Tucker v. State

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

ANGELA MICHELLE TUCKER, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D14-5642
)
STATE OF FLORIDA, )
)
Appellee. )
)

Opinion filed August 12, 2016.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk
County; Roger A. Alcott, Judge.

Amanda Peterson of Law Offices of
Peterson, P.A., Mulberry, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Gillian N. Leytham,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.

SALARIO, Judge.

Angela Tucker appeals her convictions for possession of paraphernalia

and possession of methamphetamine. She was found guilty of those offenses after a

jury trial and received a one-year sentence on the paraphernalia count and a concurrent

five-year sentence on the methamphetamine count. We affirm the conviction on the
paraphernalia count without comment. Because the evidence was legally insufficient to

establish that Ms. Tucker constructively possessed methamphetamine, however, we are

required to reverse the conviction on that count and to direct that the corresponding

five-year sentence be vacated and that Ms. Tucker be immediately released.

The State's evidence at trial was that two detectives went to a hotel room

looking for Ms. Tucker's husband. When they knocked on the door, they saw Ms.

Tucker look out the window and then identified themselves. Ms. Tucker did not open

the door right away, so the detectives went around the back of the hotel to see if there

was a rear exit. As they did so, one detective thought he heard a toilet flushing. Ms.

Tucker thereafter opened the door, and the detectives explained that they were looking

for her husband. When asked, Ms. Tucker stated that the room belonged to her and her

husband. The detectives later confirmed that the room was registered to both of them.

Ms. Tucker gave the detectives consent to search the hotel room. They

observed both men's and women's clothing around the room and three garments

hanging in the closet, including a large leather jacket that, according to the trial

testimony, could have been a man's. There was no independent evidence that it

belonged to Ms. Tucker. The inside left pocket contained fresh syringes and a cigarette

pouch containing used ones. The right front pocket contained a metal cigarette holder

that held a small baggie of methamphetamine inside. Ms. Tucker said nothing when the

detective showed her the methamphetamine. The detectives later found two syringes in

a nightstand drawer and saw blood spatter on the bed consistent with intravenous drug

use.

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 The detectives placed the syringes and methamphetamine on the bed,

and Ms. Tucker stated that the items belonged to her husband. The detectives asked

her if her DNA would show up on any of the used syringes from the jacket, and she said

that it would because she had used them to shoot Roxycontin. The syringes were

never tested, and we therefore do not know whether they contained residue of

methamphetamine, Roxycontin, or something else. One detective described Ms.

Tucker's demeanor as "antsy," said she did not appear surprised that he found the

items, and testified that she never said "she didn't know those items were there."

At the close of the State's case, Ms. Tucker moved for a judgment of

acquittal on the ground, among others, that the State failed to present legally sufficient

evidence showing that she possessed the methamphetamine found in the leather

jacket. The trial court denied the motion, and the defense rested without presenting

witnesses. After the jury returned guilty verdicts, Ms. Tucker made a renewed motion

for judgment of acquittal and a motion for new trial, both of which were denied.

On appeal, Ms. Tucker asserts that the trial court erred by not granting her

motion for judgment of acquittal on the count for possession of methamphetamine. A

motion for judgment of acquittal tests whether the evidence is legally sufficient to prove

each element of the crime with which the defendant is charged. Nicholas v. State, 47

So. 3d 297, 300 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) (citing State v. Odom, 862 So. 2d 56, 59 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2003)). The question is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the State, "a rational trier of fact could find the existence of the elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt." Westbrooks v. State, 145 So. 3d 874, 877 (Fla. 2d DCA

2014) (quoting Pagan v. State, 830 So. 2d 792, 803 (Fla. 2002)). Reviewing the matter

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de novo, see Nicholas, 47 So. 3d at 300, we agree that the evidence that Ms. Tucker

possessed the methamphetamine found in the cigarette holder in the right front pocket

of the jacket was not legally sufficient to support a conviction for that alleged offense.

Ms. Tucker was not found in actual possession of methamphetamine: the

contraband was in the pocket of a jacket hanging in a closet and was neither in her

hand nor within her reach. See Sasser v. State, 67 So. 3d 1150, 1152 (Fla. 2d DCA

2011) ("[A]ctual possession is shown when contraband is found in the defendant's hand,

or his person, or within reach and under the defendant's control." (quoting Bennett v.

State, 46 So. 3d 1181, 1183-84 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010))). The issue at trial, therefore, was

whether Ms. Tucker constructively possessed the methamphetamine. To convict Ms.

Tucker on a theory of constructive possession, the State was required to prove beyond

a reasonable doubt (1) that Ms. Tucker had knowledge of the contraband and (2) that

she had the ability to exercise dominion and control over the contraband. See Knight v.

