In the
Missouri Court of Appeals
Western District
STATE OF MISSOURI, )
)
Respondent, ) WD78253
)
v. ) OPINION FILED: August 16, 2016
)
RUSSELL ALLEN RENFROW, JR., )
)
Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Saline County, Missouri
The Honorable Dennis A. Rolf, Judge
Before Division Four: Alok Ahuja, Presiding Judge, Gary D. Witt, Judge and Anthony
Rex Gabbert, Judge
Russell Renfrow appeals his convictions for felony forcible rape under § 566.030,
RSMo,1 and misdemeanor second-degree child molestation under § 566.068, RSMo.
Renfrow argues that the circuit court plainly erred in permitting his probation officer to
testify to incriminatory statements Renfrow had made, in violation of § 559.125.2,
RSMo. Renfrow also argues that his conviction for second-degree child molestation
should be reversed, because § 566.068 should be interpreted to only apply to offenders
who are 21 years of age or older. We affirm.
1
All statutory citations are to RSMo 2000 as currently updated, unless otherwise noted.
Factual Background2
Renfrow was convicted of forcible rape, an unclassified felony under § 566.030
RSMo, and second-degree child molestation, a misdemeanor under § 566.068 RSMo,
following a bench trial in the Circuit Court of Saline County.3 The circuit court
sentenced Renfrow to a twenty-five year term of imprisonment on the forcible rape
conviction, and to a one-year term for child molestation, with the sentences to run
concurrently.
Renfrow's convictions arose out of incidents in 2013 involving a 15-year-old
female victim.4 Renfrow was 18 years old at the time of the incidents in question.
According to the evidence at trial, Renfrow encountered the victim outside a high-
school football game in Marshall in 2013. Renfrow and the victim had previously dated.
Renfrow called to the victim. After she approached and spoke to him, he led her to an
area behind a grocery store. Renfrow forced the victim to lie down on the ramp of the
grocery store’s loading dock. Renfrow then proceeded to partially remove the victim's
clothes and engaged in sexual intercourse with the victim against her will. Renfrow had
his hand around the victim's throat during the incident, and at some point the victim lost
consciousness. Renfrow fled the scene before she awoke.
2
This Court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict and give the State the benefit of
all reasonable inferences. State v. Langdon, 110 S.W.3d 807, 811 (Mo. banc 2003).
3
Renfrow was also charged with a second count of second-degree child molestation. The circuit court
dismissed the additional child-molestation count in response to Renfrow's motion for judgment of acquittal at the
close of all the evidence. Neither party raises any issue in regard to this additional charge and we do not address it
further.
4
Pursuant to § 566.226, RSMo, we do not use the name of the victim in this opinion.
2
After regaining consciousness the victim returned to the football game, where
witnesses saw that she was in distress. The victim reported what had happened to
emergency medical personnel who were stationed at the game. She was taken to the
hospital, where a sexual assault examination was conducted. The nurse conducting the
examination found genital trauma inconsistent with consensual sex. The Highway Patrol
Crime Lab tested samples collected during the victim's sexual assault examination. A
sample collected from the victim's genital area was consistent with semen. A DNA
analyst testified that the genetic profile of this sample was consistent with Renfrow's
profile, with an approximate frequency of one in 1.314 trillion in the Caucasian
population, and one in 96.71 trillion in the African-American population.
During the trial, the Court heard testimony from the victim, witnesses from the
football game, police, and medical personnel. The Court also heard testimony from
Renfrow's probation officer, Lauren Bartlett. Bartlett testified regarding a conversation
she had with Renfrow regarding the incident, as well as about Renfrow's previous
relationship with the victim. According to Bartlett, Renfrow was initially inconsistent
regarding his whereabouts on the day the rape occurred, but ultimately admitted that he
"probably had [had sex with the victim], but he couldn't remember" due to certain drugs
he had been taking. Renfrow later told Bartlett that the victim had "stalked" him, and that
she instigated their sexual encounter at the football game.
