Octavius Morris v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Aug 24 2016, 9:02 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court

the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Patricia Caress McMath Gregory F. Zoeller
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General
J.T. Whitehead
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Octavius Morris, August 24, 2016
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
24A01-1512-CR-2206
v. Appeal from the Franklin Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable J. Steven Cox,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
24C01-1404-FB-268

Pyle, Judge.

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Statement of the Case
[1] Octavius Morris (“Morris”) appeals, following a jury trial, his conviction for

Class B felony burglary.1 He alleges that there were three instances of

prosecutorial misconduct during the State’s closing argument—only one of

which he objected to—and argues that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s

three comments constituted fundamental error. Concluding that Morris has not

met his burden of showing prosecutorial misconduct and fundamental error, we

affirm his conviction. Additionally, because the record before us reveals that

the trial court entered a separate sentence on Morris’s habitual offender

determination instead of enhancing his Class B felony burglary sentence, we

remand to the trial court with instructions to correct this irregularity in the

relevant sentencing documents.

[2] We affirm and remand.

Issue
Whether the cumulative effect of the three allegations of
prosecutorial misconduct amounted to fundamental error.

Facts
[3] In 2014, Morris and Tiffany Ramey (“Ramey”) were involved in a relationship.

At that time, Ramey worked for a health care company that provided home

1
IND. CODE § 35-43-2-1. We note that, effective July 1, 2014, a new version of the burglary statute was
enacted and that Class B felony burglary is now a Level 4 felony. Because Morris committed his crime in
April 2014, we will apply the statute in effect at that time.

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health care to disabled adults. One of the homes where Ramey provided in-

home care was the Franklin County home of Timothy Cutcher (“Cutcher”) and

his wife, Karen Hoog (“Hoog”) (collectively, “the Cutchers”). Hoog’s adult

sister, Wendy, who has a developmental disability and requires in-home

caregivers, alternated living with the Cutchers and Hoog’s other sister every two

months. Ramey went to the Cutcher’s home two days per week to care for

Wendy during the months that Wendy resided with the Cutchers. In order to

provide the caregivers, such as Ramey, access to the house when the Cutchers

were at work, they routinely left a door unlocked.

[4] In April 2014, Ramey, who was having financial difficulties, told Morris about

the “nice things” in the Cutcher’s house. (Tr. 243). Morris and Ramey decided

to burglarize the Cutcher’s house as “an easy way to make money[.]” (Tr. 243).

On April 2, 2014, Morris and Ramey went to the Cutcher’s house because

Ramey knew that the Cutchers would be at work and that Wendy would not be

there. Morris and Ramey entered the Cutcher’s house via the unlocked door.

Morris instructed Ramey to take the two piggy banks, and he took two fifty-

inch TVs from the house. As they drove away from the Cutcher’s house,

Morris told Ramey that if he had known that it would have been “that easy, he

would’ve got[ten] a box truck and . . . some of his boys and . . . cleaned them

out.” (Tr. 264). Morris and Ramey also discussed selling the TVs and splitting

the money.

[5] That same day, Morris and Ramey took the piggy banks to Woodruff’s

Supermarket, where Ramey’s sister, Whitney Ramey (“Whitney”), worked. A

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surveillance camera captured videotape of Morris and Ramey, with piggy banks

in hand, as they entered the store. Morris and Ramey went to Whitney’s

cash. As they were counting the coins, Whitney noticed that there were dollar

and half-dollar coins. Whitney, concerned that Ramey had taken the money

from Whitney’s niece and nephew, asked Morris and Ramey where they had

gotten the coins. Morris responded that “he had won those playing beer pong

with his friends.” (Tr. 215).

