MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Aug 24 2016, 9:17 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Matthew J. McGovern Thomas A. Massey
Anderson, Indiana Evansville, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Timothy B. Hopper, August 24, 2016
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
65A01-1510-DR-1603
v. Appeal from the Posey Circuit
Court
Angela C. Hopper, The Honorable James M.
Appellee-Plaintiff. Redwine, Judge
The Honorable S. Brent Almon,
Special Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
65C01-1405-DR-192
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] Timothy Hopper and Angela Hopper were married in 1999 and had one child.
In 2014, Angela filed a petition for dissolution of marriage. The trial court
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dissolved the parties’ marriage, determined custody of the minor child, set child
support, valued the parties’ assets, and divided the marital estate. On appeal,
Timothy challenges the trial court’s valuation of his business for purposes of
dividing the marital estate. Timothy presents two issues for our review:
1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in valuing the business
at $200,000?
2. Did the trial court rely on impermissible hearsay evidence in
valuing the business?
Angela cross-appeals, asserting that the trial court abused its discretion in
awarding her only $3000 toward her attorney fees.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] The parties were married on January 15, 1999. In September 2009, Timothy
and a business partner purchased Carter Plumbing and Heating, LLC, (Carter
Plumbing) for $167,500. The business purchase included all intangibles such
as, but not limited to, the exclusive rights to use the name Carter Plumbing and
the goodwill associated with the business through execution of a covenant not
to compete by the seller. In 2012, Timothy bought out his business partner’s
fifty-percent interest in Carter Plumbing for $10,000. As part of the purchase
agreement, Timothy’s business partner signed a non-compete agreement.
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[4] Angela filed a verified petition for dissolution of marriage on April 14, 2014.
During the pendency of the divorce proceedings, Timothy hired an appraiser,
George Pritchett, to value all tangible and intangible assets of Carter Plumbing.
As directed by Timothy, Pritchett used April 14, 2014 as the date upon which to
base his appraisal. As of that date, Carter Plumbing’s balance sheet reflected an
ownership equity1 of negative $43,460.
[5] In addition to considering the ownership equity, Pritchett collected various
information and industry data, which informed him that approximately seventy
percent of the selling price of similar businesses represented the value of
intangibles and non-compete agreements. Pritchett also took into account that
Timothy stated he would not sign a covenant not to compete. He therefore did
not include personal goodwill in his calculation. Based on the information he
compiled, Pritchett prepared an appraisal report in which he concluded that, if
sold, Carter Plumbing had a nominal value of $1,000. Pritchett opined that
even though Carter Plumbing had a negative ownership equity, a potential
buyer might pay $1,000 for use of the name Carter Plumbing.
[6] In contrast to the valuation provided by Pritchett, Angela presented evidence
that Timothy provided his bank with a verified personal financial statement,
dated August 25, 2014, in which he asserted that Carter Plumbing was an asset
valued at $200,000. Timothy attached a balance sheet dated that same day that
1
Pritchett explained that ownership equity is the value of the assets minus the value of the liabilities.
Ownership equity does not include a value for intangibles.
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showed Carter Plumbing had an ownership equity of $197,315.72.2 Angela also
presented evidence that in 2013 Timothy retained Strategic Tax Advisors (STA)
to provide tax strategies and business recommendations for Carter Plumbing
and paid them $15,000 for the services provided. STA prepared a report
wherein it was noted that Timothy informed STA that Carter Plumbing had a
value of $400,000.
[7] Finally, Angela presented the expert testimony of Jerry Peters, a Certified
Public Accountant, who noted that Carter Plumbing had a substantial increase
in ownership equity from April 14, 2014, the date used by Pritchett in his
appraisal, and August 25, 2014. Specifically, Peters noted that Carter
Plumbing’s ownership equity increased from negative $43,460 to positive
$197,315. In subsequent months, the balance sheet continued to reflect that the
ownership equity for Carter Plumbing remained steady around $200,000.
Peters acknowledged that his analysis of Carter Plumbing’s balance sheets was
not a valuation of the worth of the business as it did not include a value for
intangible assets (including goodwill).