Bartlett also testified that Renfrow "stated he believed that they had had sex twice
when they dated," which the victim testified was between October 2012 and February
3
2013. This prior consensual sexual relationship was the basis for the misdemeanor
second-degree child molestation charge based on the victim's age at the time.
Following his conviction and sentencing, Renfrow filed this appeal.
Analysis
I.
In his first Point, Renfrow claims that his conviction for forcible rape should be
reversed, because "the trial court plainly erred in allowing [his] probation officer to
testify regarding statements [he] made to her," in violation of § 559.125.2, RSMo.
(emphasis added).
Appellant concedes that he did not preserve this claim of error for appellate
review and requests this Court to engage in plain error review. Under plain
error review, the defendant must show that an evident, obvious, and clear
error affected a substantial right resulting in manifest injustice or a
miscarriage of justice. Rule 30.20. It is the defendant's burden to
demonstrate plain error.
State v. Williams, 427 S.W.3d 259, 266-67 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (citation and footnote
omitted).
Section 559.125.2 provides:
Information and data obtained by a probation or parole officer shall
be privileged information and shall not be receivable in any court. Such
information shall not be disclosed directly or indirectly to anyone other
than the members of a parole board and the judge entitled to receive
reports, except the court or the board may in its discretion permit the
inspection of the report, or parts of such report, by the defendant, or
offender or his attorney, or other person having a proper interest therein.
We explained the purpose and operation of § 559.125.2 in Richardson v.
Sherwood, 337 S.W.3d 58 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011):
4
We see no argument that the statute does not mean exactly what it
says, which is that "such information" shall not be disclosed to anyone
other than the named individuals. . . . [¶] The purpose of the statute is that
the probationer know that information learned by the probation officer will
be held in confidence, subject only to specific exceptions. Information
obtained by the probation officer is to be regarded as privileged
information, and "shall not be disclosed directly or indirectly to anyone
other than the members of a parole board and the judge entitled to receive
such reports . . . ." [¶] The statute does not authorize discretion.
Id. at 65 (citation omitted).
In Richardson, we held that a probation officer had violated § 559.125.2 when she
disclosed that a probationer was using crack cocaine to his employer, a trucking
company:
[The probation officer] was bound by law not to disclose privileged,
confidential information. The statute takes no notice of whether the
employer would have benefited from that information and would have had
a legitimate interest in the information. The statute also takes no notice of
whether the withholding of information from the employer could have
jeopardized the public.
Id. Similarly, in Williams v. State, 168 S.W.3d 433 (Mo. banc 2005), the Missouri
Supreme Court held that a trial court did not err in denying a capital-murder defendant's
request for disclosure of probation and parole records of two prosecution witnesses who
testified that the defendant had made incriminating statements to them. Although the
defendant was facing the death penalty and sought information concerning two of the
State’s primary witnesses against him, the Supreme Court held that the defendant was not
entitled to discovery because "the probation and parole records are confidential under
section 559.125, RSMo 2000"). Id. at 445.
5
The statute unambiguously provides that the information Renfrow provided to
Bartlett "shall be privileged information," and that this information "shall not be
receivable in any court." The State does not argue that allowing Bartlett to testify was
consistent with § 559.125.2, or that any of the exceptions to the statutory privilege are
applicable here. The admission of Bartlett's testimony violated the terms of § 559.125.2.
However, no objection was raised as to this testimony and the terms of this statute were
never presented to the trial court. We do not convict the trial court of error when it was
never given an opportunity to correct such error. State v. Lewis, 243 S.W.3d 523, 525
(Mo. App. W.D. 2008). Renfrow's only avenue for relief is pursuant to plain error
review.
In order to justify reversal for plain error, a defendant must demonstrate that error
in the circuit court resulted in a manifest injustice. "Under Missouri law, plain error can
serve as the basis for granting a new trial on direct appeal only if the error was outcome
determinative." State v. Baxter, 204 S.W.3d 650, 652 (Mo. banc 2006) (quoting Deck v.
