J-S45043-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
K.G.M. and R.M. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
v.
J.A.V., (DECEASED), and S.V.
APPEAL OF: S.V.
No. 131 WDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered December 23, 2015
in the Court of Common Pleas of Clearfield County
Civil Division at No.: 2012-1159-CD
BEFORE: OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED AUGUST 04, 2016
S.V. (Father), appeals from the order of the Court of Common Pleas of
Clearfield County (trial court), entered December 23, 2015, that dismissed
his petition for custody modification for his sons, E.V., born in April of 2003,
and A.V., born in June of 2004 (Children). We affirm.
Father is incarcerated at SCI-Forest in Marienville, Pennsylvania,
serving a term for aggravated assault, false identification, disorderly conduct
and harassment. The Children are in the primary physical and sole legal
custody of their grandparents, R.M. and K.G.M. (Grandparents), and reside
with Grandparents in Olanta, Pennsylvania, pursuant to a temporary order of
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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the trial court entered September 11, 2012. The mother of the Children,
J.A.V. (Mother), is deceased.
Father filed his petition on April 13, 2015, in which he sought visitation
with Children at the prison, as well as telephone and mail contact with them.
The trial court held a hearing on Father’s petition on December 11, 2015,
wherein Father testified by phone and Grandparents were represented by
counsel, but did not appear at the hearing. At that hearing, Father testified
that he had not had any contact with Children in, “like three-and-a-half
years since I was out this last time living in Eldred, Pennsylvania.” (N.T.
Hearing, 12/11/15, at 3). Father admitted that it had been fourteen
months since he had sent a letter to Children. (See id.) Father also
testified that he had not sent any letters to Grandparents since 2013
because Mother had told him not to. (See id. at 5). Father was
incarcerated in February 2008, for a maximum term of eight years. He was
paroled, and then re-incarcerated in November of 2012 for a parole
violation. (See id. at 11-12).
The trial court entered the order complained of on December 23, 2015.
Father filed his notice of appeal on January 15, 2016, and his statement of
errors complained of on appeal on February 11, 2016.1 See Pa.R.A.P.
1
Because there was no objection or claim of prejudice by Appellee, we have
accepted Father’s late filing in reliance on our decision in In re K.T.E.L., 983
A.2d 745, 747-48 (Pa. Super. 2009).
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1925(a)(2). The trial court entered an opinion on February 17, 2016. See
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
Father presents the following questions for our consideration:
I. Whether the trial court’s determination that it is not in
the Children’s best interest to have regular periods of telephone
communication, written correspondence and/or prison visitation
with [Father] was supported by sufficient evidence?
II. Whether the trial court erred in denying [Father’s]
request for regular periods of prison visitation with the
[Children], where it did so without considering the requisite
factors as outlined by this court in Etter v. Rose, 684 A.2d 1092
(Pa. Super. 1996)?
III. Whether in denying [Father’s] request for regular
periods of telephone communication, written correspondence
and prison visitation with the [Children], the trial court
improperly considered the hearsay statements, in the form of a
letter purportedly authored by the [Children’s] therapist where
said therapist was not present in court to authenticate said letter
nor subject to cross-examination?
(Father’s Brief, at 4).
We note that this case does not pertain to custody of the Children.
Although Father titled his complaint “Complaint for Partial Custody, Visitation
and Telephone Communication,” in it he seeks “regular periods of telephone
communication, visitation, and written correspondence, as well as requiring
[] Grandparents to provide [] Father with information concerning the
[C]hildren’s education, physical and emotional health, and photographs of
the [] [C]hildren.” (Complaint for Partial Custody, Visitation and Telephone
Communication, 04/13/15, at 3, see id. at 1). Furthermore, during the
hearing on Father’s complaint, he explained:
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I just want to make sure that I can write to [the Children] or
make a phone call or something, be able to talk to them. I want
to have the option, you know.
Like right now I can’t. I can’t even send them a birthday
card or anything. Like I can’t – I have no contact at all.
(N.T. Hearing, 12/11/15, at 2).
