Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed August 9, 2016.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-15-00268-CR
LANIS RAY HITT, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 14
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1973657
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Lanis Ray Hitt appeals his misdemeanor conviction for driving
while intoxicated (DWI). In two issues, appellant contends that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and that he was harmed by an erroneous
jury instruction. We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
At approximately 11:00 p.m. one evening, a patrol officer with the Tomball
Police Department stopped appellant’s vehicle because the license plate light was
out. According to Officer Sampson, appellant appeared to be intoxicated and
admitted to taking prescription drugs in the hours preceding the traffic stop.
Appellant consented to a series of standardized field-sobriety tests but failed two of
the three tests. Once in custody, appellant consented to a breath test, which was
negative for alcohol, but appellant refused to provide a blood sample. Officer
Sampson acquired a blood-draw warrant and obtained a sample of appellant’s
blood at approximately 3:00 a.m. Appellant was subsequently charged with driving
while intoxicated.
At trial, Officer Sampson testified that as he approached appellant’s vehicle,
appellant had “droopy” eyes, was difficult to understand, and was slow to react and
respond to Officer Sampson’s questions. Appellant informed Officer Sampson that
he had taken Suboxone and that he had a valid prescription for the drug. Appellant
also told Officer Sampson that he was able to drive while taking the medication.
After receiving appellant’s consent to search the vehicle, Officer Sampson found
the Suboxone bottle with a label that warned against operating machinery while on
the medication.1
The State’s expert, Dr. Guale, testified about the lab report and the effects of
the prescription medications found in appellant’s blood. The report indicated the
presence of Alprazolam (Xanax), Carisoprodol (Soma), and Meprobamate. Dr.
Guale testified that these drugs are central nervous system depressants. He stated
that although the individual amount of each drug present in appellant’s system was
within the normal range, he would expect to see impairment from the combined
total amount, which was approximately 15 milligrams per liter. Additionally, Dr.
1
We also note that in the dashboard-camera video presented at trial, Sampson is seen
recovering two additional prescription bottles, which appellant identified as Soma and Vivance.
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Guale stated that the packaging for each of these drugs includes a warning that
cautions against driving or operating machinery until an individual knows how the
individual’s body will be affected by the medications. He ultimately opined that
“this combination [of drugs] is dangerous and it can cause impairment.”
Following trial, the jury convicted appellant of driving while intoxicated,
and the judge sentenced him to 180 days in the Harris County Jail, probated for
one year. The trial court also ordered appellant to pay a fine, complete 40 hours of
community service and a DWI education course, wear a drug patch, and equip
appellant’s vehicle with an ignition-interlock device.
ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
I. Ineffective-Assistance-of-Counsel Claim
In his first issue, appellant claims that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel at trial. Specifically, appellant alleges that his attorney failed to: (1) file a
motion to suppress or otherwise challenge the dashboard-camera video; (2) object
to Officer Sampson’s testimony regarding the effects of certain prescriptions; (3)
request a gatekeeper hearing or object to Dr. Guale’s testimony; (4) object to the
admission of the laboratory report and related testimony; (5) cross-examine the
phlebotomist; (6) investigate and introduce evidence of appellant’s injuries and
medical conditions; (7) object to alleged jury-charge error; and (8) object during
the State’s closing arguments. In his final sub-issue, appellant contends that trial
counsel’s performance was deficient in its entirety.
We examine claims of ineffective assistance of counsel by applying the two-
prong test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694 (1984).
See Ex parte Jimenez, 364 S.W.3d 866, 882–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Under
Strickland, appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1)
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counsel’s performance was deficient because it fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See
id. at 883.