[6] A couple of days later, Whitney was still suspicious about the source of the

coins. Whitney had the password for Ramey’s Facebook account, so she

looked at Ramey’s Facebook page and saw that Ramey had sent messages

relating to burglarizing the Cutcher’s house. Whitney then went to the Franklin

County Sheriff’s Department to report Ramey’s involvement in the burglary

and gave the Facebook messages to Officer Ryan McQueen (“Officer

McQueen”). Whitney told the officer about Ramey and Morris’s trip to the

store to exchange coins for cash and informed him that the store had a

surveillance system that would show them walking in the store.

[7] Officer McQueen confirmed that a burglary had occurred at the Cutcher’s

house and obtained the store’s surveillance footage, which showed Morris and

Ramey walking into the store with the piggy banks. The officer then arrested

and interviewed Ramey, who admitted to committing the burglary with Morris.

Thereafter, Officer McQueen interviewed Morris, who admitted that he took

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the piggy banks to the store with Ramey but denied being involved in the

burglary of the house.2

[8] The State subsequently charged Morris with Class B felony burglary and alleged

that he was an habitual offender. The trial court held a two-day jury trial on

October 5-6, 2015. During voir dire, one of the potential jurors stated that his

house, as well as four or five other houses, had been burglarized around the

same time as the alleged burglary in this case and that the police had never

discovered who had committed these crimes. Thereafter, the prosecutor asked

the jury venire if anyone else had been a victim of a crime, and two other

potential jurors stated that they knew of people whose houses had been

burglarized. In each of these instances, the prosecutor questioned whether

these potential jurors could be fair and impartial.

[9] When Morris’s counsel questioned the potential jurors, he brought up the

existence of the unsolved burglaries on more than one occasion and asked the

jurors whether those would weigh on their minds and whether they would

“take [it] out” on or penalize Morris. (Tr. 52). Morris’s counsel also stated that

the prosecutor did not get to make the call of who is guilty or innocent despite

the fact that he had “been in office for a long time, years and years.” (Tr. 42).

[10] During the trial, the State presented, among its witnesses, Ramey, who had

already pled guilty to the burglary, and Whitney. They testified regarding the

2
The officer’s interview with Morris was videotaped. Neither party offered it into evidence at trial.

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facts above, and Ramey specifically testified that Morris was involved with the

burglary of the Cutcher’s house. The State also introduced a photograph of the

surveillance video, which showed Morris and Ramey entering the store with the

stolen piggy banks.

[11] Morris’s defense at trial was that, other than Ramey’s testimony, there was no

physical evidence, such as fingerprints or DNA, to prove that he was present at

the Cutcher’s house during the burglary. Morris presented one witness, Officer

McQueen, who confirmed that his interview with Morris had been recorded.

[12] During the State’s closing argument, when discussing the evidence relating to

the charged burglary, the prosecutor revisited the voir dire topic of unsolved

burglaries. The prosecutor pointed out that, initially, the burglary at the

Cutcher’s house had also been unsolved and that it was later solved only

because Ramey’s sister, Whitney, had gone to the police with information.

Specifically, the prosecutor stated:

How did this case get resolved[?] It happened on April the 2 nd.
On April the 6th, it was solved. How was it solved? One of the
defendant’s own sister, Whitney Ramey, you heard her testify . .
. She turned in her own sister . . . On April the 2nd the burglaries
[sic] committed. Didn’t no [sic] who did it . . . and as you found
out from the jury selection, you may not know one of five people,
statistics show that somebody . . . one to five persons are going to
have their home burglarized. I think that showed in our jury
selection. How many people had their home burglarized right in our
own county. Do they get away, I don’t know. They all don’t get solved,
but in this one what happened. After the burglary, they went to
Woodruff’s in Liberty. Tiffany Ramey had worked their prior to
that for some years, and Whitney Ramey still worked there.
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Walked in with two piggy banks, you will see this when you back
. . . this is in evidence so you’ll get to view it back there. This is
what was entered into evidence.

(Tr. 325-26).3 Morris did not object to the prosecutor’s closing argument. The

prosecutor then continued to discuss the evidence presented during trial.