State, 186 So. 3d 1005, 1012 (Fla. 2016); Santiago v. State, 991 So. 2d 439, 441 (Fla.

2d DCA 2008).

Where contraband is found in a location jointly occupied with another

person—in this case, a hotel room shared by Ms. Tucker and her husband—knowledge

of and the ability to exercise dominion and control over that contraband may not be

inferred from the defendant's proximity to it and must be shown by "independent proof."

Robinson v. State, 975 So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (quoting Mitchell v. State,

958 So. 2d 496, 500 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007)); Wagner v. State, 950 So. 2d 511, 513 (Fla.

2d DCA 2007). Such proof may be offered through a defendant's own statements,

witness testimony, scientific evidence, or incriminating circumstances other than mere

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proximity to the contraband. Santiago, 991 So. 2d at 441; see also Wagner, 950 So. 2d

at 513.

Here, the State's proof of knowledge and the ability to exercise dominion

and control rested entirely on circumstantial evidence. To find that Ms. Tucker knew

about or had the ability to exercise dominion and control over the methamphetamine in

the right outside pocket of the jacket, the jury would have had to make that inference

from one or more of the incriminating circumstances supported by the trial evidence—

for instance, from the fact that Ms. Tucker admitted to using the syringes found in the

left inside pocket of the jacket. See Singleton v. State, 105 So. 3d 542, 544 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2012) ("Circumstantial evidence is evidence which involves an additional inference

to prove the material fact; e.g., 'I saw A flee the scene' is circumstantial evidence of A's

guilt and direct evidence of flight." (quoting Charles W. Ehrhardt, Ehrhardt's Florida

Evidence § 401.1 (2011 ed.)). When the State's proof of a defendant's guilt is wholly

circumstantial, it is not sufficient that the proof is consistent with guilt; it must also be

"inconsistent with any reasonable hypothesis of innocence." Jaramillo v. State, 417 So.

2d 257, 257 (Fla. 1982) (quoting McArthur v. State, 351 So. 2d 972, 976 n.12 (Fla.

1977)); see also Westbrooks, 145 So. 3d at 877. Because Ms. Tucker's guilt of

possessing methamphetamine depended entirely on the State's circumstantial evidence

regarding whether she had knowledge of and the ability to exercise dominion or control

over that contraband, this standard applies to the State's proof in this case. See Knight,

186 So. 3d at 1009-12 (discussing the applicability of the circumstantial evidence

standard in a constructive possession case).

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 Ms. Tucker's hypothesis of innocence was that the methamphetamine was

her husband's. This hypothesis was reasonable in that it was founded in the State's

evidence at trial. Cf. Huff v. State, 495 So. 2d 145, 150 (Fla. 1986) (concluding that the

appellant's hypothesis of innocence was unreasonable because "[n]o evidence

whatsoever was introduced to support appellant's story . . . [and] all of the evidence

adduced at trial . . . pointed to his guilt"). The hotel room was jointly occupied by Ms.

Tucker and her husband, the jacket in which the methamphetamine was found was

consistent with its being a man's jacket, and Ms. Tucker's statements to police were that

the contraband contained therein belonged to her husband but that she had used the

syringes found in a different pocket to inject Roxycontin. It would be reasonable to

conclude from those facts that Ms. Tucker did not know about the methamphetamine

and that she lacked the ability to exercise dominion or control over it. See, e.g.,

Wagner, 950 So. 2d at 513 (holding that the State failed to meet its burden in a

constructive possession case based on circumstantial evidence where contraband was

found in defendant's suits in a closet shared with his girlfriend and the girlfriend testified

that the suits were a good hiding place); Winchell v. State, 362 So. 2d 992, 995 (Fla. 3d

DCA 1978) (holding that evidence was insufficient to establish knowledge of contraband

found on the rug and behind a radio in a jointly occupied motel room).

The State's evidence was not inconsistent with Ms. Tucker's hypothesis.

There was no evidence linking the methamphetamine to the syringes—for example, the

results of a test showing that they had been used to inject that substance. There was

no evidence concerning how and when Ms. Tucker came into possession of the

syringes or how or when, once used, they came to be in the left inside pocket of the

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jacket. And there was no evidence concerning how and when the methamphetamine

came to be in the right outside pocket of the jacket. We do not mean to imply that the

State must offer these particular facts in a constructive possession case based on

circumstantial evidence. Rather, we reason that under the facts of this case, the State's

evidence proves at most that Ms. Tucker at some point in time and under circumstances

not established by the evidence used syringes that were later found in the pocket of a

leather jacket that could well have been her husband's and was hanging in the closet of

a hotel room she occupied jointly with him. Absent some circumstance that connects

Ms. Tucker's use of those syringes to the methamphetamine, the State's evidence,

although consistent with Ms. Tucker's guilt, is not inconsistent with her reasonable

hypothesis that the methamphetamine was her husband's and that she neither knew

about nor had the ability to exercise dominion and control over it. See, e.g., Wagner,

950 So. 2d at 513; Cook v. State, 571 So. 2d 530, 531 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990) (holding that

State's wholly circumstantial evidence of constructive possession of a crack pipe in

defendant's purse was insufficient to rebut reasonable hypothesis of innocence where

defendant left purse on a bar accessible to others while dancing).