Our review of defense counsel’s performance is highly deferential,
beginning with the strong presumption that the attorney’s actions were reasonably
professional and were motivated by sound trial strategy. See Jackson v. State, 877
S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). When the record is silent as to trial
counsel’s strategy, we will not conclude that appellant received ineffective
assistance unless the challenged conduct was “so outrageous that no competent
attorney would have engaged in it.” Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Rarely will the trial record contain sufficient information
to permit a reviewing court to fairly evaluate the merits of such a serious
allegation. Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). In most
cases, the appellant is unable to meet the first prong of the Strickland test because
the record is underdeveloped and does not adequately reflect the alleged failings of
trial counsel. See Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Appellant did not file a motion for new trial alleging ineffective assistance
of counsel or develop a record of trial counsel’s reasons for his actions. Therefore,
because the record is silent as to trial counsel’s tactics, we presume that counsel’s
decisions were reasonably professional and motivated by sound strategy. See
Jagaroo v. State, 180 S.W.3d 793, 797 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005,
pet. ref’d) (citing Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771)); see also Thompson v. State, 9
S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (providing that “[a]ny allegation of
ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record.”). The ineffective assistance
portion of appellant’s brief contains approximately thirty pages of general case
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law, the majority of which does not concern ineffective-assistance claims and does
not aid our review of his issues. Most of the cases cited by appellant instead
address the merits of the actions he contends that counsel should have taken. Only
a handful of cases cited address ineffective-assistance claims, and in none of those
cases did the defendant obtain a reversal. Appellant also cites various medical
articles, which do not appear in our record. Because the record is silent as to trial
counsel’s strategy and contains significant evidence of appellant’s guilt, we
conclude that trial counsel’s alleged failures did not constitute ineffective
assistance. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. However, because appellant’s first,
fourth, and final ineffective-assistance arguments require additional discussion, we
address them in greater detail.
A. Failure to File Motion to Suppress or Challenge Video Recording
In his first sub-issue, appellant contends that trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by failing to “file a motion to suppress, or otherwise object
to, or challenge the video recording, the search of [appellant’s] car, and subsequent
evidence therefrom, based on the illegal stop.”
To satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test and prevail on an ineffective-
assistance claim premised on counsel’s failure to object or file a motion to
suppress, an appellant must show that the objection or motion to suppress would
have been successful or that the trial court would have erred in overruling the
objection or denying the motion. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 957 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998); Wert v. State, 383 S.W.3d 747, 753 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Appellant cannot make such a showing. Officer Sampson
testified that he initiated the traffic stop because appellant’s license plate light was
out. In the video, both Sampson and his partner informed appellant that the light
was the reason for the stop. Sampson testified that a driver commits a traffic
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violation if the license plate light is out. See Tex. Transp. Code § 547.322(f);
Walter v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“[T]he decision to
stop an automobile is reasonable where the police have probable cause to believe
that a traffic violation has occurred.”). Appellant argues that it is clear from the
video that his license plate was illuminated at the time of the stop. However, the
State correctly observes that appellant’s license plate is illuminated by the lights
from Sampson’s police car. Appellant’s trial counsel was not ineffective for failing
to file a motion to suppress evidence that is clearly admissible.
Appellant also argues that even if the stop was valid, trial counsel should
have filed a motion to suppress or objected to the admission of appellant’s
statements in the video because they were the result of custodial interrogation and
appellant had not been given the required Miranda warnings. See Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479 (1966). However, courts have rejected similar
arguments regarding roadside stops and DWI investigations. See State v.
Stevenson, 958 S.W.2d 824, 828–29 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (holding that roadside
questioning of driver about accident was not custodial interrogation) (citing
Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984)); Hutto v. State, 977 S.W.2d 855, 858
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (holding that appellant’s
investigation for field-sobriety testing and questioning did not convert the roadside
stop into an arrest). Appellant cannot demonstrate that a motion to suppress or an
objection to his incriminating statements would have been successful; therefore,
we overrule appellant’s first sub-issue.
B. Failure to Object to Laboratory Report
In his fourth sub-issue, appellant claims that he received ineffective
assistance because trial counsel did not object to the admission of the lab report or
Dr. Guale’s testimony regarding the report “on the basis that this evidence was not
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reliable, was irrelevant, . . . and a violation of [appellant’s] constitutional rights
under the Confrontation Clause.”2
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees that “[i]n all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with
the witnesses against him[.]” U.S. Const. amend. XI. Appellant claims that trial
counsel should have objected to the admission of the report and Dr. Guale’s
testimony concerning the report because Dr. Guale did not personally perform the
tests on appellant’s blood. See Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 311
(2009) (When affidavits prepared by drug analysts were admitted at trial, petitioner
was entitled to be confronted with the analysts at trial, absent a showing that the
analysts were unavailable to testify at trial and that petitioner had a prior
opportunity to cross-examine them.).
As discussed above, the record is silent as to trial counsel’s motivation for
failing to object based on the Confrontation Clause. Counsel could have reasoned
that, due to the overwhelming evidence of appellant’s intoxication, it would be best
not to draw further attention to the subject. Trial counsel has not been given an
opportunity to respond to these allegations; thus, we conclude that the record fails
to show deficient performance in this regard. See Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d
591, 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (reversing court of appeals and concluding that
record failed to demonstrate ineffective assistance, despite counsel’s failure to
object to admission of lab report on Confrontation Clause grounds).
