Filed 8/19/16 P. v. Washburn CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Yolo)
----
THE PEOPLE, C076652
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. CRF133885)
v.
BARBARA LYNNE WASHBURN,
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Barbara Lynne Washburn filed a motion pursuant to Penal Code
section 1538.51 to suppress drugs and drug paraphernalia found during a warrantless
search of her car in the Cache Creek Casino parking lot. The trial court denied the
motion, and defendant pleaded no contest to possession of methamphetamine (Health &
1 Further unspecified references are to the Penal Code.
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Saf. Code § 11377, subd. (a)) in exchange for a grant of Proposition 36 probation and
dismissal of other charges against her.
On appeal, defendant challenges the denial of her motion to suppress contending
there was no probable cause to search her vehicle and thus the warrantless search violated
her rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The facts are taken from the transcript of the preliminary hearing, which was
adopted by the parties and the court as the factual basis for defendant’s plea. Defendant’s
motion to suppress was heard concurrently with the preliminary examination. The
primary witness, Deputy Reiko Matsumura, testified as follows:
On September 1, 2013, Cache Creek Casino security summoned Deputy
Matsumura to the casino to review surveillance videotape of the casino parking lot. She
observed defendant approach a black Ford Escort, empty the contents of her purse onto
the trunk, and then get into the car and roll down the windows. She further observed
defendant smoking something, but because the car’s windows were tinted, she could only
see defendant’s silhouette sitting in the passenger seat. She was, however, able to see
white puffs of smoke coming from “the area where [defendant’s] head would be as she
was sitting in the passenger seat.” Deputy Matsumura believed the smoke emanating
from the car was consistent with what one would see if someone were smoking a
controlled substance. Based on the deputy’s experience and training, she was able to
differentiate between smoke ingested from a cigarette and smoke ingested from a
controlled substance, which “has a thicker consistency and . . . shows up on the
[surveillance] cameras as more of a white cloud.” The video showed defendant was in
the car for “at least a half an hour.”
Next, Deputy Matsumura and casino security personnel located defendant and a
male companion, Shawn Wirth, inside the casino and asked to speak with them.
Defendant and Wirth agreed and walked with Deputy Matsumura and casino security to
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an employee area away from the casino floor. After separating defendant and Wirth,
Deputy Matsumura asked defendant if she had anything illegal on her person. Defendant
said she did not and consented to a search of her purse. Deputy Matsumura searched
defendant’s purse but found nothing of interest. She inquired whether defendant had
made any trips to the car. Defendant said she had gone to the car to smoke a cigarette,
and had given her pack of cigarettes to Wirth. She also said she had been smoking an
electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). An e-cigarette was found in defendant’s purse. Deputy
Matsumura asked if there was anything illegal in defendant’s car. Defendant denied there
was and consented to a search of the vehicle. During this exchange, Deputy Matsumura
observed defendant was fidgety, having trouble staying still, and speaking rapidly. She
shined a flashlight in defendant’s eyes and noticed her pupils did not react. Based on
Deputy Matsumura’s training and experience, she recognized these circumstances as
signs of being under the influence of a controlled substance.
Deputy Matsumura left defendant with security personnel and focused her
attention on Wirth in the next room. As she spoke with Wirth, she heard defendant
yelling from the other side of the door. She went back to check on defendant, who was
upset and yelling. Defendant yelled, “Fuck you, I don’t want you in my car, go ahead
and arrest me,” and stepped towards her. Deputy Matsumura told defendant to step back.
Although she felt she had sufficient information to arrest defendant for being under the
influence of a controlled substance, Deputy Matsumura did not arrest her at that time and
instead placed her in handcuffs and detained her in a casino holding cell.
Next, Deputy Matsumura searched defendant’s car to look for controlled
substances. The search revealed a bag containing a glass smoking pipe with residue and
a bag of a crystal substance, later determined to be 3.2 grams of methamphetamine,
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located between the passenger seat and the center console. Deputy Matsumura advised
defendant of her Miranda2 rights and transported her to jail.
Sheriff’s Deputy Charles Hoyt also testified, stating that defendant admitted
having used methamphetamine on and off for the past 10 years, having last smoked
methamphetamine earlier that day in San Francisco, and having smoked only an e-
cigarette at the casino.
On cross-examination, Deputy Matsumura acknowledged she had no training
regarding e-cigarettes, and that the white smoke she observed on the surveillance tape
could have come from an e-cigarette.
Denial of Motion to Suppress
The magistrate denied defendant’s motion to suppress, stating in part as follows:
“The officer did—the deputy did approach [defendant] in the casino and asked her
to—if she would mind accompanying her out so she could talk to her. [¶] I do find that
the initial contact was consensual in nature. I do find that based on the officer’s
observation of [defendant] at the time she talked to her, she had previously seen a video
which reflected in her mind somebody who was smoking methamphetamine. [¶] And
what was the basis of that? She indicated that based on her training and experience the
puff of white smoke which was consistent with somebody smoking methamphetamine
was a basis for her to make the inquiry of [defendant]. [¶] Furthermore, the officer, or
deputy, had an observation of the defendant’s condition at the time. She was fidgety.
