State v. Singleton

[Cite as State v. Singleton, 2016-Ohio-5443.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 26889
:
v. : T.C. NO. 15CR846
:
CHARLES F. SINGLETON : (Criminal Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
...........

OPINION

Rendered on the ___19th__ day of ____August___, 2016.

...........

KIRSTEN A. BRANDT, Atty. Reg. No. 0070162 and ANN M. GRABER, Atty. Reg. No.
0091731, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, 301 W. Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio
45422
Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee

KATE L. BOWLING, Atty. Reg. No. 0084442, 2521 Far Hills Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 45419
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

.............

FROELICH, J.

{¶ 1} Charles F. Singleton was convicted after a jury trial in the Montgomery

County Court of Common Pleas of rape (by force or threat of force) and unlawful sexual

conduct with a minor. The offenses merged for sentencing, and the trial court imposed
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eleven years in prison for the rape. The judgment entry further indicated that Singleton

was designated a Tier III sex offender for the rape and a Tier II sex offender for unlawful

sexual conduct with a minor.

{¶ 2} Singleton appeals from his convictions. He challenges the trial court’s

denial of his motion to suppress the statements he made to the police and its admission

of alleged hearsay at trial. He also claims that his conviction for rape was against the

manifest weight of the evidence. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will

be affirmed.

I. Motion to Suppress

{¶ 3} Singleton’s first assignment of error claims that the trial court erred in denying

his motion to suppress. The suppression hearing was limited to whether Singleton’s

statements to police at the police station were made in violation of Miranda v. Arizona,

384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

{¶ 4} In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court “assumes the role of the trier

of fact, and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the

credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 592, 639 N.E.2d

498 (2d Dist.1994); State v. Knisley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22897, 2010-Ohio-116, ¶

30. Accordingly, when we review suppression decisions, we must accept the trial court’s

findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Retherford at 592.

“Accepting those facts as true, we must independently determine as a matter of law,

without deference to the trial court’s conclusion, whether they meet the applicable legal

standard.” Id.

{¶ 5} Under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no person shall
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be compelled to be a witness against himself or herself. In order to ensure that this right

is protected, statements resulting from custodial interrogations are admissible only after

a showing that the procedural safeguards described in Miranda have been followed.

State v. Earnest, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26646, 2015-Ohio-3913, ¶ 21. To counteract

the coercive pressure of custodial interrogations, police officers must warn a suspect,

prior to questioning, that he or she has a right to remain silent and a right to the presence

of an attorney. Maryland v. Shatzer, 559 U.S. 98, 103-104, 130 S.Ct. 1213, 175 L.Ed.2d

1045 (2010), citing Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. “After the warnings are given, if the

suspect indicates that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease.

Similarly, if the suspect states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease

until an attorney is present.” Shatzer at 104.

{¶ 6} A defendant may waive his or her Miranda rights. Id. However, in order for

a defendant’s statements made during a custodial interrogation to be admissible, the

State must establish that the accused knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his

or her rights. Miranda, supra; State v. Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31, 38, 358 N.E.2d 1051

(1976), overruled on other grounds, 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3147, 57 L.Ed.2d 1155 (1978).

{¶ 7} Singleton was interviewed by Detective Elizabeth Alley on March 17, 2015,

beginning at 2:11 p.m., in a police station interview room. The evidence at the

suppression hearing consisted of a DVD recording of that interview (State’s Exhibit 1) and

a waiver of rights form signed by Singleton at the beginning of the interview (State’s

Exhibit 2).

{¶ 8} At the beginning of the interview, Detective Alley introduced herself and

another detective who was present in the interview room, and she informed Singleton that
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she needed to read him his Miranda rights. Alley asked Singleton if he had ever been

read his rights before, and he responded that he had. Alley wrote “Yes” on the top of a

waiver of rights form.

{¶ 9} Detective Alley presented Singleton with the waiver of rights form, and she

asked him to write his name, birthdate, and Social Security number on the top left of the

form. Alley wrote the date, time, location of the interview, and alleged offense on the

form.

{¶ 10} The waiver of rights form had five enumerated statements, which read:

1. You have the right to remain silent. You do not have to make any

statements or answer any questions.

2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a Court of Law.

3. You have the right to talk to a lawyer for advice before we ask you any

questions and to have a lawyer with you during questioning.

4. If you do not have the money to hire a lawyer, a lawyer appointed by

the Court, or a lawyer from the Public Defender’s Office, will be provided to

you before and during questioning without any cost to you.

5. If you decide to answer questions now without a lawyer present, you will

still have the right to stop answering at any time. You also have the right

to stop answering at any time until you talk to a lawyer.