Appellant further contends that trial counsel should have objected to the
report and Dr. Guale’s testimony on the grounds that this evidence was not reliable
2
Appellant also complains that his counsel should have objected to Dr. Guale’s
testimony as hearsay, but his brief does not provide any explanation or support for this
contention. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h) (requiring that a party’s brief contain citations to
authority to support appellate arguments). Accordingly, we do not address this argument. See id.
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or relevant. However, even presuming that counsel was deficient in not objecting
on these grounds, appellant cannot satisfy the second prong of Strickland. If trial
counsel had successfully challenged the lab report or Dr. Guale’s testimony
concerning the report, the jury still could have reached the same verdict based on
the remaining evidence. As explained above, the video of the traffic stop clearly
demonstrated appellant’s intoxication for the jury. Appellant admitted to taking
prescription drugs, and Officer Sampson stated that the labels on the medications
found in appellant’s car indicated a person should not drive or operate heavy
machinery while taking these prescriptions. Sampson testified that appellant had
droopy eyes, was difficult to understand, and failed two out of three field-sobriety
tests. These statements are further corroborated by the video. Additionally,
appellant refused to submit a blood sample, which the jury was permitted to
consider as probative evidence of appellant’s intoxication because it establishes
consciousness of guilt on his part. See Tex. Transp. Code § 724.061; see also
Bartlett v. State, 270 S.W.3d 147, 152–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Jackson v.
State, 468 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.).
Because appellant is unable to show to a reasonable probability that, but for the
alleged deficiency, a different verdict would have been reached, appellant fails to
meet the second prong of the Strickland test. See Cox v. State, 389 S.W.3d 817,
819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We overrule appellant’s fourth sub-issue.
C. Failure of Performance as a Whole
In his final sub-issue, appellant argues that trial counsel’s representation was
deficient in its entirety. See Ex parte Welborn, 785 S.W.2d 391, 396 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990) (holding that although “no one instance in the present case standing
alone [was] sufficient proof of ineffective assistance of counsel, counsel’s
performance taken as a whole [did] compel such a holding”). In determining that
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counsel’s representation was entirely deficient, the Welborn court pointed out the
following:
Counsel failed to conduct a reasonable investigation of the facts and
the law. He did not attempt to interview any of the State’s witnesses.
Accordingly, trial counsel was “surprised” when [a witness] testified
as to applicant’s out-of-court statement. He admits if he had known of
the statement he would have advised applicant to accept the five year
plea offered by the State. Instead, without conducting a reasonable
investigation, counsel’s gamble netted applicant a ninety-eight years
and one day prison sentence.
Additionally, counsel seemed unfamiliar with the State’s theory of the
case. He allowed the jury to hear damaging hearsay statements
without objection. He allowed the introduction of an extraneous
offense during the guilt/innocence phase without objection. Trial
counsel also failed to conduct any investigation into possible jury
misconduct.
Id. In contrast to the facts in Welborn, appellant’s trial counsel filed a motion
for community supervision, conducted a thorough voir dire, and cross-examined all
but one witness. He repeatedly argued that the videotape was evidence of
appellant’s innocence, cross-examining Officer Sampson about the proper
procedures for field-sobriety tests and pointing out the ways that appellant
performed these tests correctly. Furthermore, trial counsel successfully negotiated
an agreement with the State whereby appellant would not receive any jail time, but
instead one year of probation and a fine.
A sound trial strategy may be imperfectly executed, but the right to effective
assistance of counsel does not entitle a defendant to errorless or perfect counsel.
See Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “[I]solated
instances in the record reflecting errors of omission or commission do not render
counsel’s performance ineffective, nor can ineffective assistance of counsel be
established by isolating one portion of trial counsel’s performance for
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examination.” McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992),
overruled on other grounds by Bingham v. State, 915 S.W.2d 9 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994). Therefore, we conclude that trial counsel’s conduct did not fall below an
objective standard of reasonableness, see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, and we
overrule appellant’s first issue.
II. Jury Charge
In his second issue, appellant argues that he was egregiously harmed by
references to alcohol in the jury charge, because there was no evidence presented at
trial that appellant was intoxicated from alcohol.
The abstract portion of the jury charge included the following definitions,
italicized to emphasize the complained-of language:
“Intoxicated” means not having the normal use of mental or physical
faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol or drugs into the
body, or having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.
“Alcohol concentration” means the number of grams of alcohol per:
210 liters of breath; or 100 milliliters of blood; or 67 milliliters of
urine.