[13] Thereafter, when the prosecutor discussed Ramey’s testimony and Morris’s

attacks on her credibility, he stated:

You want to disregard [Ramey’s] testimony. If you look . . . if
Tiffany Ramey had not cooperated . . . had she not cooperated,
would we still be able to make this case. I would of [sic]. I’m the
Prosecutor, I’ve been in this county for to [sic] many . . . maybe
to [sic] many years for you folks. I have for so long. But yes, I
would have prosecuted that based on those text message[s], and
this video at Woodruff’s and Whitney’s testimony. You bet I
would of [sic]. Because people that know me, know that if
there’s a law broken[,] I’ll enforce it. If there’s a crime
committed, I’ll prosecute.

(Tr. 332-33). Morris’s counsel then objected, stating:

Judge, I’m going to object at this point. I’m going to ask that . . .
those comments be stricken from the record. It’s improper for
the State to vouch from some sort of personal standpoint for the
strength of the case. And I . . . would ask that the jury be
admonished to disregard those statement [sic] and that the State
be . . . admonished to refrain from further statements like that in
the future.

3
Morris argues that only the italicized portion of the prosecutor’s closing argument constituted prosecutorial
misconduct.

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(Tr. 333). The trial court responded:

Uh, well, it’s closing argument of counsel, and they can believe
or disbelieve [the prosecutor’s] characterization of his tenure as
prosecutor, but to the extent members of the jury that [the
prosecutor] believes in his case[] [y]ou ultimately have the final
say about whether you also share that belief. So, I would just
indicate that both parties are . . . passionate about why they’re
here. And [prosecutor] you can be back to your argument, and
we’ll move on.

(Tr. 333-34).

[14] During Morris’s closing argument, his counsel also discussed the unsolved

burglaries in the county, arguing that the jury should not be “so desperate to

solve a burglary” that they “take the word of a burglar, of a thieve [sic], of a

liar, of a person who takes advantage of the people that make it possible for her

to have a pay check . . . , of a person whose own sister surreptitiously monitors

her social media accounts.” (Tr. 344-45). His counsel then questioned, “Are

we that desperate to solve a burglary in Franklin County?” (Tr. 345).

[15] Additionally, Morris’s counsel questioned the State’s decision on what it had

and had not presented as evidence during trial, stating:

[W]here’s the video statement of Octavius Morris? Where is it?
State didn’t offer it, they just asked selective questions of Officer
McQueen. Did they ask him if he did it? No, they didn’t ask
that. Who did, me . . . You’ve not been allowed to see the
statement, the audio and video recorded statement, you’ve not
been allowed to see it.

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(Tr. 345-46). The State objected to Morris’s counsel statement, arguing that

counsel was “mis-characterizing” by telling the jury that it was not allowed to

see that evidence because the videotaped interview had not been offered by

either party. (Tr. 346). The trial court agreed that it was a “mis-statement to

the extent that the Court [ha]d not exclude[d] it from evidence.” (Tr. 346).

[16] During the State’s rebuttal argument, the prosecutor addressed Morris’s

argument about the absence of the videotaped interview from evidence:

The State goes with what it has, presents its evidence, and he
wants to think like we’re hiding something. You didn’t hear the
tape from the defendant, put it in, I don’t care. Anybody can ask
to put it in[.] Judge didn’t rule on it because nobody offered it.
He wants you to think what’s [going] on there. Believe me, you
saw how he represented his client. If there’s something on there and
he wants you to hear it, you’d [have] heard it. So don’t fall for that, it’s
an old trick.

(Tr. 359-60).4 Morris did not object to the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument. In

its final jury instructions, the trial court instructed the jury that the attorneys’

arguments were not evidence.

[17] The jury found Morris guilty as charged, and he admitted that he was an

habitual offender. The trial court sentenced Morris to an aggregate sentence of

4
Morris argues that only the italicized portion of the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument constituted prosecutorial
misconduct.

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thirty (30) years with twenty (20) years executed and ten (10) years suspended

to probation.5 Morris now appeals.

