J-S46010-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
SHAWN N. FREEMORE,
Appellant No. 3107 EDA 2015
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered September 11, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-45-CR-0000258-2009
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OTT, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED AUGUST 03, 2016
Appellant, Shawn N. Freemore, appeals from the post-conviction
court’s September 11, 2015 order denying his petition filed under the Post
Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. Appellant raises
several claims of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness. After careful review, we
affirm.
The facts underlying Appellant’s convictions are unnecessary to our
disposition of his claims herein. We need only note that in September of
2011, Appellant and a co-defendant, Ian Seagraves, were tried before a jury
for crimes related to the stabbing death of Michael Goucher. On September
21, 2011, Appellant was convicted of first-degree murder, conspiracy to
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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commit murder, and tampering with or fabricating evidence.1 On December
12, 2011, Appellant was sentenced to a term of life imprisonment without
the possibility of parole for first-degree murder, and a consecutive,
aggregate term of 8½ to 20 years’ imprisonment for his other two offenses.
He filed a timely notice of appeal, and after this Court affirmed his judgment
of sentence, our Supreme Court denied his subsequent petition for allowance
of appeal. Commonwealth v. Freemore, 82 A.3d 1074 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(unpublished memorandum), appeal denied, 82 A.3d 1074 (Pa. 2014).
On April 22, 2015, Appellant filed the timely, pro se PCRA petition
underlying the present appeal. Counsel was appointed and filed an amended
petition on Appellant’s behalf, raising several claims of trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness. The Commonwealth filed an answer, and the court
conducted an evidentiary hearing on July 6, 2015, at which Appellant’s trial
counsel, Robin A. Spishock, Esq., testified. On September 21, 2015, the
PCRA court issued an order, and an accompanying opinion, denying
Appellant’s petition.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, and also timely complied with
the PCRA court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of
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1
See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2502(a), 903, and 4910, respectively.
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errors complained of on appeal. Herein, he presents three issues for our
review:
A. Was trial counsel ineffective for failing to file appropriate pre-
trial motions to exclude the prejudicial evidence collected by the
Commonwealth in violation of both the Pennsylvania and United
States Constitutions?
B. Was trial counsel ineffective for failing to object to prejudicial
and outrageous comments made by the prosecution during its
closing arguments?
C. Was trial counsel ineffective for failing to raise appropriate
issues on appeal to the appellate courts?
Appellant’s Brief at 4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
We begin by noting that “[t]his Court’s standard of review from the
grant or denial of post-conviction relief is limited to examining whether the
lower court’s determination is supported by the evidence of record and
whether it is free of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Morales, 701 A.2d
516, 520 (Pa. 1997) (citing Commonwealth v. Travaglia, 661 A.2d 352,
356 n.4 (Pa. 1995)). Where, as here, a petitioner claims that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel, our Supreme Court has directed that the
following standards apply:
[A] PCRA petitioner will be granted relief only when he proves,
by a preponderance of the evidence, that his conviction or
sentence resulted from the “[i]neffective assistance of counsel
which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so
undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable
adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place.” 42
Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(ii). “Counsel is presumed effective, and to
rebut that presumption, the PCRA petitioner must demonstrate
that counsel's performance was deficient and that such
deficiency prejudiced him.” [Commonwealth v.] Colavita, 606
Pa. [1,] 21, 993 A.2d [874,] 886 [(Pa. 2010)] (citing
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Strickland[ v. Washington, 104 S.Ct. 2053 (1984)]). In
Pennsylvania, we have refined the Strickland performance and
prejudice test into a three-part inquiry. See [Commonwealth
v.] Pierce, [515 Pa. 153, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987)]. Thus, to
prove counsel ineffective, the petitioner must show that: (1) his
underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) counsel had no
reasonable basis for his action or inaction; and (3) the petitioner
suffered actual prejudice as a result. Commonwealth v. Ali,
608 Pa. 71, 86, 10 A.3d 282, 291 (2010). “If a petitioner fails to
prove any of these prongs, his claim fails.” Commonwealth v.
Simpson, [620] Pa. [60, 73], 66 A.3d 253, 260 (2013) (citation
omitted). Generally, counsel's assistance is deemed
constitutionally effective if he chose a particular course of
conduct that had some reasonable basis designed to effectuate
his client's interests. See Ali, supra. Where matters of strategy
and tactics are concerned, “[a] finding that a chosen strategy
lacked a reasonable basis is not warranted unless it can be
concluded that an alternative not chosen offered a potential for
success substantially greater than the course actually pursued.”
Colavita, 606 Pa. at 21, 993 A.2d at 887 (quotation and
quotation marks omitted). To demonstrate prejudice, the
petitioner must show that “there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceedings would have been different.” Commonwealth v.