The application paragraph of the charge read as follows:
Therefore, if you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable
doubt that in Harris County, Texas, LANIS RAY HITT, hereafter
styled the defendant, heretofore on or about July 18, 2014, did then
and there unlawfully operate a motor vehicle while intoxicated, then
you will find the defendant guilty.
(Emphasis added.) Appellant claims that because alcohol intoxication was not an
issue in his case, “[t]his instruction was improper, it was misleading, it was not
supported by the facts adduced at trial and it created egregious harm.”
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A. Standard of Review
We review claims of improper jury charge under the Almanza harmless error
standard. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). In a
jury-charge issue, we first decide whether error exists. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d
738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “Then, if we find error, we must analyze that
error for harm.” Id. If, as here, the defendant has not preserved his objection to the
charge in the trial court, we must reverse only if the defendant suffered “egregious
harm.” Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743–44; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
In this case, appellant’s argument focuses primarily on the allegedly harmful
effect of the challenged instruction; therefore, we will presume without deciding
that the instruction was erroneous and proceed to a discussion of the harm analysis.
B. No Egregious Harm
Even if we presume the trial court erred by referencing alcohol in its charge,
we conclude that any error was harmless. The record reflects, and appellant
concedes in his brief, that he failed to object to the intoxication instruction at trial.
Thus, the error, if any, does not call for a reversal of his conviction unless
appellant was egregiously harmed by the instruction. See Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 744;
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
Any harm inflicted by the erroneous charge must be “assayed in light of the
entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and
weight of the probative evidence, the argument of counsel, and any other relevant
information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d
at 171; see also Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 840 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).
We engage in this assessment to illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to
the accused. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174; see also Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766,
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777 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet and
must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703, 710
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
We begin with the court’s charge and determine that, when construed as a
whole, the charge did not cause appellant harm. Generally, we analyze a jury
charge in its entirety and do not judge a single instruction in isolation. See Mann v.
State, 964 S.W.2d 639, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Adkins v. State, 418 S.W.3d
856, 866 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). The challenged
alcohol-related instructions in the abstract portion of the charge constitute only two
sentences in a three-page jury charge. The remainder of the charge identifies
appellant and his plea; it states the applicable law and defines legal terms; it
properly explains that appellant is presumed innocent; and it makes clear that the
State must prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Finally,
the application paragraph makes no mention of intoxication by alcohol. We
generally presume the jury followed the trial court’s instructions in the manner
presented. Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998);
Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (“[W]e assume
that the jury would follow the instruction as given, and we will not reverse in the
absence of evidence that the jury was actually confused by the charge.”).
Turning to the state of the evidence and the arguments of counsel, we note
that the State presented overwhelming evidence of appellant’s intoxication from
prescription drugs. Appellant admitted to ingesting at least one prescription drug
before his arrest. Sampson testified to appellant’s droopy eyes and slow responses,
and stated that appellant failed two of three field-sobriety tests. Furthermore, the
video evidence presented at trial supported Sampson’s testimony. The results of
appellant’s blood test confirmed the presence of prescription drugs in appellant’s
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system, and the State’s expert opined that the amount of drugs found in appellant’s
system would cause impairment.
Appellant contends that the charge’s use of numbers to explain “alcohol
concentration” was misleading because the jury was presented with evidence of
levels of prescription drugs, not alcohol. We are not persuaded by appellant’s
argument, given that the charge referred to milliliters or liters of alcohol, while the
toxicology evidence noted the presence of drugs in milligrams. Although appellant
argues that the jury’s request to see the toxicology evidence indicates that it was
misled by the charge, we note that the report makes no mention of alcohol.
Moreover, throughout the trial, the State repeatedly acknowledged that
alcohol intoxication was not at issue. During closing arguments, the State
concluded: “[G]entleman, there’s only one thing that explains all of the
defendant’s behavior and that is intoxication. It is intoxication due to the use of
these substances.” The State never attempted to argue that appellant was
intoxicated by anything other than prescription drugs.
Therefore, we conclude that consideration of the entirety of the jury charge,
the state of the evidence, and the arguments of counsel weigh against a
determination of egregious harm. See Erickson v. State, 13 S.W.3d 850, 852 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2000, pet. ref’d) (holding that any error in failing to narrow the
definition of “intoxicated” was harmless where State never suggested intoxication
by any substance other than alcohol and evidence and jury argument from both
sides made clear that only alcohol intoxication was at issue); see also Benn v.
State, 110 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.) (same).
Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s second issue.
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CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Ken Wise
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Boyce and Wise.
Do Not Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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