MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Aug 04 2016, 8:47 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Jonathan Bailey
CGS Law Group
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Robert Faulds, August 4, 2016
Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No.
48A02-1511-DR-1889
v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit
Court
Jennifer Faulds, The Honorable G. George Pancol,
Appellee-Petitioner. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
48C02-9903-DR-369
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 1 of 10
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Respondent, Robert Faulds (Father), appeals the trial court’s Order,
calculating Appellee-Petitioner’s, Jennifer Faulds (Mother), arrearage of child
support.
[2] We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
ISSUE
[3] Father raises one issue, which we restate as: Whether the trial court abused its
discretion when it credited Mother’s child support arrearage with
nonconforming purchases and other expenditures made for the minor child.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] Father and Mother were married on July 18, 1992. During the marriage, one
child, T.F., was born on July 16, 1996. Mother filed a petition to dissolve the
marriage on March 19, 1999. On November 29, 1999, the trial court entered its
order of dissolution, awarding legal and physical custody of the minor child to
Mother, with Father receiving reasonable parenting time. Father was ordered
to pay child support in the amount of $105 per week.
[5] On October 26, 2011, Father filed a verified petition for emergency custody. By
Order of November 4, 2011, the trial court modified custody, granting physical
custody of T.F. to Father, with the parties to exercise joint legal custody. On
February 3, 2012, the parties filed an Agreed Entry, which was adopted by the
trial court, agreeing, in pertinent part, that:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 2 of 10
2. The parties agree, given Mother’s current financial
circumstances, that being the fact that she is currently
unemployed, that no support shall be ordered for the remainder
of the 2012 calendar year.
3. In the event that Mother becomes employed before December
31, 2012, she shall immediately notify Father of her employment.
4. Mother agrees to produce verification of her income, i.e.,
W2’s, 1099’s, etc. to Father on or before January 30, 2013 to
determine whether or not child support obligation should be
modified at that time.
(Appellant’s App. p. 20).
[6] Mother did not submit verification of her income to Father pursuant to the
Agreed Entry. On April 19, 2013, Mother filed her notice of intent to relocate
to Kentucky, as well as a motion to modify parenting time. On June 26, 2013,
Father filed a petition to establish child support retroactive to January 1, 2013.
On July 30, 2013, the trial court granted Mother “all reasonable visitation” with
T.F. with respect to her relocation. (Appellant’s App. p. 32). The trial court
did not include a provision to cover the travel expenses related to the visitation.
A praecipe for a hearing on child support was filed by Father on October 15,
2013, and again on January 29, 2015. On August 12, 2015, the trial court
conducted a hearing on Father’s petition to establish child support. During the
hearing, Mother testified that
I have all my bank statements for the last since thirteen (13) [sic]
to now [] with every documented time of me coming to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 3 of 10
Anderson and every bit of money that I spent on [T.F.] which
includes food [] it includes clothing underwear garments personal
care items shoes school supplies and prom all of her prom attire
that she had for two proms [] plus [Father] was supposed to
provide [] a intermediate like meet me half way to expedite [] me
seeing her and [] he didn’t doesn’t do that [] so I drive here so I
have gas I have wear and tear on my car and I have expenses
every time I come back and forth. [] [I]f she comes to stay with
me which she has on a number of occasions I go get her and I
bring her straight back so I drive round trip six and a half hours
to do that. . . . I bought her a tire for her car[.] . . . I have a list of
monies that I have spent over the last two and a half years on
[T.S.] and it’s quite a bit [] because I do give her I provide her
clothing and I provide her with school stuff I provided her with
all of her prom stuff I spent nearly five to six hundred dollars
($600.00) on her prom things each month . . . I feel like I should
be given credit for my parenting time I’ve had hotel expenses
coming to stay here so I could see her overnight[.]
(Transcript pp. 15-16).