King, 618 Pa. 405, 57 A.3d 607, 613 (2012) (quotation,
quotation marks, and citation omitted). “‘[A] reasonable
probability is a probability that is sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome of the proceeding.’” Ali, 608 Pa. at
86–87, 10 A.3d at 291 (quoting Commonwealth v. Collins,
598 Pa. 397, 957 A.2d 237, 244 (2008) (citing Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052)).
Commonwealth v. Spotz, 84 A.3d 294, 311-12 (Pa. 2014).
In Appellant’s first issue, he avers that Attorney Spishock was
ineffective for failing to seek the suppression of notebooks seized from
Appellant’s vehicle during the execution of a search warrant. Appellant
contends that the seizure of those notebooks exceeded the scope of the
search warrant, as “[n]o mention [was] made anywhere in the body of the
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warrant regarding the collection of any notebooks, composition books or
other personal items belonging to Appellant.” Appellant’s Brief at 9-10.
Appellant further suggests that the notebooks were not lawfully seized under
the ‘plain view doctrine,’ as they were not “obviously incriminatory[,]” but
“only became so upon reading and analysis, which occurred after they were
seized.” Id. at 10; see also Commonwealth v. Turner, 982 A.2d 90, 92
(Pa. Super. 2009) (stating that for the ‘plain view’ exception to the warrant
requirement to apply, “the incriminating character of the item must be
‘immediately apparent’”) (citations omitted).
Interestingly, Appellant makes absolutely no mention of the basis on
which the PCRA court ruled that his suppression claim lacked arguable merit.
Specifically, the court explained:
The notebooks in question were obtained during a search
of [Appellant’s] car on February 12-13, 2009. Return of Service
and Inventory, Feb. 23, 2009, p.1. The items to be seized were:
Any and all items capable of producing sharp force trauma
including but not limited to knives, axes, hatchets,
cleavers and saws. Other items to be search[ed] for and
seized[:] trace evidence including but not limited to bodily
fluids, blood, plasma, saliva, semen, hairs to include head,
body and pubic hair; in addition to fingerprint evidence.
Clothing evidence such as jackets, shirts, pants, gloves
and other clothing. Vehicle ownership information. A
mini/small recorder and other items such as wallets, credit
card and ATM cards. Items which may have belonged to
the victim Michael Goucher.
Appl. for Search Warrant and Authorization, Feb. 12, 2009, p. 1
(emphasis added). The notebooks were found on the dashboard
and in the passenger seat of the vehicle. Notes of Testimony,
Trial, Vol. III [(9/15/11)], p. 75 …. The officer [who] collected
the notebooks testified at trial that some of the pages appeared
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to have blood on them. Id. at p. 90. Furthermore, the officer
collected the notebooks because of the blood on the pages and
not their content. Id. at 91.
[Appellant’s] only argument for this [suppression] claim is
that the seizure of the notebooks was outside the scope of the
search warrant. [Appellant] has not alleged that the warrant
was illegally issued. Furthermore, [Appellant] does not seem to
dispute that once seized, the contents of the notebooks were
incriminating in nature and subject to the plain view doctrine.
[Appellant’s Brief] in Supp. Of His [PCRA Petition], p. 4 …. (“[The
notebooks] only became [obviously incriminatory] upon reading
and analysis, which occurred after they were seized.”). Thus, we
will only analyze whether the notebooks were properly seized
within the scope of the search warrant.
“The scope of a lawful search pursuant to a warrant is
defined by the object of the search and the places in which there
is probable cause to believe it may be found.” Commonwealth
v. Taylor, 771 A.2d 1261, 1265-66 (Pa. 2001) (quotations [and
citations] omitted). Search warrants “must describe the items to
be seized with specificity.” Commonwealth v. Janda, 14 A.3d
147, 160 (Pa. Super. 2011) [(citation omitted)]. Additionally, “a
lawful search generally extends to the entire area in which the
object of the search may be found.” Commonwealth v. Rega,
933 A.2d 997, 1013 (Pa. 2007) [(citation omitted)].
The warrant at issue in this case authorized seizure of,
inter alia, “trace evidence including but not limited to … blood[.]”
Appl. for Search Warrant and Authorization, Feb. 12, 2009, p.1.
Blood evidence could have been anywhere in [Appellant’s] car,
including on the notebooks. Indeed, the officer who conducted
the search testified that the notebooks had blood on some of the
pages. [Notes of Testimony, Trial,] Vol. III [(9/15/11)], p. 90.
The collection of the notebooks that appeared to have blood on
them was well within the scope of this warrant which authorized
the seizure of trace evidence, including blood. Thus,
[Appellant’s] argument that the seizure of the notebooks was
outside the scope of the warrant lacks merit and [Appellant’s]
PCRA claim fails.
PCRA Court Order & Opinion (PCO), 9/21/15, at 5-6.
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Appellant does not acknowledge the PCRA court’s rationale for finding
that his underlying suppression claim lacks arguable merit, let alone provide
any argument or legal authority to refute the court’s decision that the
notebooks fell within the scope of the search warrant because they
contained blood evidence. Our review of the certified record confirms that
the warrant did, in fact, authorize the seizure of ‘trace evidence’ including
blood, and that the searching officer seized the notebooks because they
appeared to have blood on them. See Application for Search Warrant and
Authorization, 2/12/09 (filed 2/24/09), at 1 (unnumbered) (Docket Entry
12); Receipt/Inventory of Seized Property, 2/12-13/09, at 1 (unnumbered)
(Docket Entry 12) (listing “Mead Notebook [with] Blood Stains” and “Black
Book [with] Blood Stains”). Because Appellant offers no discussion of why
the notebooks would have been suppressed as being seized outside the
scope of the warrant, when those notebooks contained trace blood evidence,
he has failed to demonstrate that his underlying suppression claim has
arguable merit. Accordingly, we agree with the PCRA court that Appellant’s
first ineffectiveness claim is meritless.
Next, Appellant argues that Attorney Spishock acted ineffectively by
not objecting to a remark by the prosecutor during closing arguments. The
entirety of Appellant’s argument in support of this issue is the following:
During trial, [the prosecutor] referred to [] Appellant as a,
“homicidal [G]insu chef.” After objection by defense counsel
when such representation was made, [the trial court] agreed
that such representation was inappropriate, sustained such
objection and told the jury to disregard the comment. When
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[the prosecutor] used the exact same phrase in his closing
argument, however, no such objection was made. Thus, this
inflammatory and prejudicial comment was allowed to be
considered by the jury during deliberations without any
correction by the [c]ourt.
Had an objection been made by trial counsel, [the court]
would surely have sustained such objection, based on his earlier
ruling, and it would have provided the jury a chance to be
reminded that this phrase was out of bounds. It cannot be
predicted with any certainty what effect this might have [had] on
the jury, of course, but it is certainly a possibility that the jury
might have drawn a negative inference against the
Commonwealth[,] which might have led to [] Appellant[’s] being
convicted of a lesser offense.
Appellant’s Brief at 11-12.
Appellant’s scant argument, which contains no citation to the record or
any legal authority, is inadequate to demonstrate that the PCRA court erred
by rejecting this ineffectiveness claim. In doing so, the PCRA court
concluded that Appellant failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the
un-objected-to remark by the prosecutor:
A review of the record reveals that the [prosecutor] …
asked the following question during cross[-]examination of
[Appellant]: “You some kind of homicidal Ginzu [sic] chef or
what?” N.T. [Trial,] Vol. V [(9/19/11)], p. 173.[2] Counsel for
Co-Defendant Seagraves … promptly objected “to the
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2
For contextual purposes, just prior to the Commonwealth’s question,
Appellant testified that he ‘blacked out’ during the murder, and woke to find
himself holding two knives with the victim lying on the ground. See N.T.
Trial, 9/19/11 (Vol. V), at 172. Because the victim had been stabbed, and a
meat cleaver was discovered near the victim’s body, the Commonwealth
asked Appellant, “And you also happened to have a meat cleaver on you,
too?” Id. at 173. Appellant replied, “I always carried a meat cleaver on
me[,]” id., to which the Commonwealth asked the objected-to question,
“You some kind of homicidal Ginzu [sic] chef or what?” Id.
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characterization” and this [c]ourt sustained that objection. Id.
In closing arguments, [the prosecutor] again mentioned this
characterization: “And that is why I said something about the
homicidal [G]inzu [sic] chef because he wakes up, comes to, the
victim is there.” N.T. [Trial,] Vol. VII [(9/21/11)], p. 69. At the
time of the comment during closing argument, [the prosecutor]
was going through [Appellant’s] testimony, pointing out
weaknesses and inconsistencies. Id. at 68-72.
…
Prosecutorial remarks “fall within the ambit of fair
comment if they are supported by evidence and they contain
inferences which are reasonably derived from that evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Hardcastle, 546 A.2d 1101, 1109 (Pa.
1988). Moreover, an improper remark by a prosecutor will only
“constitute reversible error [if] the language [is] such that its
unavoidable effect would be to prejudice the jury, forming in
their minds [a] fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant, so
that they could not weigh the evidence and render a true
verdict.” Id.