[8] In contrast to Peters’s testimony, Timothy presented the August 25, 2014
balance sheet to Pritchett. Pritchett testified that some of the entries on the
2
During discovery, Angela requested numerous times that Timothy provide her with financial information
pertaining to Carter Plumbing and Timothy did not comply with those discovery requests. Angela obtained
Timothy’s personal financial statement and accompanying balance sheet through her own efforts. With the
court’s intervention during a hearing, Timothy provided to Angela additional financial information in the
form of monthly balance sheets for Carter Plumbing from September 2014 through March 2015.
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balance sheet were “probably” accounting-related entries that had not been
“marked to market.” Transcript Day 1 at 57. Pritchett further testified that if he
had used the August 25, 2014 balance sheet for his valuation, he would have
valued Carter Plumbing at between $40,000 and $50,000.
[9] The final hearing was held on May 8, 2015, and July 29 through July 30, 2015.
The trial court issued its final decree of dissolution of marriage on September
16, 2015, and a corrected decree on September 17, 2015. In the corrected
decree, the trial court dissolved the parties’ marriage, determined custody of the
parties’ only child, set child support, valued the parties’ assets, and divided the
marital estate.
[10] With respect to the property division, the trial court valued Carter Plumbing at
$200,000 and awarded the business in its entirety to Timothy, bringing the
value of his share of the marital estate to $237,580.83. The total value of
Angela’s share was $49,684.98. Finding that the marital estate should be
divided equally, the trial court ordered Timothy to make an equalization
payment of $93,911.93 to Angela.3 The trial court also ordered Timothy to pay
$3000 of Angela’s attorney fees at a rate of $250 per month. Timothy now
3
The trial court allowed Timothy to pay this amount at a rate of $5000 per quarter with statutory interest
accruing at 8% per annum, with the first payment to commence on January 15, 2016. The trial court also
awarded Angela a lien against Carter Plumbing and certain rental property until Timothy paid the
equalization payment in full.
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appeals and Angela cross-appeals. Additional facts will be provided as
necessary.
Discussion & Decision
[11] Where, as here, the trial court enters findings and conclusions sua sponte, the
findings control only with respect to the issues they cover, while a general
judgment standard applies to issues on which there are no findings. In re
Marriage of Sutton, 16 N.E.3d 481, 484-85 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). We affirm a
general judgment entered with findings if it can be sustained on any legal theory
supported by the evidence. Hurt v. Hurt, 920 N.E.2d 688, 691 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010). When the court has made findings of fact and conclusions thereon, we
review those findings and conclusions using a clearly erroneous standard.
Sutton, 16 N.E.3d at 485. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when the record
contains no facts to support the findings, either directly or by inference. Hurt,
920 N.E.2d at 691. “A judgment is clearly erroneous if it applies the wrong
legal standard to properly found facts.” Id. In conducting our review, we first
determine whether the evidence supports the findings; then we determine
whether the findings support the judgment. Id.
1. Business Valuation
[12] Timothy argues that the trial court abused its discretion by assigning a value of
$200,000 to Carter Plumbing. The trial court’s valuation of marital assets is
within its sound discretion and will only be disturbed for an abuse of discretion.
Morey v. Morey, 49 N.E.3d 1065, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (citing In re Marriage
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of Nickels, 834 N.E.2d 1091, 1095 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)). As long as the
evidence is sufficient and reasonable inferences support the valuation, an abuse
of discretion does not occur. Id. We will not weigh the evidence and will
consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment. Id.
“Although the facts and reasonable inferences might allow for a different
conclusion, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.”
Nickels, 834 N.E.2d at 1095 (quoting Bizik v. Bizik, 753 N.E.2d 762, 766 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied).
[13] During the final hearing, Timothy and Angela both put forth evidence
pertaining to the value of Carter Plumbing. The trial court ultimately
determined “the most credible value of Carter Plumbing to be $200,000.00,”
which value Timothy assigned to Carter Plumbing in the August 25, 2014
verified personal financial statement he submitted to his bank.4 Appellant’s
Appendix at 103. This value corresponded with an August 25, 2014 balance
sheet for Carter Plumbing that showed Carter Plumbing had an ownership
equity of $197,315.
4
Generally, the marital pot closes on the date the dissolution petition is filed. Smith v. Smith, 854 N.E.2d 1, 6
(Ind. Ct. App. 2006). However, a trial court has broad discretion in determining the date upon which to
value the marital assets, and the trial court may select any date between the date of filing the petition of
dissolution and the date of the final hearing. Id. Here, Timothy asked his expert to value Carter Plumbing as
of April 14, 2014, the day Angela filed the petition for dissolution. Timothy accepts that the trial court
apparently chose to value Carter Plumbing as of August 25, 2014. See Appellant’s Brief at 15 (noting without
argument that August 25, 2014 was “the date on which the trial court determined that the business should be
valued”).