[7] That same day, the trial court issued its findings of fact and conclusions thereon
finding, in pertinent part,
The [c]ourt finds that pursuant to the [A]greed [Entry] of 2012,
the [c]ourt was to set support upon the Mother obtaining
employment, which she did in January of 2013. The [c]ourt
finds that based on the Mother’s evidence that she was earning
$74,000 a year in 2013 and 2014 and still employed as a nurse
until June of 2015. The [c]ourt therefore bases the Mother’s
gross income on $74,000 per year divided by 52 weeks, which
equals $1,423.10. The [c]ourt finds that the Father is on
disability of approximately $2,000.00 per month divided by 4.3
weeks equals $465.12. The Mother shall pay $179.00 per week.
This amount is retroactive to [the] first Friday in January of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 4 of 10
2013, continuing through July 18th, 2015 when the parties’
daughter reached the age of nineteen and was emancipated for
the purposes of current support by law. The [c]ourt shows that is
equals 132 weeks at the rate of $179.00 per week, for a total
arrearage of $23,628.00.
The [c]ourt does find that due to the fact that there has been no
support entered for such a long period of time, that the [c]ourt
will give Mother credit for the itemized payments she has made
on behalf of the daughter. This leaves a total arrearage payable
by the Mother to the Father in the sum of $8,709.25, which will
be payable at a rate of $100.00 per week until Mother obtains
new employment, at which time she is immediately [to] notify
the [c]ourt and the [c]ourt will consider an adjustment as to the
weekly amount to be paid.
(Appellant’s App. p. 8). Father filed a motion to correct error on October 2,
2015, which was denied by the trial court.
[8] Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
[9] Father contends that the trial court abused its discretion by crediting Mother’s
child support arrearage with nonconforming gifts purchased for T.F. The trial
court’s calculation of child support is presumptively valid. Ashworth v. Ehrgott,
982 N.E.2d 366, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The trial court’s decision regarding
child support will be upheld unless it has abused its discretion. Id. A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and the circumstances before it or if it has misinterpreted the law. Id.
Our standard of review is also governed by the trial court’s decision in this case
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 5 of 10
to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law. Id. In such instances, we
“shall not set aside the findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous, and due
regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility
of witnesses.” Id. Where, as here, it appears that the trial court issued findings
and conclusions sua sponte, the specific findings control only as to the issues
they cover. Id. A general judgment standard applies to any issue upon which
the trial court has not found, and we may affirm a general judgment on any
theory supported by the evidence adduced at trial. Id.
[10] Initially we note that Mother did not file an appellate brief. A less stringent
standard of review is applied with demonstrating reversible error when an
appellee fails to file a brief. McKinney v. McKinney, 820 N.E.2d 682, 685 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2005). In this situation, a judgment may be reversed if the appellant
demonstrates a prima facie case of error, an error at first sight, on first
appearance, or on the face of it. Id. With this in mind, we now turn to Father’s
argument.
[11] One of the purposes of child support is to provide a child with regular and
uninterrupted support. Hicks v. Smith, 919 N.E.2d 1169, 1171 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010), trans. denied. It has long been held that the right to support lies
exclusively with the child and a custodial parent holds the child support
payments in trust for the child’s benefit. Id. In general, a parent obligated to
pay child support will not be allowed credit for payments that do not conform
to the support order. Decker v. Decker, 829 N.E.2d 77, 79 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005).
Gifts, entertainment, and other similar, incidental expenditures made by the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 6 of 10
non-custodial parent should not be credited against child support arrearages.
Payson v. Payson, 442 N.E.2d 1123, 1129 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982). However, in
some circumstances, a credit may be granted to the noncustodial parent in the
event of nonconforming support payments. DeMichieli v. DeMichieli, 585
N.E.2d 297, 302 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992). More specifically, Indiana courts have
recognized narrow exceptions for (1) payments made directly to the custodial
parent, (2) payments made via an alternative method agreed to by the parties
and substantially complying with the existing decree, (3) payments covered
when the non-custodial parent takes custody of the children with the other
parent’s consent, and (4) payments made toward the funeral expenses of the
child. Decker, 829 N.E.2d at 80.