Decision
[18] The sole issue that Morris raises on appeal is a claim of prosecutorial

misconduct. Specifically, he points to three comments made by the prosecutor

during closing arguments—only one of which he objected to—and argues that

the cumulative effect of these three comments constituted prosecutorial

misconduct and fundamental error.

[19] Our Indiana Supreme Court has explained the relevant standard of review for a

claim of prosecutorial misconduct when a defendant has both properly

preserved the issue by objecting and when he has waived the issue by failing to

object at trial.

In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct properly raised
in the trial court, we determine (1) whether misconduct occurred,

5
During the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated that it was imposing a ten (10) year sentence for
Morris’s Class B felony burglary conviction as well as a separate and consecutive twenty (20) year sentence
with ten (10) years suspended to probation for Morris’s habitual offender determination. Additionally, the
original sentencing order, amended sentencing order, and chronological case summary indicate that the trial
court imposed a separate twenty (20) year sentence for Morris’s habitual offender finding and ordered that it
be served consecutively to his burglary conviction. It is well settled that an “habitual offender finding does
not constitute a separate crime nor does it result in a separate sentence, rather it results in a sentence
enhancement imposed upon the conviction of a subsequent felony.” Hendrix v. State, 759 N.E.2d 1045, 1048
(Ind. 2001) (citing Greer v. State, 680 N.E.2d 526, 527 (Ind. 1997); Pinkston v. State, 436 N.E.2d 306, 307-08
(Ind. 1982)). Therefore, we remand to the trial court with instructions to correct the sentencing order,
abstract of judgment, and chronological case summary to reflect that the twenty (20) year habitual offender
enhancement serves as an enhancement of Morris’s Class B felony burglary sentence. The record on appeal
does not contain a copy of the abstract of judgment; thus, we do not know how the trial court set forth the
sentence in that document. If the abstract of judgment contains the same irregularity, we further instruct the
trial court to correct that document as well.

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and if so, (2) “whether the misconduct, under all of the
circumstances, placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to
which he or she would not have been subjected” otherwise.
Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. 2006), quoted in Castillo
v. State, 974 N.E.2d 458, 468 (Ind. 2012). A prosecutor has the
duty to present a persuasive final argument and thus placing a
defendant in grave peril, by itself, is not misconduct. Mahla v.
State, 496 N.E.2d 568, 572 (Ind. 1986)[, reh’g denied]. “Whether a
prosecutor’s argument constitutes misconduct is measured by
reference to case law and the Rules of Professional Conduct.
The gravity of peril is measured by the probable persuasive effect of
the misconduct on the jury’s decision rather than the degree of
impropriety of the conduct.” Cooper, 854 N.E.2d at 835
(emphasis added) (citations omitted). To preserve a claim of
prosecutorial misconduct, the defendant must—at the time the
alleged misconduct occurs—request an admonishment to the
jury, and if further relief is desired, move for a mistrial. Id.; see
also Maldonado v. State, 265 Ind. 492, 498, 355 N.E.2d 843, 848
(1976).

Our standard of review is different where a claim of prosecutorial
misconduct has been procedurally defaulted for failure to
properly raise the claim in the trial court, that is, waived for
failure to preserve the claim of error. Booher v. State, 773 N.E.2d
814, 817-18 (Ind. 2002). The defendant must establish not only
the grounds for prosecutorial misconduct but must also establish
that the prosecutorial misconduct constituted fundamental error.
Id. at 818. Fundamental error is an extremely narrow exception
to the waiver rule where the defendant faces the heavy burden of
showing that the alleged errors are so prejudicial to the
defendant’s rights as to “make a fair trial impossible.” Benson v.
State, 762 N.E.2d 748, 756 (Ind. 2002), quoted in Castillo, 974
N.E.2d at 468 and Cooper, 854 N.E.2d at 835. In other words, to
establish fundamental error, the defendant must show that, under
the circumstances, the trial judge erred in not sua sponte raising
the issue because alleged errors (a) “constitute clearly blatant
violations of basic and elementary principles of due process” and