Reading [the prosecutor’s] remark in context, it seems
that he was not re-characterizing [Appellant] as a “homicidal
Ginzu [sic] chef” but rather was explaining his previous question
during cross[-]examination. While this action may or may not
have been improper, it did not prejudice [Appellant]. After
closing arguments from both sides, the [c]ourt gave the
following instruction:
An argument by a lawyer is designed to draw your
attention to particularized facts which each lawyer for each
particular position believes is important and by drawing
your attention to those facts allows you to follow a path, if
you will, to a particular conclusion or result. This is an
argument. It is not testimony. Neither [the prosecutor] or
Mr. D’Andrea or Ms. Spishock have provided any
testimonial evidence in the course of this proceeding.
They have by argument directed your attention to aspects
of the trial either by testimony of witnesses, physical
evidence of the case, which they believe have particular
importance and significance and want you to consider that
in coming to a particular conclusion that they have
advanced forward…. [T]hat is what the argument process
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is. It synthesizes a lot of testimony and evidence in a
particularized way and leads to a result.
N.T. [Trial,] Vol. VII [(9/21/11)], p. 93 (emphasis added). “A
jury is presumed to follow the court’s instructions.”
Commonwealth v. Stokes, 839 A.2d 226, 230 (Pa. 2003)
(citation omitted). Thus, [Appellant’s] allegation that “this
inflammatory and prejudicial comment was allowed to be
considered by the jury during deliberations without any
correction by the [c]ourt” is simply unfounded. [Appellant’s Brief
in Support of PCRA Petition,] p. 6. Assuming, arguendo, that
Attorney Spishock should have objected and did not have a valid
reason for not objecting, [Appellant’s] claim must still fail
because he has not proven that the lack of objection resulted in
prejudice.
PCO at 9-11.
Again, Appellant does not explicitly attack the PCRA court’s rationale
for denying his ineffectiveness claim, or provide citation to any legal
authority to support his argument that Attorney Spishock should have
objected to the prosecutor’s remark, that she had no reasonable basis for
failing to do so, or that Appellant was prejudiced by the omission of such an
objection. In any event, the record supports the court’s conclusion that
Appellant failed to prove he was prejudiced by Attorney Spishock’s failure to
object. The first time the prosecutor made the at-issue comment, defense
counsel for Appellant’s co-defendant objected, and the court sustained that
objection. The at-issue, reiteration of the prosecutor’s 3-word remark came
in the midst of the prosecutor’s lengthy closing argument, see N.T. Trial,
9/21/11, at 58-91, and at the end of trial that spanned seven days. During
that trial, the Commonwealth presented significant evidence demonstrating
Appellant’s guilt, including Appellant’s confession to police that he and
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Seagraves planned to kill Goucher, and that the two did so by repeatedly
stabbing Goucher with a butcher knife and meat cleaver. See N.T. Trial,
9/16/11 (Vol. IV), at 79-83. Appellant’s minimal and unsupported argument
fails to convince us that the prosecutor’s brief, at-issue remark changed the
outcome of Appellant’s trial.
Finally, Appellant argues that Attorney Spishock was ineffective for not
raising these two claims on direct appeal.3 Clearly, Attorney Spishock could
not have raised either of these claims on direct appeal because she failed to
preserve them. Specifically, Attorney Spishock did not file a pretrial motion
seeking to suppress the notebooks seized from Appellant’s car on the basis
that their seizure exceeded the scope of the search warrant, and she did not
object to the prosecutor’s remark in his closing argument. Therefore,
Attorney Spishock could not have asserted either of these underlying claims
on direct appeal.4 See, generally, Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in
the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on
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3
Appellant also baldly states that Attorney Spishock should have asserted,
on appeal, “issues regarding [the] jury charge, inflammatory prosecutorial
language, lack of full and complete discovery, and other key issues….”
Appellant’s Brief at 13. Because Appellant offers no elaboration on the
underlying merits of these claims, he has failed to demonstrate that Attorney
Spishock was ineffective for not asserting them on direct appeal.
4
Indeed, Attorney Spishock did attempt to raise the suppression claim
discussed herein, and this Court deemed it waived. See Commonwealth v.
Freemore, No. 1710 EDA 2012, unpublished memorandum at 4-5 (Pa.
Super. filed July 23, 2013).
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appeal.”). Moreover, Attorney Spishock could not have raised, on direct
appeal, claims that she acted ineffectively by failing to preserve these
issues. See Commonwealth v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562, 576 (Pa. 2013)
(reaffirming the prior holding in Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726
(Pa. 2002), that, absent certain circumstances, claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel should be deferred until collateral review under the
PCRA). Consequently, Appellant’s final claim is patently meritless.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/3/2016
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