The State argues that Ms. Tucker's statements that her DNA would be on

the used syringes found in the jacket and that the contraband was her husband's

necessarily draw a connection between her and the methamphetamine sufficient to

establish constructive possession. We disagree. Because the syringes were located in

a different jacket pocket from the pocket containing the cigarette case with

methamphetamine, Ms. Tucker's admission to using those syringes to shoot Roxycontin

does not necessarily link her to constructive possession of the methamphetamine. In

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cases involving jointly occupied premises, we have frequently held that a defendant's

actual or constructive possession of one item of contraband was legally insufficient to

establish that defendant's knowledge of or dominion and control over another item of

contraband in the same premises. See, e.g., Rangel v. State, 110 So. 3d 41, 46 (Fla.

2d DCA 2013) ("Mr. Rangel's actual possession of one type of narcotic does not permit

the inference that he possessed a different type of narcotic concealed in a vehicle that

he did not own."); Santiago, 991 So. 2d at 442 (holding that defendant's constructive

possession of heroin found in plain view in a jointly occupied apartment was legally

insufficient to establish constructive possession of drugs in various other places

throughout apartment); Culver v. State, 990 So. 2d 1206, 1209-10 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)

(holding that the defendant's actual possession of cocaine was insufficient to prove

constructive possession of other narcotics found in another area of her jointly occupied

vehicle). Under the facts of this case, Ms. Tucker's admission to having possessed

syringes found in one jacket pocket for purposes of injecting Roxycontin, without more,

was not sufficient to rebut the reasonable hypothesis that the methamphetamine found

in another pocket of the same jacket belonged to her husband and that she was

unaware of and lacked the ability to exercise control over it.

Likewise, on the face of it, Ms. Tucker's statement that the contraband

items were her husband's is entirely consistent with a disavowal of knowledge of and

dominion and control over the methamphetamine. As such, the statement supports

rather than contradicts her reasonable hypothesis of innocence. See Wagner, 950 So.

2d at 513 (holding that defendant's statement that officers "planted" drugs in his house

was insufficient "to establish beyond a reasonable doubt his knowledge of the presence

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of drugs"); see also Woods v. State, 765 So. 2d 255, 257 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000) ("The

State argues that Woods' statement '[t]hey planted it on me' would allow the trier of fact

to infer knowledge of the cocaine's presence and is inconsistent with Woods'

reasonable hypothesis of innocence. The record, however, does not bear this out. . . .

Woods' statement disclaims possession or ownership. . . . and [is] entirely consistent

with Woods' reasonable hypothesis of innocence." (first alteration in original)).

The State also maintains that the suspicious nature of the circumstances

is sufficient to support the trial court's denial of Ms. Tucker's motion for judgment of

acquittal. However, "[w]here the only proof of guilt is circumstantial, no matter how

strongly the evidence may suggest guilt, a conviction cannot be sustained unless the

evidence is inconsistent with any reasonable hypothesis of innocence." Green v. State,

667 So. 2d 208, 212 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Law,

559 So. 2d 187, 188 (Fla. 1989)); see also Davis v. State, 761 So. 2d 1154, 1159 (Fla.

2d DCA 2000) ("Under the facts of this case, one could intuitively conclude that [the

defendant] might be guilty. However, 'guilt cannot rest on mere probabilities.' " (quoting

Arant v. State, 256 So. 2d 515, 516 (Fla. 1st DCA 1972))). Although the circumstances

were indeed suspicious, suspicion is not enough to support a conviction. The fact

remains that the State offered no evidence inconsistent with Ms. Tucker's hypothesis of

innocence, and that fact required the trial court to grant judgment of acquittal on that

charge.

Accordingly, while we affirm Ms. Tucker's conviction for possession of

paraphernalia, we must reverse her conviction and sentence for possession of

methamphetamine. Because double jeopardy forecloses a retrial for that alleged

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offense and Ms. Tucker has already served her one-year sentence for possession of

paraphernalia, we remand with instructions that the trial court vacate the judgment and

sentence for that charge and order Ms. Tucker's immediate release. See Stenson v.

State, 756 So. 2d 118, 120 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000); see also Webster v. State, 549 So. 2d

784 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989).

Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with instructions.

LaROSE and SLEET, JJ., Concur.

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