State, 68 S.W.3d 418, 427 (Mo. banc 2002)). "Missouri courts have consistently held
that no manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice results when guilt is established by
overwhelming evidence." State v. Barnaby, 91 S.W.3d 221, 228 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002);
see also, e.g., State v. Walter, 479 S.W.3d 118, 131 (Mo. banc 2016) ("Overwhelming
evidence of guilt may lead an appellate court to find that a defendant was not prejudiced
by trial court error.").
Renfrow's guilt of the felony forcible rape charge was established by
overwhelming evidence. At trial, the Court heard detailed testimony from the victim
6
regarding the rape, and from two witnesses who described the victim's distraught state
shortly after the rape occurred. The nurse who conducted the victim's physical
examination testified that the victim had two abrasions on her back (consistent with
having lain on a concrete surface during the attack), a suction or bite mark on her left
breast (consistent with the victim's description of Renfrow's actions), and a one-
centimeter laceration on her labia. The nurse testified that the laceration on the victim's
genitals was a "major trauma" and was "very uncommon," because "it takes a lot of
trauma, a lot of blunt trauma to actually lacerate that area." She testified that this
laceration was not consistent with a consensual sex act, and that in twelve years of
practice in gynecological clinics, she had never seen such an injury result from
consensual sex. A laboratory analyst also testified that a sample taken from the victim's
genital area was consistent with sperm, and that the DNA profile taken from this sample
matched Renfrow's genetic profile to an extremely high degree of certainty. This
evidence can fairly be characterized as overwhelming.
In addition, as Renfrow concedes, the evidence which he challenges, his
"statements to the probation officer [concerning the rape] were not a confession."
Renfrow stated only that he may have engaged in sexual intercourse with the victim. He
described the incident as consensual, and described the victim as the aggressor in their
encounter. See State v. Evenson, 35 S.W.3d 486, 492 (Mo. App. S.D. 2000) (finding no
manifest injustice in admission of defendant's statements to probation officer, where
defendant admitted to engaging in anal sex with the victim, but "never characterized the
incident as being non-consensual," and "never admitted to an attempted sexual assault").
7
It is also significant that Renfrow was convicted following a bench trial. "In a
bench trial, we presume the trial court disregards improper evidence in reaching its
judgment, unless the record was clear the trial court considered and relied on the
inadmissible evidence." State v. Galvin, 483 S.W.3d 462, 466 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016)
(citing State v. Ernst, 164 S.W.3d 70, 74-75 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005)). Here, the trial
judge’s detailed comments from the bench following the conclusion of the trial,
explaining the basis for the court's decision, establish that the court relied on other
evidence – not the probation officer’s testimony – to find Renfrow guilty of forcible rape.
In explaining its guilty verdict, the court explained that it relied on the victim's testimony
as to what happened, the nurse's testimony as to her physical findings, and the results of
the DNA testing. The court also considered the fact that two hours apparently elapsed
between when the victim was to meet her cousin at the gate to the high school football
stadium, and when she appeared following the rape; the court stated that this time lapse
was "consistent with the fact that [the victim] was passed out, choked out, or in any event
she blacked out for a period of time and that she woke up." The trial court's explanation
of the basis for its decision defeats any finding of manifest injustice with respect to
Renfrow's conviction for forcible rape.
We reject Renfrow's argument that his conviction of forcible rape should be
reversed based on the admission of the probation officer's testimony.