{¶ 11} Detective Alley read each of the five statements of rights to Singleton.

After each one, she asked him if he understood what the statement meant, and Singleton

answered that he did. Alley asked Singleton to initial next to each statement. She told

Singleton that, by initialing, he was indicating that he understood “that right and that right
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alone.” Singleton initialed next to each statement after it was read to him, and he

expressed his understanding.

{¶ 12} Detective Alley asked Singleton about the number of years of schooling that

he had completed. Singleton indicated that he had completed eight years, and Alley

asked him to write “8” on the form. Alley asked where he went to school, and Singleton

responded, “Chicago.” Alley asked Singleton to write “Chicago” on the form; Singleton

did so, but spelled it incorrectly. Alley next asked if Singleton could read. He responded

that he could not read well. When Alley asked Singleton to read the “Waiver of Rights”

paragraph on the form aloud, he attempted to do so, but had significant difficulty and

needed substantial assistance from Alley.

{¶ 13} After Singleton attempted to read the “Waiver of Rights” paragraph,

Detective Alley read the entire paragraph to him again, and she reviewed the five

statements of rights that they had gone over before. Alley explained each sentence in

the “Waiver of Rights” paragraph. Alley asked Singleton to sign at the bottom of the form

if he was willing to talk to her. Singleton signed the bottom of the form.

{¶ 14} After completing the waiver of rights form, Alley asked for and obtained a

DNA sample from Singleton, and she spoke with Singleton about himself and the

allegations against him. Singleton responded clearly and appropriately to Alley’s

questions and those posed by the other detective in the room. When confronted with the

allegations against him, Singleton repeatedly denied any wrongdoing and provided an

alternative version of events. The DVD recording ends at 3:00 p.m., while the interview

was ongoing. The suppression hearing transcript does not reflect when the interview

concluded.
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{¶ 15} At the suppression hearing, defense counsel argued that Singleton lacked

the ability to understand the Miranda warnings and that his waiver of those rights was not

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Counsel emphasized Singleton’s inability to read

and his misspelling of Chicago.

{¶ 16} The trial court denied Singleton’s motion. In doing so, the court described

Detective Alley’s actions in reviewing Singleton’s Miranda rights with him, and the court

found that Singleton “neither indicated nor demonstrated any difficulty in understanding

the rights that were read and explained to him by the officer.” The trial court found that

Singleton “understood what he was told” and that he knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily waived his Miranda rights, his reading impediment notwithstanding.

{¶ 17} We agree with the trial court’s conclusions. Detective Alley orally reviewed

each of the five discreet Miranda rights on the waiver form with Singleton. Singleton

acknowledged his understanding of those rights and initialed next to each statement after

doing so. In reviewing the “Waiver of Rights” paragraph, Alley again reviewed the five

rights to ensure that Singleton understood what he was waiving. When Singleton was

unable to read the “Waiver of Rights” paragraph himself, Detective Alley read the

paragraph to him and explained each sentence in the paragraph in simpler terms.

Singleton expressed that he understood the “Waiver of Rights” paragraph and that he

was willing to waive his rights, and he signed the bottom of the form to indicate his waiver.

Although Singleton’s attempt to read the “Waiver of Rights” paragraph reflected his

difficulties in reading, Singleton’s subsequent oral responses to the detectives’ questions

were cogent and concise, and there is no indication that Singleton was unable to

understand the orally-explained waiver of rights form.
 -7-

{¶ 18} Singleton’s first assignment of error is overruled.

II. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

{¶ 19} In his third assignment of error, Singleton claims that his conviction for rape

was against the manifest weight of the evidence, because there was no evidence that he

used force.

{¶ 20} “[A] weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability of the

evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is more

believable or persuasive.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-

525, ¶ 12. See Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d

517, ¶ 19 (“ ‘manifest weight of the evidence’ refers to a greater amount of credible

evidence and relates to persuasion”). When evaluating whether a conviction is against

the manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court must review the entire record,

weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and

determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “clearly lost its

way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997), citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st

Dist.1983).

{¶ 21} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer

to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of

particular witnesses. State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL

476684 (Aug. 22, 1997). However, we may determine which of several competing

inferences suggested by the evidence should be preferred. Id. The fact that the
 -8-

evidence is subject to different interpretations does not render the conviction against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction should be

reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence only in exceptional

circumstances. Martin at 175.

{¶ 22} Singleton was convicted of rape, in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2). That

statute provides: “No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the

offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.”

{¶ 23} The State’s evidence at trial established that Singleton was an employee of

the United Theological Seminary and Church in Dayton. The building houses several

churches, including Leap of Faith Church. Singleton staffed the front desk of the church,

assisted patrons, performed maintenance, and locked up after church services were

completed. A.M.’s mother, who attended Leap of Faith Church, referred to Singleton as

a security guard.

{¶ 24} On March 15, 2015, fourteen-year-old A.M. went to United Theological

Seminary and Church to attend church with her mother. At that time, A.M. lived with her

father and stepmother, and she had told her father, stepmother, and her friend, P.B., that

she was going to church. A.M. did not contact her mother to say that she (A.M.) planned

to meet her (mother) at church. Unknown to A.M., A.M.’s mother was at a church event

out of town.

{¶ 25} When A.M. entered the church, Singleton was at the front desk. A.M.

recognized Singleton from her prior church attendance. In the past, Singleton had given

her a couple of dollars on her birthday, and he had provided her and her mother a ride

home on occasion, when A.M.’s mother asked for a ride. A.M. did not know Singleton
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outside of church.

{¶ 26} A.M. asked Singleton if her mother was there, and Singleton informed her

that her mother was not at church that day. They talked for about 10 minutes. Singleton

told A.M. that he was going to take her home, and he instructed her to go into a nearby

room to wait while he locked up the church. A.M. went into a room with picnic tables that

had checkerboards on them. She waited for approximately 10 to 15 minutes and played

with Jenga pieces in a red bucket.

{¶ 27} When Singleton entered the room, he told A.M. to pull down her pants.

A.M. refused. Singleton again told her to pull down her pants, using a “deeper” voice.

A.M. again said, “No.” Singleton told her a third time to pull down her pants, using a loud,

deeper voice. (On cross-examination, A.M. indicated that a deep voice and a yell were

the same to her.) A.M. testified that she was scared and thought he was going to hit her;

she complied with his demand.

{¶ 28} A.M. stated that Singleton “turned me around and like he pushed my back

in like he had his hand on my back. And then he tried to stick [his] penis in me.” A.M.

clarified that Singleton made her bend over, but he was unable to penetrate her vagina.

A.M. further testified that Singleton then “picked me up and then he put me on the table.

* * * And then he got on top of me. And then he put his penis inside my vagina.”

Singleton told A.M., “I’ve been waiting a long time for this.” Singleton ejaculated inside

and on A.M., and he went into the kitchen and retrieved a red and white rag for A.M. to

use to wipe herself. A.M. wiped herself off and pulled up her pants.

{¶ 29} Singleton walked out of the room, and A.M. left the room soon after. When

Singleton saw her in the lobby, he handed her $2. Singleton asked A.M. if she was going
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to tell anyone, and she said no. A.M. walked out of the church.

{¶ 30} As A.M. crossed the church’s parking lot, Singleton drove up beside her and

told her to get in so he could take her home. A.M. responded that she was going to a

friend’s house. Singleton drove off, and A.M. crossed the street to a library, where she

used the Wi-Fi to contact her friend, P.B., using Facebook messaging. A.M. messaged

her friend that she was scared and had “just got * * * raped * * * by the man at the church.”

A.M. went to P.B.’s house, where they contacted A.M.’s stepmother. The stepmother

called an ambulance, which took A.M. to the hospital.

{¶ 31} The police spoke with A.M. at the hospital and investigated the complaint.

At the church, the police located the room described by A.M., and a red and white rag

was found in a trashcan nearby. At the hospital, a sexual assault nurse examiner

(“SANE nurse”) completed a rape kit, which included taking vaginal and rectal swabs and

a swab of a dried stain on A.M.’s mons pubis area. Singleton’s DNA was found on the

vaginal swab, the partial DNA profile found on the mons pubis swab was consistent with

Singleton’s DNA, and Singleton’s and A.M.’s DNA could not be excluded as contributors

to the mixed DNA profile located on the rag. On March 18, A.M. reviewed a photo array

and identified Singleton as the man who had raped her.

{¶ 32} Singleton presented no evidence on his own behalf.

{¶ 33} On appeal, Singleton argues that the jury’s conclusion that he had used

force or threat of force was against the manifest weight of the evidence. He asserts that

“[t]he simple act of ‘bending’ a female over a table, or ‘flipping her onto her back’, as was

testified to, without evidence of lack of consent cannot in and of itself be considered force

necessary to establish rape.” Singleton states that a lack of consent is a prerequisite to
 -11-

the use of force.

{¶ 34} R.C. 2901.01(A)(1) defines “force” as any “violence, compulsion, or

constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” We

recently discussed proof of force, stating:

It has been recognized that proof of physical violence or physical resistance

is not required to establish Rape if the defendant creates in the mind of the

victim the belief that physical force will be used if the victim does not submit.

“The force and violence necessary to commit the crime of rape depends

upon the age, size and strength of the parties and their relation to each

other.” “Force need not be overt and physically brutal, but can be subtle

and psychological. As long as it can be shown that the rape victim’s will

was overcome by fear or duress, the forcible element of rape can be

established.”

State v. Hartman, 2016-Ohio-2883, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 28 (2d Dist.).

{¶ 35} In the case before us, A.M.’s testimony established that her will was

overcome by fear and duress. At the time of the sexual assault, A.M. was fourteen years

old; Singleton was 49 years old. A.M. was familiar with Singleton as the man who sat at

the front desk at the church, but she did not otherwise have a relationship with him. A.M.

testified that she was waiting for Singleton, who had offered her a ride home. When

Singleton came into the room where she was waiting, he repeatedly told her to remove

her pants. A.M. refused twice, but she testified that his voice became progressively

“deeper” and louder. She stated that she complied with his third demand, because she

was “scared” and “thought he was going to like hit me.” With respect to the use of force,
 -12-

A.M. testified that Singleton turned her around, pushed her on her back, and bent her

over, and tried to penetrate her vaginally with his penis. He then picked A.M. up, put her

on the table, got on top of her, and penetrated her vaginally. A.M. testified that it hurt.

{¶ 36} Given the discrepancy in age between A.M., a minor, and Singleton and

their lack of relationship, as well as A.M.’s testimony regarding his demands that she

remove her pants, her fearfulness, and his conduct of pushing her, bending her over, and

putting her on the table, we cannot conclude that the jury lost its way in concluding that

Singleton purposely compelled A.M. to submit to sexual conduct by force or threat of

force.

{¶ 37} Singleton’s third assignment of error is overruled.

III. Admission of Hearsay Statements

{¶ 38} In his second assignment of error, Singleton claims that the “trial court erred

in admitting multiple hearsay statements.” Specifically, Singleton asserts that the court

should have excluded photographs of A.M.’s Facebook messages to her friend, P.B.,

regarding the rape. He claims that the entire conversation was inadmissible hearsay,

and that both A.M.’s and P.B.’s statements should have been excluded.

{¶ 39} A.M. testified twice about her Facebook conversation with P.B during her

(A.M.’s) direct examination. After describing the sexual assault and her subsequent

conversation with Singleton in the church parking lot, A.M. testified that she went to the

library across the street from the church and sent P.B. a Facebook message. She

testified, without objection, as follows:

Q: Okay. And when you sent [P.B.] a message, was it another Facebook

message like before?
 -13-

A: (No audible response)

Q: Okay. And you said you told you needed to talk to her?

A: Yes.

Q: Okay, and did you tell her why or did you tell her what happened?

A: No, I told her I was scared.

Q: Okay. And how did you feel at that time?

A: Scared.

Q: Okay. How long between when you left the church to when you got

over and started the message to [P.B.]?

A: It wasn’t long.

Q: Okay.

A: Like only right across the street.

Q: Okay. And did you tell her what had happened inside the church?

A: Yeah.

Q: Okay. And do you remember what words you used?

A: I told her I had got raped.

Q: Okay. And did you tell her by who?

A: The man at the church.

Q: Okay. And what happened next when you told her that, what

happened next?

A: She said come on over. And I went over there and I called my -- she

called my stepmom, then I talked to my stepmom.

Q: Okay.
 -14-

A: Then my stepmom came up to the church.

(Trial Tr. 269-270.) A.M. then testified about what occurred after being taken to the

hospital, and she described her meeting with Detective Alley at CARE House the following

day.

{¶ 40} At this juncture, the prosecutor asked A.M. to look at various photographs,

starting with photographs of the church facility. Before the prosecutor asked A.M. to look

at photographs showing the Facebook messages between A.M. and P.B., defense

counsel objected. Defense counsel stated that “the witness has testified that she sent

Facebook messages. She testified what the content of the messages were to her friend

[P.B.]. I believe this evidence is merely cumulative evidence and I’d object to it[.]”

Defense counsel did not object on hearsay grounds. The State nevertheless responded

that the photographs were admissible under the excited utterance and present sense

impression exceptions to the hearsay rule. The trial court overruled defense counsel’s

objection and concluded that the conversation was admissible under exceptions to the

hearsay rule.

{¶ 41} Defense counsel also objected to P.B.’s Facebook responses to A.M. The

prosecutor argued that P.B.’s statements were not offered for the truth of the matter and

were not hearsay. The trial court allowed P.B.’s statements, as well.

