FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT August 10, 2016
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
LAURA RIDGELL-BOLTZ,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 15-1361
(D.C. No. 1:10-CV-00252-RPM-KLM)
CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting (D. Colo.)
Commissioner, United States Social
Security Administration,
Defendant - Appellee.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HARTZ, HOLMES, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Plaintiff Laura Ridgell-Boltz appeals the final judgment of the district court
dismissing her hostile-work-environment claim and awarding only about half of the
attorney fees and costs that she requested. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, we reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand the case with directions.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. Background
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz sued her employer, the United States Social Security
Administration, alleging that she was subjected to a hostile work environment on
account of her gender and age, and that she was wrongfully discharged in retaliation
for filing a discrimination complaint. The district court dismissed the age-based
claims before trial, and the remaining claims were presented to a jury. At the close
of Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s case-in-chief, the agency moved for judgment as a matter of
law. The district court granted the motion in part, and only the wrongful-discharge
claim went to the jury, which awarded Ms. Ridgell-Boltz $19,000 in damages.
On appeal, this court determined that the hostile-work-environment claim
should have gone to the jury, and the case was remanded to the district court for
further proceedings. See Ridgell-Boltz v. Colvin, 565 Fed. App’x 680 (10th Cir.
2014) (unpublished order and judgment).
Both parties and the district court assumed initially that this court’s order
required a new trial limited to the hostile-work-environment claim. However, the
district court on its own initiative subsequently dismissed the claim a second time,
concluding that Ms. Ridgell-Boltz had already “been compensated for the emotional
injury she sustained and that it was not feasible to attempt to recover additional
damages at a second trial.” Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 563. The same day, the court issued
its order awarding attorney fees and costs. This appeal followed.
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II. Analysis
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz argues the district court erred by dismissing (again) her
hostile-work-environment claim and by denying some of her requested attorney fees
and costs without adequate explanation. She also argues the case should be assigned
to a different judge on remand and that she is entitled to attorney fees for this appeal.
A. Hostile-Work-Environment Claim
Because Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s hostile-work-environment claim was dismissed
mid-trial, the jury heard the evidence she had to support the claim, including the
evidence of damages she allegedly suffered as a result of the hostile work
environment. After the district court decided to dismiss all but the
wrongful-discharge claim, it informed the jury:
Members of the jury, during the time of this recess, and after discussing
the case with counsel, I have made some rulings on points of law that
will—that has narrowed the focus of this case so that the ultimate
question for you to decide at the end of the trial will be whether the
Plaintiff, Laura Ridgell-Boltz, was removed from her position with the
Social Security Administration, as counsel, in retaliation for her having
supported the claims of her coworkers of age and gender discrimination
in the Plaintiff’s own claim. So the question is the termination of
employment, was it retaliatory.
Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 293. During closing argument, the agency’s counsel
emphasized that the jury was to consider only the wrongful-termination claim:
[O]n Thursday, after Ms. Ridgell-Boltz finished putting on all her
evidence and her case, His Honor told you that he narrowed the scope of
this case. Gone were the first three questions that I discussed with you
last Monday. There were only four; the first three are out, and so that
leaves only one question left in this case. Was Ms. Ridgell-Boltz fired
because of her EEO activities? That’s the only question you have to
decide when you go back to the jury room now. No more harassment,
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hostile work environment, none of that. None of everything that
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz focused on for the first Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, and almost all of Thursday in this case.
Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 303-04. Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s counsel argued in closing that the
measure of her damages might be calculated based on the number of days between
when she was fired and when she resumed working at the agency:
Is it worth that to feel bad all day about yourself as a person because of
what your boss did to you? Is it bad to feel that way at night? If you
agree with the number, give her $200 a day for the whole period of time
that she was out of work, 605 days, $200 a day. That’s $120,000. Now,
maybe you agree with that number and maybe you don’t. Maybe you
don’t even like that approach. But there’s got to be some way you can
compensate her for the distress she went through.
Id. at 329-30. And specifically with respect to damages, the district court instructed
the jury:
If you find that the plaintiff was removed from her employment in
retaliation for her protected conduct, then you must determine an
amount that is fair compensation for the plaintiff’s losses. You may
award compensatory damages for injuries that the plaintiff proved were
caused by the defendant’s wrongful conduct. The damages that you
award must be fair compensation, no more and no less.
Id. at 313-14.