For the first time in his Reply Brief, Renfrow argues that, even if we affirm the
forcible rape conviction, his conviction for misdemeanor child molestation should be
reversed due to the erroneous admission of the probation officer's testimony. We refuse
8
to consider this claim. Fairly read, the first point in Renfrow's opening Brief argues that
the erroneous admission of Bartlett's testimony should result in reversal of only his
conviction for forcible rape; Renfrow's opening Brief does not argue that the trial court's
ruling justifies reversal of his child-molestation conviction. We will not consider issues
raised for the first time in a reply brief, to which the State has had no opportunity to
respond. See, e.g., State v. Plunkett, 487 S.W.3d 480, 489 n.7 (Mo. App. S.D. 2016)
("Defendant is not permitted to amend his claim of error in his reply brief . . . . 'A claim
of error first set forth in a reply brief does not present an issue for appellate review.'"
(citation omitted)); State v. Coleman, 449 S.W.3d 387, 389 n.1 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014)
(same). This is particularly true when we are addressing a request for plain error review
of an issue that was never raised before the trial court and then an entirely new argument
is brought forth for the first time in the reply brief.
The dissent argues that we read Renfrow's argument too narrowly. In support of
this argument, the dissent notes: (1) that the probation officer's statements regarding
Renfrow's consensual sexual relationship with the victim were raised in the factual
statement of the opening brief; (2) Renfrow's first Point Relied On contends broadly that,
allowing the "probation officer to testify regarding statements Mr. Renfrow had made to
her" resulted in manifest injustice; and (3) Renfrow prays that this Court reverse his
convictions--as opposed to conviction. We find such a cobbling together of facts ignores
a plain reading of Renfrow's opening Brief, is unwarranted under the facts of this case,
and is unwarranted in plain error review. Renfrow's first Point Relied On makes no
mention of the probation officer's testimony of the consensual sexual relationship
9
between Renfrow and the victim. Nor does it make any mention of his child molestation
conviction. It does, however, specifically discuss facts and details surrounding the rape,
touched on by the probation officer's testimony. While the dissent makes much of
Renfrow's request that the court reverse his convictions plural, it fails to note the
proceeding sentences which only address the forcible rape conviction. In its totality, the
summation paragraph of Renfrow's first Point Relied On states:
Without the testimony of Ms. Bartlett, it is likely the trial court would have
found Mr. Renfrow not guilty of the crime of forcible rape. Therefore, the
fact that the trial court allowed Ms. Bartlett to testify at trial despite the
existence of section 559.125.2 constitutes a manifest injustice. This right
was deprivation of his due process rights. Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 488
(1980). Mr. Renfrow respectfully requests that this Court reverse his
convictions and remand this case for a new and fair trial.
(emphasis added). We do not agree with the dissent that the use of the plural of
conviction can overcome the plain words of Renfrow's Point Relied On and the
Argument portions of his Brief that he only challenges his guilt as to the crime of forcible
rape. Similarly, we do not believe a reference to overturning both convictions in the
conclusion of his Brief, with no argument, adequately preserves the issue for appeal.
The dissent notes that this Court may review a claim of plain error "[w]hether
briefed or not" under Rule 30.205 and urges this Court to review Renfrow's child
molestation conviction for plain error. The rule makes clear, however, that such a review
is only to be undertaken "when the court finds that manifest injustice or miscarriage of
justice has resulted" from the error. We find that there is no manifest injustice justifying
discretionary plain error review. Renfrow was sentenced to a one-year sentence for his
5
All rule citations are to the Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2016), unless otherwise noted.
10
misdemeanor child-molestation conviction, to run concurrently to his twenty-five year
sentence for the felony of forcible rape. Given that the sentences run concurrently, and
given the time which has elapsed since Renfrow’s conviction, it is unclear what (if any)
practical effect the reversal of his misdemeanor child-molestation conviction would have.
See State v. Nibarger, 304 S.W.3d 199, 205 n. 4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009) (defendant
challenged conviction for two counts of child molestation for one act, the court declined
to review for plain error but noted, in dicta, that the sentences "were ordered to run
concurrent, suggesting an absence of manifest injustice."). Finally, the victim testified
unequivocally that she and Renfrow engaged in consensual sexual intercourse in
February 2013, when she was 15 years old. Her testimony – which the trial court
expressly found to be credible – is sufficient to sustain Renfrow's conviction for child
molestation, without consideration of his admission to his probation officer that he had
sex with the victim when they were dating.