Upon careful review of Father’s complaint, we find that he does not
seek any form of legal or physical custody of the Children.2 Accordingly, we
have applied the standard of review pertinent to an order concerning a
request for visitation. Although the trial court did not specifically apply this
standard in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, “we can affirm the . . . court order on
any valid basis, as long as the court came to the correct result[.]” In re
E.M.I., 57 A.3d 1278, 1290 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2012).
Our scope and standard of review concerning a visitation order is as
follows:
[O]ur scope is of the broadest type and our standard
is abuse of discretion. This Court must accept findings of
the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
record, as our role does not include making independent
factual determinations. In addition, with regard to issues
of credibility and weight of the evidence, this Court must
defer to the trial judge who presided over the proceedings
and thus viewed the witnesses first hand. However, we
2
The Domestic Relations Act defines legal custody as: “The right to make
major decisions on behalf of the child, including, but not limited to, medical,
religious and educational decisions.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5322. It defines
physical custody as: “The actual physical possession and control of a
child.” Id. The act also provides for partial physical custody which is
defined as: “The right to assume physical custody of the child for less than a
majority of the time[,]” and shared legal custody which is defines as: “The
right of more than one individual to legal custody of the child.” Id.
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are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or inferences
from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by
the evidence of record.
The standard of review of a visitation order is the same as
that for a custody order. Moreover, [t]he polestar and
paramount concern in evaluating parental visitation . . . is the
best interests and welfare of the children. “This determination
will be made on a case-by-case basis and premised on a
weighing of all factors which legitimately affect the child’s
physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual well-being.” Etter,
[supra at 1093].
Cramer v. Zgela, 969 A.2d 621, 625 (Pa. Super. 2009) (some citations and
quotation marks omitted)
Additionally,
The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the trial
court places on evidence. Rather, the paramount concern of the
trial court is the best interest of the child. Appellate interference
is unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration of the best
interest of the child was careful and thorough, and we are unable
to find any abuse of discretion.
S.M. v. J.M., 811 A.2d 621, 623 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted).
In his first issue, Father claims that the trial court erred in concluding
that it is not in the best interest of the Children to visit with him. (See
Father’s Brief, at 7-12). Specifically, he claims the court’s factual findings
and conclusions with regard to best interests are not supported by the
record. (See id. at 9-12). We disagree.
Preliminarily we note that Father makes no effort whatsoever to link
the facts of his case to the law; he simply claims that the evidence does not
support the trial court’s determinations. (See id. at 7-12). “The failure to
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develop an adequate argument in an appellate brief may [] result in waiver
of the claim under Pa.R.A.P. 2119.” Commonwealth v. Beshore, 916 A.2d
1128, 1140 (Pa. Super. 2007), appeal denied, 982 A.2d 509 (Pa. 2007)
(citation omitted). “[A]rguments which are not appropriately developed are
waived. Arguments not appropriately developed include those where the
party has failed to cite any authority in support of a contention.” Lackner
v. Glosser, 892 A.2d 21, 29-30 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations omitted).
Accordingly, Father’s first issue is waived.
Moreover, it would not merit relief.
A visitation request by an incarcerated parent necessarily stands
on different footing than a traditional custody petition. In prison
visit cases, the court in fashioning an appropriate order, where it
determines visits would be in the child’s best interests, is limited
to a determination of the number of visits and perhaps some
contacts through telephone calls and written correspondence. . .
. Moreover, prison visit requests involve additional factors
unique to that scenario that courts must consider in evaluating
the overarching best interests of the child. For example, in
Etter[, supra,] the Superior Court recognized some of the
factors to be considered in deciding a question of visitation
where the parent is incarcerated: (1) age of the child; (2)
distance and hardship to the child in traveling to the visitation
site; (3) the type of supervision at the visit; (4) identification of
the person(s) transporting the child and by what means; (5) the
effect on the child both physically and emotionally; (6) whether
the parent has and does exhibit a genuine interest in the child;
and (7) whether reasonable contacts were maintained in the
past. . . .
D.R.C. v. J.A.Z., 31 A.3d 677, 687 (Pa. 2011).