On remand from this court, the district court reviewed the evidence the jury
heard in support of Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s claim for damages, focusing on the testimony
of her psychologist. The psychologist had testified that Ms. Ridgell-Boltz suffered
from an adjustment disorder with anxiety and depression before she was fired and
post-traumatic stress disorder after she was fired. Id. at 328-29. Noting that the jury
awarded Ms. Ridgell-Boltz $5,000 for “emotional distress, pain suffering,
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embarrassment, humiliation, or damages to reputation that she experienced,”
Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 36, the district court concluded that she had already been
compensated for the emotional injury she sustained, essentially deeming the
hostile-work-environment claim duplicative and moot. Ms. Ridgell-Boltz argues this
was error, and we agree.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a claim on unspecified
grounds. See Colo. Envtl. Coal. v. Wenker, 353 F.3d 1221, 1227 (10th Cir. 2004).
We also review de novo questions of mootness. Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v.
Bureau of Reclamation, 601 F.3d 1096, 1122-23 (10th Cir. 2010).
To prevail on a hostile-work-environment claim, a plaintiff must prove that
she was offended by the work environment and that a reasonable person would
likewise be offended. Hernandez v. Valley View Hosp. Ass’n, 684 F.3d 950, 957
(10th Cir. 2012). Relevant factors for determining whether such an environment
exists are “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is
physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it
unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. at 958 (internal
quotation marks omitted). In contrast, a wrongful-termination claim based on
retaliation requires a plaintiff to establish that she engaged in a protected activity and
that there is a causal connection between that activity and her termination. See
O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248, 1252-53 (10th Cir. 2001). These
claims are meant to address different types of injuries—those stemming from
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enduring a hostile work environment and those stemming from being terminated
unfairly.
Although the jury heard the evidence supporting Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s
hostile-work-environment claim, it was instructed to reach a decision and submit a
verdict form based solely on her termination. “We presume a jury has followed the
court’s instructions.” Youren v. Tintic Sch. Dist., 343 F.3d 1296, 1306 (10th Cir.
2003). In the absence of any evidence to rebut this presumption, we must conclude
that an award of damages on the hostile-work-environment claim would not
necessarily be duplicative of those awarded on the wrongful-termination claim. To
the contrary, her termination provides a logical and appropriate endpoint for when
damages due to the hostile work environment ended and those due to the termination
began. To fully compensate Ms. Ridgell-Boltz for the separate damages attributable
to these distinct injuries, she must be permitted to seek relief for her
hostile-work-environment claim in addition to the relief she already obtained for her
wrongful termination. Based on the differences between these two types of claims,
we reject the notion that the relief she obtained thus far has rendered her
hostile-work-environment claim moot. See Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, 601 F.3d
at 1110 (“The crucial question [in determining mootness] is whether granting a
present determination of the issues offered will have some effect in the real world.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)). Therefore, we reverse the district court’s
dismissal of this claim, and remand the case with directions to hold a trial on it.
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B. Attorney Fees and Costs
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz argues the district court erred by denying certain portions of
her fee request and by reducing the overall amount awarded by 45% in an effort to
impose “proportionality” between the services performed and the results achieved in
the case. We disagree in part and agree in part.
We generally review an attorney fees award for an abuse of discretion.
Browder v. City of Moab, 427 F.3d 717, 719 (10th Cir. 2005). “In reaching that
decision, we review de novo whether the district court applied the correct legal
standard, and we review its findings of fact for clear error.” Id.
A claimant must prove two elements to obtain attorney fees: “(1) that the
claimant was the ‘prevailing party’ in the proceeding; and (2) that the claimant’s fee
request is ‘reasonable.’” Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1280
(10th Cir. 1998). Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s status as a prevailing party is not at issue;
therefore, we must assess only the reasonableness of the attorney fees award. “To
determine the reasonableness of a fee request, a court must begin by calculating the
so-called lodestar amount of a fee, and a claimant is entitled to the presumption that
this loadstar amount reflects a reasonable fee.” Id. at 1281 (internal quotation marks
omitted). When, as in this case, a prevailing party does not succeed on all of her
claims, two additional considerations apply: “(1) whether the plaintiff’s successful
and unsuccessful claims were related; and (2) whether the plaintiff’s overall level of
success justifies a fee award based on the hours expended by plaintiff’s counsel.”
Flitton v. Primary Residential Mortg., Inc., 614 F.3d 1173, 1177 (10th Cir. 2010).