This young rape victim should not have to endure the incredible trauma of
testifying again in a new trial over an issue that was never raised before the trial court,
not raised until the reply brief before this Court, addresses only a collateral misdemeanor
charge with a concurrent sentence when the defendant is already serving 25 years on the
felony charge, will have no impact on whether the defendant is required to register as a
sex offender, and when other credible evidence (the victims testimony) supports the
finding of guilt on the charge. We refuse to exercise our discretion to grant plain error
relief under these facts.
11
II.
In his second Point, Renfrow argues that applying § 566.068, RSMo to him leads
to an absurd and illogical result, and that the statute should be read to apply only to
offenders who are over 21 years of age. Renfrow argues that "it would be illogical to
criminalize 'sexual contact' between an eighteen-year-old and a fifteen-year-old" under
§ 566.068, because the legislature has exempted sexual acts involving 18- and 15-year
olds from the definitions of second-degree statutory rape and second-degree statutory
sodomy. Instead, those statutes only apply if the offender is "twenty-one years of age or
older." §§ 566.034, 566.064, RSMo. Renfrow argues that the age requirements
applicable to those offenses should be read into § 566.068.
We are not persuaded. The plain language of § 566.068 contains only a single age
requirement: that the victim is less than seventeen years of age. Although sexual
intercourse or deviate sexual intercourse between an 18-year-old and a 15-year-old may
be excluded from the definitions of second-degree statutory rape and second-degree
statutory sodomy, those acts would still be subject to prosecution as second-degree child
molestation, because the acts involve "sexual contact." Thus, the General Assembly has
not rendered those actions wholly immune from prosecution, as Renfrow implies. By
defining such acts as second-degree child molestation, but not as second-degree statutory
rape or second-degree statutory sodomy, the legislature has authorized first-time,
nonviolent offenders under twenty-one to be prosecuted for a misdemeanor of child
molestation, rather than for the felony of statutory rape or statutory sodomy. The
legislature’s decision to subject younger offenders to less severe punishment is hardly
12
absurd or illogical. "The duty and power to define crimes and ordain punishment is
exclusively vested in the Legislature." State ex rel. Williams v. Marsh, 626 S.W.2d 223,
235 (Mo. banc 1982).6
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment and sentences of the circuit court, which convicted and
sentenced Renfrow for forcible rape and second-degree child molestation.
__________________________________
Gary D. Witt, Judge
Judge Gabbert concurs.
Judge Ahuja dissents in part in separate opinion.
6
Renfrow's second Point Relied On invokes due-process principles. His argument on Point II, however,
discusses the issue as one of statutory construction, and we address it from that perspective. We also reject
Renfrow's claim that his argument involves the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him. Under his argument in
Point II, he could never be convicted of second-degree child molestation for engaging in sexual intercourse with the
victim in February 2013, no matter how strong the evidence.
13
IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
WESTERN DISTRICT
STATE OF MISSOURI, )
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) WD78253
)
RUSSELL ALLEN RENFROW, JR., ) FILED: August 16, 2016
)
Appellant. )
OPINION DISSENTING IN PART
For the reasons stated in the majority opinion, I concur in the affirmance of
Renfrow’s forcible rape conviction. I also concur in the rejection of Renfrow’s argument
that the statute defining second-degree child molestation (§ 566.068, RSMo) must be read
to require that offenders be 21 years of age or older. I respectfully dissent, however,
from the majority’s refusal to reverse Renfrow’s conviction of second-degree child
molestation because of the circuit court’s erroneous admission of testimony from
Renfrow’s probation officer, Lauren Bartlett.