[12] Father relies on DiMichieli and its progeny to support his claim that the trial
court abused its discretion by crediting Mother’s child support arrearage with
nonconforming payments as none of the judicially recognized exceptions are
present in this case. However, we find the present situation more akin to R.R.F.
v. L.L.F., 935 N.E.2d 243, 245 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), where Father requested a
credit of nonconforming payments towards the accrual of his child support
obligation. In R.R.F., Father had stopped making the required child support
payments because “he and Mother had not entered into a new agreement and
neither party had requested the trial court to determine child support from” the
date the child turned eighteen. Id. at 246. Prior to the entry of a new child
support order, Father supported the child “by paying for [the child’s] car
insurance, health insurance, and cell phone, and Father bought [the child] a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 7 of 10
laptop computer” which was required to attend college. Id. at 252. When the
trial entered a new child support order, Father requested a credit for the
financial assistance he had provided to his child when no child support order
was in place. Id. at 251. Because the trial court categorized Father’s assistance
as “nonconforming payments,” they were considered “gratuitous or voluntary
contributions” and could not be credited towards Father’s child support
arrearage. Id. On appeal, this court noted that, although Father was legally
obligated to provide support for the child past his eighteenth birthday, without a
support order in place there were no required child support payments per se. Id.
at 252. We found that Father’s purchases could not be considered prepayment
of a support obligation, “but were, in effect payments of an undefined support
obligation. Nor was Father seeking to apply those payments to an arrearage
since he was not in arrears at the time of the payments.” Id. As a result, we
agreed with Father that he should receive a credit as he was supporting his child
in much the same way that he would have had the child support order been in
place. Id. While we credited the purchases outlined above, we did determine
that Father’s expense for a hotel room during the child’s college orientation
weekend was a personal expense and could not be credited towards the
arrearage. Id. n.4.
[13] Despite the overall similarities to R.R.F, we find some significant distinctions
with the current situation. In R.R.F., the purchases amounted to expensive,
extra-ordinary and one-time payments, which seemingly had been well
documented by Father. Unlike the car or health insurance in R.R.F., here,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 8 of 10
Mother asserts that during every parenting time, she expended money to
purchase T.F. food, clothes, personal care items, and prom garments. To
support this allegation, Mother submitted a handwritten list of expenses and
generic bank statements. The bank statements merely establish the date of
purchase, the amount, and a description of the purchase. No evidence was
provided that these purchases effectively benefitted T.F. Moreover, Mother not
only requested a credit for the purchases she made for T.F. but also for the wear
and tear on her car and hotel expenses while exercising her parenting time,
despite the fact that the trial court never included a provision for travel expenses
during earlier proceedings.
[14] Indiana law imposes a duty upon a parent to support his or her children. Irvin
v. Hood, 712 N.E.2d 1012, 1014 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). This duty exists apart
from any court order or statute. Id. Generally, a court is not “required to give
credit for such things as clothes, toys, and entertainment provided directly to
children, or for the actual support provided by the non-custodial parent during
short periods of stays with that parent.” Castro v. Castro, 436 N.E.2d 366, 367
(Ind. Ct. App. 1982). “Concerning clothing, toys, etc., there is available a
reasonable inference that the benefits conferred directly upon the child are gifts
occasioned by filial love rather than judicially ordered support payments.” Id.
Mother’s purchases for T.F. were more in the realm of gifts, rather than akin to
the payments of an undefined support obligation in R.R.F. As such, we
conclude that the occasional provision of food and personal items during her
parenting time and before a child support order was in place cannot entitle
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 9 of 10
Mother to a credit towards her child support arrearage. Therefore, we reverse
the trial court’s order and remand to the trial court for further proceedings in
accordance with this opinion.
CONCLUSION
[15] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion
when it credited Mother’s child support arrearage with nonconforming
payments.
[16] Reversed and remanded.
[17] Kirsch, J. and Pyle, J. concur
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A02-1511-DR-1889 | August 4, 2016 Page 10 of 10
Robert Faulds v. Jennifer Faulds (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion