on this ground, the district court denied the motion, but struck the statement from

the record and directed the Government to instruct the witness to refrain from using the

nickname. It also agreed to defense counsel’s request that the Government lead the witness so

as to avoid the nickname’s use. The court also instructed the jury: “The jury should disregard

[the statement], put it out of your mind.” Joint App’x 672; see Farmer, 583 F.3d at 147; cf.

Kogut v. Cty. of Nassau, 789 F.3d 36, 48 (2d Cir. 2015) (“[I]t is ‘normal[ to] presume that a jury

will follow an instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence inadvertently presented to it, unless

there is an overwhelming probability that the jury will be unable to follow the court’s

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instructions.’” (second alteration in original) (quoting Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756, 766 n.8

(1987))). Based on the record here, we conclude that the district court took adequate measures

to mitigate any concern that the single reference to Hill’s nickname “gun man” might have been

prejudicial.

Statements in recorded prison phone calls. Next, Hill contends that the district court

erred in granting the Government’s motion: (1) to introduce portions of two of Hill’s recorded

phone calls from prison; and (2) to preclude the admission of other portions of those calls that

contained Hill’s assertions of innocence. Specifically, the district court permitted the

Government to play portions of two calls in which Hill urged an associate to locate Powell and

expressed hope that Powell would “stay free.” Joint App’x 115, 118-28, 497-98. The district

court precluded the admission of Hill’s remark: “I’m innocent.” Id. at 91, 120. In advancing

his argument, Hill relies on the rule of completeness, which provides that “even though a

statement may be hearsay, an ‘omitted portion of [the] statement must be placed in evidence if

necessary to explain the admitted portion, to place the admitted portion in context, to avoid

misleading the jury, or to ensure fair and impartial understanding of the admitted portion.’”

United States v. Johnson, 507 F.3d 793, 796 (2d Cir. 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting

United States v. Castro, 813 F.2d 571, 575-76 (2d Cir. 1987)); see Fed. R. Evid. 106. We

review a district court’s application of the rule of completeness for abuse of discretion. United

States v. Jackson, 180 F.3d 55, 73 (2d Cir. 1999).

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the portion of the call

pertaining to Powell but excluding the statement proclaiming innocence. The rule of

completeness does not require a district court to admit “portions of a statement that are neither

explanatory of nor relevant to the admitted passages.” Id. The remark “I am innocent” does

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not explain Hill’s statement about locating Powell. Nor does it contextualize the statement

about Powell. We conclude that the district court was not obligated to admit it, and we cannot

identify any abuse of discretion in the district court’s ruling.

Lineup. Hill argues, finally, that the district court erred in admitting testimony by a

detective that established that a witness had identified Hill in a lineup two months after the

murder. Hill contends that the lineup was improperly suggestive. The district court held a

hearing on this claim and determined, in a memorandum and order, that the record did not

support Hill’s claim of suggestiveness. We review a district court’s decision to admit

identification evidence for clear error. United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88, 125 (2d Cir.

1998) (per curiam). The question is whether the identification procedure was “so unnecessarily

suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification that [Hill] was denied due

process of law.” United States v. Jakobetz, 955 F.2d 786, 803 (2d Cir. 1992) (quoting Stovall v.

Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302 (1967)). An improperly “suggestive” lineup is one in which the

accused “so stood out from all of the other[s] . . . as to ‘suggest to an identifying witness that

[that person] was more likely to be the culprit.’” United States v. Wong, 40 F.3d 1347, 1359-60

(2d Cir. 1994) (alterations in original) (quoting Jarrett v. Headley, 802 F.2d 34, 41 (2d Cir.

1986)).

In this case, the district court did not err in finding that the procedures were not

unnecessarily suggestive: all of the participants were within five years of Hill’s age, only a few

inches shorter or taller, and all had body weights within the same fifty-pound range. In

evaluating the facial likeness of the lineup participants, the district court did not clearly err in

concluding upon a “review of the photographs and the description of the lineup subjects” that

there were “no significant disparities in appearance between . . . Hill and the other subjects.”

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Special App’x 92. Hill did not stand out from the other lineup participants such that the witness

would be more likely to identify him as the culprit. We conclude, then, that the district court

did not clearly err in determining that Hill’s lineup was not improperly suggestive.

III. Conclusion

We have considered Hill’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, for the reasons stated herein and in the opinion issued concurrently with this

summary order, we AFFIRM the judgment of conviction.

FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

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