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(b) “present an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.”
Id. The element of such harm is not established by the fact of
ultimate conviction but rather “depends upon whether [the
defendant’s] right to a fair trial was detrimentally affected by the
denial of procedural opportunities for the ascertainment of truth
to which he otherwise would have been entitled.” Townsend v.
State, 632 N.E.2d 727, 730 (Ind. 1994) (quoting Hart v. State, 578
N.E.2d 336, 338 (Ind. 1991)). In evaluating the issue of
fundamental error, our task in this case is to look at the alleged
misconduct in the context of all that happened and all relevant
information given to the jury—including evidence admitted at
trial, closing argument, and jury instructions—to determine
whether the misconduct had such an undeniable and substantial
effect on the jury’s decision that a fair trial was impossible. See
Boesch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. 2002)[, reh’g denied];
Townsend, 632 N.E.2d at 730; see, e.g., Castillo, 974 N.E.2d at 469
n. 11 (noting closing arguments are perceived as partisan
advocacy).

We stress that “[a] finding of fundamental error essentially
means that the trial judge erred . . . by not acting when he or she
should have. . . .” Whiting v. State, 969 N.E.2d 24, 34 (Ind.
2012). Fundamental error is meant to permit appellate courts a
means to correct the most egregious and blatant trial errors that
otherwise would have been procedurally barred, not to provide a
second bite at the apple for defense counsel who ignorantly,
carelessly, or strategically fail to preserve an error. See Baer v.
State, 942 N.E.2d 80, 99 (Ind. 2011) (noting it is “highly
unlikely” to prevail on a claim of fundamental error relating to
prosecutorial misconduct)[, reh’g denied]; Stevens v. State, 691
N.E.2d 412, 420 n. 2 (Ind. 1997)[, reh’g denied, cert. denied]; Wilson
v. State, 222 Ind. 63, 83, 51 N.E.2d 848, 856 (1943).

Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 667-69 (Ind. 2014) (footnotes omitted) (emphasis in

original), reh’g denied.

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[20] On appeal, Morris challenges three statements the prosecutor made in the

State’s closing and rebuttal arguments. Specifically, Morris contends that the

prosecutor engaged in misconduct by: (1) suggesting the jury should convict

Morris for reasons other than guilt when the prosecutor referenced the unsolved

burglaries in the county; (2) improperly vouching for the strength of the State’s

case and expressing a personal opinion when he stated that he would have

prosecuted the case even without Ramey’s testimony; and (3) demeaning

defense counsel by saying that counsel was using an “old trick.” (Morris’s Br.

11). Morris did not object to comments (1) and (3). For comment (2), to which

he did object, he sought an admonishment only and not a mistrial. Therefore,

Morris must establish not only the grounds for prosecutorial misconduct (i.e.,

misconduct and grave peril), but he must also establish that the prosecutorial

misconduct constituted fundamental error. See Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 667-68.

[21] We first address Morris’s contention that the prosecutor suggested to the jury

that they should convict Morris for reasons other than his guilt when he

commented on the unsolved burglaries in the county. Our Indiana Supreme

Court has explained that “[i]t is misconduct for a prosecutor to request the jury

to convict a defendant for any reason other than his guilt.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at

671 (quoting Cooper, 854 N.E.2d at 837).

[22] Morris contends that the following statement by the prosecutor was a request

for the jury to convict Morris for reasons other than his guilt and constituted

prosecutorial misconduct: “How many people had their home burglarized right

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in our own county. Do they get away, I don’t know. They all don’t get solved,

but in this one what happened.” (Tr. 325).

[23] We find Morris’s argument without merit. As set forth in the Facts section

above, the prosecutor revisited the voir dire topic of unsolved burglaries during

the State’s closing argument when he was discussing the evidence relating to the

charged burglary. The prosecutor pointed out that, initially, the burglary at the

Cutcher’s house was also unsolved and that it was later solved only because

Ramey’s sister, Whitney, went to the police with information. From a review

of the record, we cannot agree with Morris’s assertion that the prosecutor was

asking the jury to convict Morris of the burglary of the Cutcher’s house because

there were other unsolved burglaries in the county. Indeed, when viewing the

full context of the prosecutor’s statements, the prosecutor asked the jury to

convict Morris because he was guilty of the burglary based on the evidence

presented during trial. Therefore, the prosecutor did not engage in misconduct.

See Hollowell v. State, 707 N.E.2d 1014, 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (explaining

that in judging the propriety of the prosecutor’s remarks, we consider the

statement in the context of the argument as a whole). Furthermore, Morris has

not shown that the prosecutor’s comment resulted in grave peril, especially

where his counsel also referenced the unsolved burglaries during his closing

argument. Accordingly, he has not established prosecutorial misconduct. See

Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 667 (explaining that a claim of prosecutorial misconduct

involves both a showing that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct and that the

misconduct placed the defendant in a position of grave peril).

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[24] Next, we turn to Morris’s second assertion of prosecutorial misconduct. He

argues that the prosecutor “improperly vouched for the strength of the State’s

case and voiced his personal opinion of the case when he told the jury he would

have prosecuted the case even without [Ramey’s] testimony.” (Morris’s Br.

13). Specifically, Morris challenges the following statement of the prosecutor:

(Tr. 332-33). Morris’s counsel objected, arguing that the State was improperly

vouching for the strength of its case, and he asked for an admonishment “to

refrain from further statements like that in the future.” (Tr. 333). The trial

court admonished the jury that it could can “believe or disbelieve [the

prosecutor’s] characterization of his tenure as prosecutor” and reminded the

jury that it had “the final say” about whether it shared in the prosecutor’s belief

about the strength of the State’s case. (Tr. 333). Morris did not seek a mistrial.

[25] Morris contends that the prosecutor’s statement constituted misconduct,

alleging that it violated Indiana Rule of Professional Conduct 3.4(e), which

provides:

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A lawyer shall not . . . in trial, allude to any matter that the
lawyer does not reasonably believe is relevant or that will not be
supported by admissible evidence, assert personal knowledge of
facts in issue except when testifying as a witness, or state a
personal opinion as to the justness of a cause, the credibility of a
witness, the culpability of a civil litigant or the guilt or innocence
of an accused[.]

[26] (Emphasis added). Morris, however, has not shown, let alone alleged, that the

prosecutor’s statements placed him in grave peril. Accordingly, we conclude

that he has not established prosecutorial misconduct in this instance. See Ryan,

9 N.E.3d at 667.

[27] Morris’s third allegation of prosecutorial misconduct is that the prosecutor

improperly demeaned defense counsel when the prosecutor made the following

statement during the State’s rebuttal argument:

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(Tr. 359-60).6 Morris contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct when

he “argued that defense counsel’s questioning of the State’s presentation of the

case was an ‘old trick.’” (Morris’s Br. 11).

[28] “‘[C]omments that demean opposing counsel, especially in front of a jury, are

inappropriate[.]’” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 669 (quoting Marcum v. State, 725 N.E.2d

852, 859 (Ind. 2000), reh’g denied). However, our Indiana Supreme Court has

explained that not all allegedly improper comments made by prosecutors will

result in a finding of misconduct. See id. “‘Prosecutors are entitled to respond

to allegations and inferences raised by the defense even if the prosecutor’s

response would otherwise be objectionable.’” Id. (quoting Cooper, 854 N.E.2d

at 836).