While there is no case law which permits denial of
visitation with a parent because of incarceration alone, we
believe there is a basis for creation of a presumption, to be
rebutted by the prisoner parent, that such visitation is not in the
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best interest of the child. Appellant must, however, be afforded
a hearing in which both parties are permitted to establish the
relative benefits or harm to the child occasioned by visitation
with father while in prison.
Etter, supra at 1093.
Here, the trial court held a hearing on Father’s petition for visitation on
December 11, 2015, during which he was afforded the opportunity to
present his argument that it was in the Children’s best interest to visit with
him. However, Father presented no evidence to rebut the presumption that
visitation at the prison would not be in the best interest of the Children.3
See id.
Our review of the certified record reveals that the trial court
considered the evidence presented at the December 11, 2015 hearing and
made its decision based upon its evaluation of the best interest of the
Children. (See Trial Court Opinion, 2/17/2016, at 2-9). The court
considered the relevant factors suggested in Etter, supra, in evaluating
Father’s request for visitation. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 4 (“[Father] has had
little to no contact with the Children for years . . . [including] prior to his
incarceration.”); id. at 5 (“While contact with . . . [F]ather may be beneficial
to some degree, this Court finds that under the circumstances of this case,
such benefit is outweighed by the detrimental impact that frequent visits to
3
We note that in his brief, Father similarly has not set forth any argument
that it would be in Children’s best interest to visit him in prison, but rather
simply argues that the trial court erred in concluding otherwise. (See
Father’s Brief, at 15).
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a state prison will likely have on children of this age.”); id. at 8 (“[T]he
distance from [Grandparent’s] residence [to SCI Forest in] Marienville,
[Pennsylvania] does not work in [Father’s] favor. . . . This would impose a
significant amount of transportation time on the Children . . . for very little
benefit.”). Although the trial court did not specifically set forth a finding
regarding the type of supervision at the visit, see Etter, supra at 1093, our
review of the record reveals that Father failed to adduce testimony at the
hearing that would support weighing this factor in favor of awarding him
visitation.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly exercised its
discretion in concluding that it was within the Children’s best interest to deny
Father’s request for visitation. See Cramer, supra at 625. Father’s first
issue would not merit relief.
In his second issue, Father argues that the trial court erred by not
considering all of the factors set forth in Etter, and that no evidence was
presented for the trial court to reasonably determine those factors. (See
Father’s Brief, at 12-13). We disagree.
In Etter, this court set forth factors to be considered when deciding an
incarcerated parent’s request for visitation. See Etter, supra at 1093. The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court considered these factors in D.R.C., supra
recognizing them as “some of the factors to be considered in deciding a
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question of visitation where the parent is incarcerated[.]” D.R.C., supra at
687.
Here, as discussed above, the trial court considered most of the Etter
factors, and the sixteen best-interest factors in making its determination.
(See Trial Ct. Op., at 2-9). Father has not cited, and our review of relevant
case law does not reveal, any legal authority for the proposition that an
evaluation of each Etter factor is mandatory to the trial court’s decision.
Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
considering most, but not all of the Etter factors in making its
determination. See D.R.C., supra at 687; In re E.M.I., supra at 1290
n.6; Etter, supra at 1093. Father’s second issue does not merit relief.
In his third issue, Father argues that the trial improperly considered a
letter written by the Children’s therapist. (See Father’s Brief, at 13-15).
Specifically, he claims that the letter constituted hearsay and thus the trial
court erred in considering it. (See id. at 14). However, our review of the
certified record supports the trial court’s conclusion, where a transcript from
the hearing reveals that, although Grandparents’ counsel described the letter
to the court, she neither admitted it into evidence, nor provided a copy to
the court. (See N.T. Hearing, 12/11/15, at 9-10). Furthermore, in its
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court stated, “[C]ontrary to [Father’s]
assertion in his statement of matters [sic] complained of on appeal, the
[c]ourt did not consider the letter from [the] Children’s therapist stating that
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the Children do not want to see [Father]. Simply put, it was not a factor in
the [c]ourt’s decision in this particular matter.” (Trial Ct. Op., at 7.)
Father’s third issue is without merit.
Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Court of Common Pleas of
Clearfield County, entered December 23, 2015, which dismissed Father’s
complaint, albeit on another basis.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/4/2016
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