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[14] Here, Timothy does not dispute that he identified Carter Plumbing as an asset
valued of $200,000 in the August 25, 2014 personal financial statement he
submitted to his bank. Nevertheless, Timothy argues that the trial court could
not rely on his valuation because there is no basis for that assigned value. See
Court View Centre, L.L.C. v. Witt, 753 N.E.2d 75, 82 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)
(holding that a business owner is competent to offer an opinion as to the value
of his business so long as there is a basis for that valuation). Timothy asserts
that there is a lack of evidence regarding the methodology he used or what
information he included in arriving at the value he assigned to Carter Plumbing
at that time. Timothy claims that the value the court assigned to Carter
Plumbing may have included his personal goodwill, which is not a marital asset
subject to distribution. Timothy also claims that the balance sheet on which he
relied may not have used figures that had been reduced to market value.
[15] We disagree with Timothy that there is no basis for the $200,000 valuation of
Carter Plumbing he submitted to his bank. Timothy’s $200,000 valuation
directly correlated with the August 25, 2014 balance sheet that he attached to
his personal financial statement. As described by the parties’ experts, the
balance sheets compared Carter Plumbing’s assets and liabilities, with the
ultimate calculation being the ownership equity for Carter Plumbing. As
indicated by the August 25, 2014 balance sheet, Carter Plumbing had
ownership equity of $197,315.22.
[16] We also disagree with Timothy that the $200,000 value assigned to Carter
Plumbing included items that are not marital property subject to disposition.
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The experts’ testimony made it clear that ownership equity is the difference
between the hard assets and hard liabilities and does not include the value of
intangibles, such as personal or enterprise goodwill. Yoon v. Yoon, 711 N.E.2d
1265, 1268 (Ind. 1999) (citing In re Marriage of Talty, 652 N.E.2d 330, 333 (Ill.
1995)) (noting goodwill that is personal to one spouse is not a divisible marital
asset, but enterprise goodwill is a marital asset subject to property division).
[17] To the extent Timothy asserts that the August 25, 2014 balance sheet could not
be relied upon because it was not adjusted to market value, we find that such
claim is not supported by the record. After being shown the August 25, 2014
balance sheet, Pritchett testified that “a lot of those entries in there are probably
accounting related entries and have not been marked to market.” Transcript Day
1 at 57 (emphasis supplied). Pritchett’s testimony does not establish that the
values used in the August 25, 2014 balance sheet were incorrect or improper
and Timothy presented no other evidence suggesting that the August 25, 2014
balance sheet was not accurate. We also find it curious that Timothy found the
August 25, 2014 balance sheet sufficiently accurate to claim in a personal
financial statement submitted to his bank that Carter Plumbing was an asset
valued at $200,000, but that the same balance sheet is not accurate for purposes
of valuing and dividing the marital estate.
[18] Finally, we note that Pritchett, in explaining his appraisal, made much of the
fact that Timothy would not sign a covenant not to compete. Pritchett
therefore did not include any value for goodwill attributable to Pritchett
himself. Pritchett’s appraisal was essentially a valuation of Carter Plumbing
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based on the April 14, 2014 balance sheet. The $1000 value Pritchett assigned
to Carter Plumbing was the value if the business name was sold.
[19] Here, the trial court based its valuation of Carter Plumbing on the ownership
equity as reflected on the balance sheet as of August 25, 2014. The trial court
did not have to accept Pritchett’s uninformed opinion that such figures had not
been adjusted to market value or assign a value to Carter Plumbing consistent
with its fair market value if sold. See Crider v. Crider, 15 N.E.3d 1042, 1061 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014) (holding that a trial court is vested with discretion in choosing a
methodology to use and is not required to use fair market value), trans. denied.
[20] As noted above, we will not second-guess the manner in which the trial court
determined the value to assign to Carter Plumbing so long as there is evidence
in the record or reasonable inferences that support the valuation. We find the
trial court’s findings with respect to its valuation of Carter Plumbing are
supported by the evidence and conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in relying upon Carter Plumbing’s balance sheet in deciding to value
Carter Plumbing at $200,000 for purposes of dividing the marital estate.