[29] Here, we find our supreme court’s opinion in Ryan to be instructive. In that

case, our supreme court held that a defendant had failed to show prosecutorial

misconduct where “the prosecutor used her rebuttal to respond to defense

counsel’s closing argument” and argued that defense counsel had used a

“classic defense attorney trick.” Id. at 669, 670. In the defendant’s closing

argument, defense counsel had compared the defendant’s case to some false

accusation cases in the media and questioned the quality of the police

investigation. Id. at 670. The Ryan Court explained that while the prosecutor’s

6
Morris argues that only the italicized portion of the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument constituted prosecutorial
misconduct.

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characterization of defense counsel’s argument as a “trick” was inconsistent

with one of the requirements in the preamble of the Indiana Professional

Conduct Rules (“that lawyers ‘demonstrate respect for the legal system and for

those who serve it, including . . . other lawyers’”), there had been no

prosecutorial misconduct because the defendant had “failed to establish that,

under all of the circumstances, such improper comments placed him in a

position of grave peril to which he would not have been subjected otherwise.”

Id. (citing Preamble [5], Ind. Professional Conduct Rules; Cooper, 854 N.E.2d at

835; Marcum, 725 N.E.2d at 859-60).

[30] Here, like in Ryan, the prosecutor’s challenged statement was made in response

to Morris’s defense counsel’s closing argument. Specifically, the prosecutor’s

statement was made in response to defense counsel’s challenge to why the State

had not introduced the videotape of Morris’s police interview and counsel’s

argument that the jury had “not been allowed to see it.” (Tr. 346).

Additionally, like the defendant in Ryan, Morris has failed to establish that,

under all of the circumstances, the prosecutor’s response to Morris’s closing

argument had a probable persuasive effect on the jury’s decision or placed him

in a position of grave peril to which he would not have been subjected

otherwise. As a result, he has failed to establish prosecutorial misconduct. See,

e.g., Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 670; Cooper, 854 N.E.2d at 836 (explaining that

“[p]rosecutors are entitled to respond to allegations and inferences raised by the

defense even if the prosecutor’s response would otherwise be objectionable”);

Marcum, 725 N.E.2d at 859-60 (holding that the defendant was not entitled to

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relief on his claim of prosecutorial misconduct because he had not established

that the alleged comments by the prosecutor placed him in grave peril); Brock v.

State, 423 N.E.2d 302, 304-05 (Ind. 1981) (holding that the “prosecutor’s

statement that defense counsel was ‘pulling the most low life tricks in this case,’

was improper but did not place the defendant in grave peril”).

[31] Morris acknowledges that each of the three comments made by the prosecutor

“standing alone may not have been sufficient to constitute reversible error[,]”

and he argues only that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s alleged

misconduct constituted fundamental error and made a fair trial impossible.

(Morris’s Br. 13). When reviewing such a claim, we are mindful of our Indiana

Supreme Court’s observation that fundamental error in this context is “an

extremely narrow exception.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668. Our supreme court has

also “stress[ed] that ‘[a] finding of fundamental error essentially means that the

trial judge erred . . . by not acting when he or she should have. . . .’” Ryan, 9

N.E.3d at 668 (quoting Whiting, 969 N.E.2d at 34). In order for prosecutorial

misconduct to constitute fundamental error, the alleged misconduct must have

made a fair trial impossible or constituted a clearly blatant violation of basic

and elementary principles of due process that presented an undeniable and

substantial potential for harm. See id.

[32] However, in order for the cumulative effect of prosecutorial misconduct to

make a fair trial impossible, there must be prosecutorial misconduct. Here,

with respect to the three allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, we have

determined that no prosecutorial misconduct occurred. In light of “all relevant

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information given to the jury—including evidence admitted at trial, closing

argument, and jury instructions[,]” we conclude that Morris has failed to show

that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s three comments resulted in

fundamental error and denied him a fair trial. See Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668

(explaining that when evaluating the issue of fundamental error, we are to

review the alleged misconduct in the context of all that happened at trial and all

relevant information given to the jury). Accordingly, we affirm his conviction.

[33] Affirmed and remanded.

Kirsch, J., and Riley, J., concur.

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