{¶ 42} Evid.R. 801(C) defines hearsay as a “statement, other than one made by

the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth

of the matter asserted.” A “statement,” as included in the definition of hearsay, is an oral

or written assertion or nonverbal conduct of a person if that conduct is intended by him

as an assertion. Evid.R. 801(A). In general, hearsay is not admissible. Evid.R. 802.
 -15-

However, there are several exceptions to the hearsay rule.

{¶ 43} Evid.R. 803(1) permits the admission of a “present sense impression,”

which is defined as “[a] statement describing or explaining an event or condition made

while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter

unless circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.” Similarly, Evid.R. 803(2)

excludes an excited utterance from the hearsay rule. An excited utterance is “[a]

statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under

the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.”

{¶ 44} The excited utterance and present sense impression exceptions to the

definition of hearsay reflect “an assumption that statements or perceptions that describe

events uttered during or within a short time from the occurrence of the event are more

trustworthy than statements not uttered at or near the time of the event. Moreover, the

key to the statement’s trustworthiness is the spontaneity of the statement, either

contemporaneous with the event or immediately thereafter. By making the statement at

the time of the event or shortly thereafter, the minimal lapse of time between the event

and statement reflects an insufficient period to reflect on the event perceived — a fact

which obviously detracts from the statement’s trustworthiness.” (Internal citations

omitted.) State v. Crowley, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2009 CA 65, 2009-Ohio-6689, citing State

v. Travis, 165 Ohio App.3d 626, 2006-Ohio-787, 847 N.E.2d 1237, ¶ 35 (2d Dist.).

{¶ 45} At trial, Singleton did not object to the admission of the photographs of the

Facebook messages between A.M. and P.B. on hearsay grounds. Accordingly, we

review Singleton’s challenge to the admission of those messages for plain error. In order

to constitute plain error, the error must be an obvious defect in the trial proceedings, and
 -16-

the error must have affected substantial rights. State v. Norris, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

26147, 2015-Ohio-624, ¶ 22; Crim.R. 52(B). Plain error should be noticed “with the

utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest

miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978),

paragraph three of the syllabus.

{¶ 46} We find no error, plain or otherwise, in the trial court’s admission of the

photographs of the Facebook messages between A.M. and P.B. The record indicates

that A.M. sent the messages to P.B. shortly after she was sexually assaulted, and the

library from which she sent the messages was across the street from the church. A.M.

testified that she was feeling scared when she sent the messages, and the messages

themselves indicate that she felt like she was going to cry. The trial court reasonably

concluded that the messages from A.M. were admissible as either excited utterances or

present sense impressions.

{¶ 47} The court also properly allowed P.B.’s responses to A.M. Most of P.B.’s

responses to A.M. were questions, which did not make any assertions. For example,

when A.M. messaged that she had to tell P.B. something and that she (A.M.) was about

to cry, P.B. responded, “What is it.” A.M. then asked P.B. if she could come over, to

which P.B. responded, “Why can’t u just type it.” P.B.’s additional responses to A.M. --

which told A.M. to call her, asked A.M. who had raped her (A.M.), asked A.M. if she was

“for real,” and telling A.M. to come over – also were not assertions, and thus did not qualify

as “statements” within the definition of hearsay. Moreover, none of P.B.’s messages to

A.M. were offered for the truth of those responses.

{¶ 48} Even assuming, for sake of the argument, that the photographs of the
 -17-

Facebook messages should have been excluded, we find that their admission did not

affect Singleton’s substantial rights. The photographs reiterated what A.M. had

previously testified to, without objection, and the substance of those messages was

before the court through several other witnesses. Officer Tyler Hofacker had testified

that he responded to the hospital on a report of a sexual assault at United Thoelogical

Seminary and Church. Officer Hofacker identified A.M. as the victim, and stated that

A.M. had identified her assailant as the custodian/man who sat at the front desk as one

enters the church. Emily Kesner, the SANE nurse, testified that, as part of her

examination, she had asked A.M. what had happened. Kesner testified, without

objection, that A.M. reported that she was raped and that “the alleged perpetrator had

bent her over and pulled down her pants and put his thing inside of her.” (Trial Tr. at

342.) DNA evidence supported A.M.’s allegations against Singleton. In light of the

substantial evidence against Singleton, any error in admitting the photographs for the

Facebook messages was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

{¶ 49} Singleton’s second assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 50} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

.............

DONOVAN, P.J. and FAIN, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Kirsten A. Brandt
Ann M. Graber
Kate L. Bowling
Hon. Dennis J. Adkins
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