She did—was speaking rapidly. She was having trouble standing still. She also made
observations about her eyes, which were consistent in the deputy’s mind with somebody
who was under the influence of methamphetamine.
2 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694] (Miranda).
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“The detention was made, the officer indicated, for safety reasons. Given the
display of aggressive behavior that was demonstrated in the hallway, I do find that the
consent that was initially given to the officer to search the vehicle and also searching of
the purse—well, searching of the purse, certainly, and looking through the purse at items
that were there was done consensually.
“The consent of the vehicle was initially given but then withdrawn. I do find that
based on the language that was given it’s clearly evident that whatever consent may have
been given earlier was being withdrawn by the defendant here. The question is whether
or not there was a sufficient basis for the officer to go forward and search the vehicle, and
I do find, based on the observations of the defendant being under the influence and, also,
the white smoke, which was consistent with somebody smoking methamphetamine, was
a reasonable basis, probable cause, more probable than not, that the—in the vehicle
would be located possible controlled substances.
“There was no controlled substance found in the purse. The question is whether or
not the electric cigarette should have been something that they stopped and investigated
to see whether or not an electric cigarette produces the kind of smoke the officer said was
seen inside the car, which was consistent with smoke from somebody smoking
methamphetamine, but I do find that if you look at what her training and experience told
her about the cloud of smoke that she saw that more probable than not that that was
methamphetamine that was being smoked.
“The officer did have, in the Court’s view, probable cause to search the car, and I
do find, based on everything, the totality of circumstances, the surveillance footage, the
observations of the deputy of the [defendant’s] condition at the time, and the fact that she
was under arrest at that time that the search of the vehicle was appropriate, and there was
probable cause to believe that the controlled substance that was not in the purse, that was
not in the pockets of the defendant, was to be found in the vehicle where the
methamphetamine, apparently according to the officer, may have been smoked, and I do
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find based on the totality of circumstances, therefore, that the motion to suppress will be
denied.”
In response to the prosecutor’s comment that, according to Deputy Matsumura’s
testimony, defendant was not under arrest at the time of the vehicle search, the court
clarified its ruling as follows:
“The Court is finding it principally on the ground of the observations from the
surveillance footage, observations which indicated a puff of white smoke consistent with
methamphetamine use, consistent as well with the observations of the officer that the
defendant was under the influence of a central nervous system stimulant, and based on
that, and the absence of contraband on the defendant’s person, that there was probable
cause to believe there was contraband in the vehicle, and that is the basis for the Court’s
belief.”
Denial of Motion to Dismiss
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss (§ 995) in the trial court, renewing her claim
that Deputy Matsumura lacked probable cause to search the car and asserting the trial
court erred in denying her suppression motion. The court denied the motion, stating as
follows:
“I believe the People concede that the defendant withdrew her consent to search
the vehicle, so the issue in the Court’s mind is whether or not the automobile exception
applied to the warrant rule.
“In order for the automobile exception to apply, there must be objective facts
known to the officer that would justify the issuance of a search warrant. In this case, the
officer saw via a surveillance video that the defendant was smoking something in the
vehicle, but was unable to see what the person was smoking, whether it was a pipe or a
cigarette or some other device. And the Court agrees that if that was all the information
the officer had, that would not be sufficient to get a search warrant or invoke the
automobile exception.
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“In addition to that information, the officer had contact with the defendant who
appeared to be under the influence based upon observing her eyes, and then she
demonstrated agitated and somewhat aggressive conduct. In addition, he [sic], with her
consent, searched her purse and did not find any controlled substance.
“Based on her objective appearance, the Court believes he [sic] had probable
cause to arrest her. And based upon the lack of controlled substance or pipes or devices
in her purse, had objective facts to believe that the thing that she was smoking in the car
was a controlled substance.
“I would also note that the defendant made a statement, just arrest me, which
would suggest that she believed she—the officer had a right to arrest her, but that may be
subject to interpretation. Even without that, the Court believes that the officer had
objective facts that would justify getting a search warrant for the vehicle, and, thus, the
automobile exception applies. And for that reason, the search was legal, and the motion
to set aside the information as to Count[s] 1 and 3 under Penal Code [section] 995 is
denied.”
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends Deputy Matsumura lacked probable cause to conduct the
warrantless search of her car because there were no objective facts to support the
inference that (a) she was smoking a controlled substance in the car or (b) the controlled
substance would still be present in the car hours later. As such, the items found in the
search should have been suppressed. As we will explain, Deputy Matsumura had
probable cause under the “automobile exception” to search defendant’s car for drugs.
In reviewing the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence pursuant to
section 1538.5, we consider the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
disposition and defer to the trial court’s factual findings, whether explicit or implicit, if
supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Tully (2012) 54 Cal.4th 952, 979; People v.
Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 924.) Any conflicts in the evidence are resolved in favor
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of the trial court’s order. (People v. Limon (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 524, 529.)
Additionally, “ ‘ “[when] two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the
facts,” either deduction will be supported by substantial evidence, and “a reviewing court
is without power to substitute its deductions for those of the trial court.” [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (In re Eric J. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 522, 527.) We exercise our independent
judgment to determine whether, on the facts found, the search or seizure was reasonable
under the Fourth Amendment of the federal Constitution. (People v. Weaver, supra, at p.
924.) We affirm the trial court’s ruling if it is correct on any theory of applicable law,
even if for reasons different than those given by the trial court. (People v. Evans (2011)
200 Cal.App.4th 735, 742; People v. Hua (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1027, 1033.)
Under the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement,
“[i]f a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband,
the Fourth Amendment thus permits police to search the vehicle without more.”
(Pennsylvania v. Labron (1996) 518 U.S. 938, 940 [135 L.Ed.2d 1031, 1036]; see United
States v. Ross (1982) 456 U.S. 798, 808 [72 L.Ed.2d 572, 583].) “Probable cause for a
search exists where an officer is aware of facts that would lead a [person] of ordinary
caution or prudence to believe, and conscientiously to entertain, a strong suspicion that
the object of the search is in the particular place to be searched. [Citations.]” (People v.
Dumas (1973) 9 Cal.3d 871, 885.) “In determining probable cause we must make a
‘practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances . . . there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Allen (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 445, 450, quoting Illinois v. Gates
(1983) 462 U.S. 213, 238 [76 L.Ed.2d 527, 548].)
Here, Deputy Matsumura had sufficient facts to lead an ordinary person to
entertain a strong suspicion that drugs would be found in defendant’s car. The deputy
viewed the casino’s surveillance tape and saw what, according to her training and
experience, appeared to be defendant smoking a controlled substance. She then asked to
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speak with defendant and, during the course of that conversation, observed that defendant
was talking rapidly, fidgeting, and having trouble standing still. She also found
defendant’s pupils unreactive. Within minutes of Deputy Matsumura speaking with
Wirth, defendant became combative and aggressive. Although Deputy Matsumura did
not arrest defendant at that point for being under the influence of a controlled substance,
she felt she had sufficient information to do so. Because no drugs were found on
defendant’s person or in her purse, and given the surveillance footage of defendant in the
car smoking something that appeared to be a controlled substance, Deputy Matsumura
believed she might find drugs in defendant’s car. Under these circumstances, there was a
fair probability drugs would be found in the car.
Defendant argues the objective facts (i.e., she told Deputy Matsumura she had
been smoking a cigarette in the car; an e-cigarette was found in her purse; she put a pack
of cigarettes on the trunk while she rummaged through her purse; she rolled down the car
windows and smoked “openly”; and Deputy Matsumura acknowledged an e-cigarette
could have produced the smoke seen on the surveillance video) lead to an inference that
she was smoking an e-cigarette, not a controlled substance. She asserts that because
Deputy Matsumura never testified which controlled substance would create the white
smoke seen on the surveillance video or whether her behavior was consistent with that
particular substance, and because she acknowledged the smoke could have come from an
e-cigarette, her belief that it came from a controlled substance was not objectively
reasonable. We are not persuaded.
Deputy Matsumura’s belief regarding the origin of the smoke is not dispositive of
the issue of probable cause. Her belief that there would be drugs in the car was based on
a collection of facts defendant’s physical manifestation of the signs and symptoms of
drug use, the absence of drugs on defendant’s person or in her purse, and that defendant
appeared to be smoking a controlled substance in the car—all of which led to “[a]
‘practical, nontechnical’ probability that incriminating evidence [was] involved . . . .
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[Citation.]” (Texas v. Brown (1983) 460 U.S. 730, 742 [75 L.Ed.2d 502, 514].) Even
assuming a reasonable person could have reached a different conclusion, as we
previously stated, “ ‘ “[when] two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from
the facts,” either deduction will be supported by substantial evidence, and “a reviewing
court is without power to substitute its deductions for those of the trial court.”
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (In re Eric J., supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 527.)
Similarly, we reject defendant’s assertion that there were no objective facts to
support an inference that drugs would still be present in the car three hours after she was
seen smoking given the possibility she used up the entire quantity of drugs, given the
remainder to a third party, or put the remainder somewhere other than in the car. Again,
a finding of probable cause does not rely on an absence of all other potential
explanations, nor does it require proof beyond a reasonable doubt. (Illinois v. Gates,
supra, 462 U.S. at p. 235.) Defendant was seen smoking in the car for more than 30
minutes. She then spent the next several hours in the casino, where she was ultimately
located by Deputy Matsumura. When questioned, defendant manifested signs and
symptoms of being under the influence but did not have drugs on her person or in her
purse. Under those circumstances, it was reasonable to infer there would be drugs in the
car.
We conclude there was probable cause to search the car.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NICHOLSON , Acting P. J.
We concur:
BUTZ , J.
HOCH , J.
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