2. Hearsay
[21] Timothy also argues that the trial court relied on impermissible hearsay
evidence in valuing Carter Plumbing. Specifically, Timothy asserts that, over
his objection, the trial court erroneously admitted and then considered the STA
report that included his statement in 2013 that he believed Carter Plumbing had
a value of $400,000.
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[22] In its findings of fact, the trial court summarized the evidence as it pertained to
the STA report. Contrary to Timothy’s assertion, however, there is no
indication in the trial court’s conclusions that the court “likely used this
valuation as it narrowed the eventual valuation down to $200,000.” Appellant’s
Brief at 16. Indeed, in its conclusions of law, the trial court referenced only
Timothy’s post-filing assertion in his personal financial statement that Carter
Plumbing was an asset valued at $200,000, which the court found to be “the
most credible” value of Carter Plumbing. Appellant’s Appendix at 103. Thus,
even if the trial court erroneously admitted the STA report into evidence and
then considered it, any error would have been harmless as the evidence likely
did not contribute to the court’s determination regarding the value of Carter
Plumbing. See Techna-Fit, Inc. v. Fluid Transfer Products, Inc., 45 N.E.3d 399, 411
(Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (noting that an error is harmless when the probable impact
of the erroneously admitted evidence on the factfinder, in light of all the
evidence presented, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect a party’s substantial
rights).
3. Cross-Appeal
[23] Angela filed a cross-appeal in which she maintains that the trial court abused its
discretion in not ordering Timothy to pay all of her claimed amount of attorney
fees. Angela maintains that a majority of her attorney fees were incurred as a
result of Timothy’s failure to comply with discovery requests.
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[24] We review a trial court’s decision to award or deny attorney fees in connection
with a dissolution decree using an abuse of discretion standard. Troyer v. Troyer,
987 N.E.2d 1130, 1142 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. The trial court has
broad discretion in assessing attorney fees, and we will reverse only if its
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances
before it or if it misapplies the law. Fackler v. Powell, 923 N.E.2d 973, 981 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2010).
[25] Pursuant to Ind. Code § 31-15-10-1, a trial court may order a party in a
marriage dissolution proceeding to pay a reasonable amount of the attorney fees
of the other party. “When making such an award, the court must consider the
resources of the parties, their economic condition, the ability of the parties to
engage in gainful employment and to earn adequate income and other factors
that bear on the reasonableness of the award.” Hendricks v. Hendricks, 784
N.E.2d 1024, 1028 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). “‘When one party is in a superior
position to pay fees over the other party, an award of attorney fees is proper.’”
Hartley v. Hartley, 862 N.E.2d 274, 287 (quoting Ratliff v. Ratliff, 804 N.E.2d 237,
249 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004)). Where the parties’ resources are relatively on par
with each other, the only basis for an award of attorney fees are the improper
actions of one party necessitating the incurrence of attorney fees by the other
party. Hendricks, 784 N.E.2d at 1028 (stating that the misconduct that directly
results in additional litigation expenses may be properly taken into account in
trial court’s decision to award attorney fees).
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[26] Here, the trial court found that Timothy “habitually failed to comply” with
Angela’s “reasonable and necessary” discovery requests even after being
encouraged by the court and then admonished. Appellant’s Appendix at 97, 99.
The trial court specifically noted Timothy’s most egregious violations and
further noted that even after being ordered to comply, Timothy only reluctantly
did so. Upon considering Angela’s request for attorney fees, the trial court
determined that $3000 was a reasonable amount to order Timothy to pay given
the difficulties created by his failure to comply with discovery requests.
[27] Aside from Timothy’s actions concerning discovery matters, Angela asserts no
other basis upon which to support an award of all of her attorney fees. Indeed,
the trial court found that the marital estate should be divided equally and
ordered Timothy make an equalization payment to Angela, thereby putting
them relatively on par with each other. Having reviewed the record, we cannot
say that the trial court abused its discretion in deciding not to award Angela all
of her attorney fees.5
[28] We affirm.
[29] Bailey, J. and Bradford, J., concur.
5
In addition to arguing that she should have been awarded all of her attorney fees she incurred at the trial
level, Angela seeks an award of appellate attorney fees. Angela, however, fails to cite any relevant authority
or assert any basis upon which an award of appellate attorney fees may be warranted. She has therefore
waived the issue for our consideration.
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