Bartlett testified that Renfrow “stated he believed that [he and the victim] had had
sex twice when they dated” between October 2012 and February 2013, when the victim
was either 14 or 15 years old. The statement attributed to Renfrow effectively admitted
his guilt of second-degree child molestation, and the circuit court explicitly relied on
Bartlett’s testimony in finding Renfrow guilty of this offense. As the majority
recognizes, admission of Bartlett’s testimony violated § 559.125.2, RSMo, which
unambiguously provides, with exceptions not relevant here, that “[i]nformation and data
obtained by a probation or parole officer shall be privileged information and shall not be
receivable in any court.”
The majority asserts that Renfrow’s opening Brief failed to argue for reversal of
his conviction of second-degree child molestation based on the admission of Bartlett’s
testimony. I respectfully disagree. In addition to describing Bartlett’s testimony
concerning what Renfrow said about the events of September 16, 2013, the fact statement
of Renfrow’s opening Brief separately recites Bartlett’s testimony that he admitted to
having consensual sex with the victim while they were dating. Renfrow’s first Point
Relied On contends that “[t]he trial court plainly erred in allowing Mr. Renfrow’s
probation officer to testify regarding statements Mr. Renfrow had made to her.” The
Point attacks the entirety of Bartlett’s testimony, not just the testimony related to the
forcible rape charge. Renfrow’s argument under Point I contends that Bartlett’s
testimony was wholly inadmissible; like the Point Relied On, Renfrow’s legal argument
is not limited to Bartlett’s testimony relevant to the forcible rape charge. Moreover, at
the conclusion of his argument in Point I, Renfrow prays “that this Court reverse his
convictions and remand this case for a new and fair trial” (emphasis added); the prayer is
not limited to the forcible rape conviction. The fact that Renfrow’s first Point challenges
both of his convictions is made unmistakably clear in the Conclusion of his opening
Brief, which contrasts the relief he is requesting in his first and second Points. The
Conclusion states:
As discussed in the first point relied on, this Court should reverse
both of Mr. Renfrow’s convictions and remand for a new and fair trial. As
discussed in the second point relied on, this Court should reverse Mr.
Renfrow’s conviction for child molestation in the second degree.
(Emphasis added.)
Thus, Renfrow’s opening Brief contains all of the essential elements of an
argument that his child molestation conviction should be reversed based on the admission
of Bartlett’s testimony: the Brief describes the testimony that Bartlett gave that was
2
relevant to the child molestation charge; the Brief makes the legal argument, supported
by relevant authority, that Bartlett’s testimony was “clearly inadmissible” by virtue of
§ 559.125.2, RSMo; and Renfrow’s Brief closes by asking that “both of [his]
convictions” be reversed based on the admission of Bartlett’s testimony. I believe this
issue was adequately presented, and should accordingly be decided on the merits.
Even if the issue was not adequately raised in Renfrow’s opening Brief, however,
I would still address it. Rule 30.20 authorizes this Court to consider “plain errors
affecting substantial rights” “[w]hether briefed or not.” (Emphasis added.) Although an
appellate court should rarely exercise the authority to consider unbriefed errors, the
power to do so undeniably exists. In the footnote I have collected a number of recent
cases in which this Court has reversed criminal convictions based on plain errors which
were not briefed by the defendant on appeal.1
This is an appropriate case in which to address an unbriefed issue. Even assuming
that Renfrow did not specifically challenge the effect of Bartlett’s erroneously admitted
testimony on his conviction for child molestation, he plainly challenged the admissibility
of Bartlett’s testimony at least as it related to the forcible rape conviction. To decide
1
State v. Lawrence, 250 S.W.3d 763, 766-68 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008) (although “[n]either of the parties’ briefs
address the glaring procedural irregularities that occurred below,” holding that “this Court cannot turn a blind eye to
what transpired”; reversing assault conviction where trial court convicted defendant based in part on defendant’s
admissions when pleading guilty to another charge, and without any waiver by defendant of his right to a trial by
jury); State v. Kimes, 234 S.W.3d 584, 590 (Mo. App. S.D. 2007) (“Although Defendant has not raised the