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1. OFO Fees
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz first appealed her termination to the Merit Systems
Protection Board (MSPB). There she was represented by the same counsel who
continue to represent her in this case, and although she was reinstated and received
back pay, her claims based on discrimination and retaliation were denied. See Boltz
v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 111 M.S.P.R. 568 (2009). At that juncture, she had the option of
either appealing to the Office of Federal Operations (OFO) or bringing her claims in
the district court. She chose the former but was unsuccessful. She then brought this
action in federal court. She argues that the district court erred by denying her
attorney fees associated with the OFO appeal. We disagree.
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz cites no authority for the proposition that a party who
unsuccessfully petitions through an optional administrative process is entitled to an
award of attorney fees. See Barrett v. Salt Lake Cty., 754 F.3d 864, 870 (10th Cir.
2014) (contrasting a Title VII plaintiff who must exhaust administrative grievance
procedures as a precondition to bring suit in court with one who chooses to
participate in an employer’s optional grievance process, and concluding that the latter
is not entitled to the fees incurred along the way). Moreover, although she ultimately
succeeded on one of her claims in federal court, she cannot argue that she was a
prevailing party with respect to the OFO proceedings. See Robinson, 160 F.3d
at 1280. We conclude that the district court did not err or abuse its discretion by
denying these fees.
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2. Appellate Fees
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz also argues the district court erred by denying her fees
associated with her first appeal to this court. We disagree. She did not ask this court
to award her appellate fees. The district court does not have jurisdiction to award
appellate attorney fees in the first instance. Hoyt v. Robson Cos., 11 F.3d 983, 985
(10th Cir. 1993); see also Flitton, 614 F.3d at 1179 (declining to extend “a narrow
exception for interlocutory appeal-related fees in cases brought under Title VII or
other fee-shifting statutes”).
3. Costs Taxed
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz argues that the district court erred by denying her motion for
review of costs taxed in its order awarding attorney fees and costs. The order
provides no explanation for why her objections to the costs taxed were denied.
“Generally, district courts must give an adequate explanation for their decision
regarding requests for attorney’s fees, otherwise we have no record on which to base
our decision.” Browder, 427 F.3d at 721. On remand, the district court should
specifically address her objections to the costs taxed.
4. Lodestar Analysis
As noted above, determining the lodestar amount should be the starting point
for assessing the reasonableness of a fee request. Robinson, 160 F.3d at 1281. The
district court acknowledged but seemed to bypass this requirement when it stated:
The lodestar analysis requires the court to determine the
reasonableness of the time spent and the need for the services
performed. To sort through all of the time records provided and match
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the services identified with the large volume of motions filed for the
plaintiff on which she prevailed and those which were denied would be
an unreasonable burden on this court.
Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 574. Instead, the court determined that a “proportionality
reduction” was appropriate and reduced the total amount of the request (less
deductions for the OFO proceedings and the appellate fees) by forty-five percent. Id.
at 575-76.
“The record ought to assure us that the district court did not eyeball the fee
request and cut it down by an arbitrary percentage.” Robinson, 160 F.3d at 1281
(internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude that a remand is required in this
case so that the court can perform the proper analysis and because it may need to
reconsider Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s overall level of success after a new trial on the merits
of her hostile-work-environment claim.
C. Different Judge on Remand
Noting that the current district court judge has twice dismissed her
hostile-work-environment claim and has stated that it is “not feasible to attempt to
recover additional damages at a second trial,” Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 563,
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz requests that we direct that the case be assigned to another district
court judge on remand. However, we do not agree that this is a case where
preserving the appearance of justice requires such an assignment. “Respectful of the
extraordinary nature of such a request, we will remand with instructions for
assignment of a different judge only where there is proof of personal bias or under
extreme circumstances.” Mitchell v. Maynard, 80 F.3d 1433, 1448 (10th Cir. 1996).
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D. Attorney Fees for This Appeal
Exercising our discretion under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), we deny
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s request for attorney fees and costs incurred for this appeal.
III. Conclusion
The district court’s order dismissing Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s
hostile-work-environment claim is reversed, and the case is remanded with directions
to hold a new trial on this issue.
The attorney fees order is affirmed insofar as the court declined to award fees
in connection with the OFO proceeding and the prior appeal to this court.
However, the remainder of the order is vacated, and the court is directed to conduct
a proper lodestar analysis of Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s fee request and to reweigh the
overall success of this litigation in light of whether she prevails on her
hostile-work-environment claim and, if so, to what extent she obtains additional
relief.
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s request for reassignment of the case on remand is denied.
Ms. Ridgell-Boltz’s request for attorney fees incurred on this appeal is denied.
Entered for the Court
Jerome A. Holmes
Circuit Judge
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