imposition of his ten-day jail sentence as an issue on this appeal, we are compelled to sua sponte review it for plain
error according to Rule 30.20.”; reversing defendant’s jail sentence because “[i]nfractions are not punishable by jail
time”); State v. Beck, 167 S.W.3d 767, 772-73 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005) (although not argued on appeal, correcting
judgment which convicted appellant of the class B felony of assault in the first degree, where jury verdict only found
appellant guilty of the class C felony of assault in the second degree), overruled on other grounds, State v. Bolden,
371 S.W.3d 802, 805-06 (Mo. banc 2012); State v. Collins, 154 S.W.3d 486, 491 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005) (although
not briefed, reversing judgment to the extent it convicted two defendants of erroneous classes of misdemeanors, as
compared to jury’s verdicts); State v. Sykes, 85 S.W.3d 762, 763 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002) (“Although Sykes does not
raise the sufficiency of the evidence as an issue in this appeal, we may consider it sua sponte.”; conducting
sufficiency review and reversing conviction of one count of robbery in the first degree); State v. Montgomery, 64
S.W.3d 328, 332 (Mo. App. E.D. 2001) (“For reasons other than those set forth by defendant, his conviction on
Count I for sodomy must be reversed.”; although defendant argued that his conviction on Count I should be reversed
because the evidence only established deviate sexual intercourse on two occasions, not three, the Court reversed on
the basis that evidence did not support Count I as submitted, namely that defendant touched child-victim’s penis
with defendant’s hand).
3
Renfrow’s first Point necessarily requires that we review Bartlett’s testimony, the trial
court’s stated reasons for finding Renfrow guilty, and the law relating to the admissibility
of testimony from probation officers. In the course of that review, the trial court’s
explicit – and plainly erroneous – reliance on Bartlett’s testimony to convict Renfrow of
child molestation would become apparent, whether that issue had itself been briefed or
not. This is not a case in which the unbriefed error is unrelated to the argument which we
all agree that Renfrow adequately made. In similar circumstances, the Southern District
recently held that an unbriefed error justified reversal. It explained: “Because our
review of the record has revealed [an] evident, obvious and clear error[ ] that resulted
in manifest injustice to Defendant, we exercise our discretionary authority to grant relief
pursuant to Rule 30.20.” State v. Lawrence, 250 S.W.3d 763, 766 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008)
(emphasis added). The same rationale applies to this case.
The admission of Bartlett’s testimony constituted plain error justifying reversal of
Renfrow’s conviction of second-degree child molestation. Unlike the forcible rape
charge, there was no physical evidence or corroborating testimony supporting Renfrow’s
conviction of child molestation. Instead, the only evidence of Renfrow’s guilt came from
testimony of the victim (that she and Renfrow engaged in sexual intercourse on a single
occasion around the time they ceased dating in February 2013), and Bartlett’s testimony
that Renfrow told him that “he believed that they had sex twice when they dated,” at a
time when the victim “was probably 14, maybe 13.”
Moreover, in contrast to its discussion of the forcible rape charge, the trial court
explicitly referred – twice – to Bartlett’s testimony as a basis for its finding that Renfrow
was guilty of child molestation:
Based upon the testimony of [the victim] and also the admissions
made by the Defendant to Ms. Bartlett, the Court does find beyond a
reasonable doubt that between the dates February 1st, 2013, and March
31st, 2013, in the County of Saline, State of Missouri, that the Defendant
Russell Allen Renfrow, Junior, subjected [the victim] to sexual conduct,
and that at the time [the victim] was less than 17 years old. Her testimony
4
was that it happened in February . . . . And as I said, her testimony, along
with the admissions made by Mr. Renfrow to Officer Bartlett, the
Defendant is guilty of Count II beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Emphasis added.)2 With respect to the child molestation charge, it is undeniably “clear
from the record that the trial judge considered and relied upon the inadmissible
evidence.” State v. Ernst, 164 S.W.3d 70, 75 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005).
In finding a manifest injustice, it is also significant that the statement that Bartlett
attributed to Renfrow essentially amounted to a confession. To find Renfrow guilty of
second-degree child molestation, the circuit court was required to find that he
“subject[ed] another person who is less than seventeen years of age to sexual contact,”
§ 566.068.1, RSMo; “sexual contact” includes “any touching of the genitals . . . , of
another person . . . for the purpose of arousing or gratifying the sexual desire of any
person.” § 566.010(3), RSMo. Thus, by admitting to Bartlett that he had engaged in
sexual intercourse with the victim when she was less than 17 years old, Renfrow admitted
to committing the offense of second-degree child molestation. State v. Miller, 372
S.W.3d 455, 470 (Mo. banc 2012) (sexual intercourse “necessarily involve[s] . . .
‘touching another person with [the defendant’s] genitals,’” and thus falls within the
definition of “sexual contact”). The erroneous admission of Renfrow’s confession, and
the circuit court’s explicit reliance on that confession in finding him guilty, constitutes a
manifest injustice. As the Supreme Court has recognized, “a confession is like no other
evidence because it is probably the most probative and damaging evidence that can be
admitted against a defendant.” State ex rel. Clemons v. Larkins, 475 S.W.3d 60, 80-81
(Mo. banc 2015) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The statutorily-
privileged relationship between Renfrow and his probation officer encouraged him to be
2
In Harvey v. Director of Revenue, 371 S.W.3d 824 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (en banc), this Court held that we
generally will not look to a judge’s oral comments from the bench to interpret or supplement an unambiguous
written judgment. Instead, “‘when there are no written findings, the evidence “shall be considered as having been
found in accordance with the result reached;” in other words, in the light most favorable to the judgment.’” Id. at
828 (quoting White v. Dir. of Revenue, 321 S.W.3d 298, 305 (Mo. banc 2010) (which in turn quotes Rule 73.01(c))).
Harvey was a civil case, however, and it relied on a rule of civil procedure (Rule 73.01(c)) to justify its holding. By
contrast, this is a criminal case, and there is no analogue to Rule 73.01(c) in Missouri’s rules of criminal procedure.
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truthful and forthcoming, under a legally-sanctioned promise of confidentiality. By
admitting Renfrow’s statements to his probation officer as evidence of his guilt, Renfrow
unwittingly “condemn[ed] himself by his own utterances.” Id. at 81.
The majority asserts that Renfrow suffered no manifest injustice by the plainly
erroneous use of Bartlett’s testimony to convict him of child molestation, because the
trial court ordered that his one-year sentence for child molestation would be served
concurrently to his twenty-five-year sentence for forcible rape. Despite this sentencing
structure, however, Renfrow has separately challenged his child molestation conviction
on appeal (at least in his second Point). The majority itself addresses Renfrow’s Point II,
which concerns only the child molestation conviction. Thus, even the majority
recognizes that the propriety of that conviction remains a live issue despite the longer
sentence Renfrow received for forcible rape. Our suspicions as to the practical
consequences of reversing Renfrow’s child molestation conviction provide no basis to
withhold review of the evident, obvious and clear error which taints that conviction.
I share the majority’s concerns at the prospect of a retrial in which the young
victim would be compelled to testify again. This is the unfortunate consequence,
however, of a conviction based on obviously inadmissible evidence. If this Court were to
reverse Renfrow’s child molestation conviction, I would hope that the prosecution would
consider the impact of a retrial on the victim before deciding to retry him, particularly in
light of the sentence he received for his separate forcible rape conviction.
For these reasons, I would reverse Renfrow’s second-degree child molestation
conviction, and remand the case to the circuit court for a new trial on that charge.
Alok Ahuja, Judge
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