15‐2367‐cr
United States v. Johnson
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 30th day of August, two thousand sixteen.
PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
DENNY CHIN,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. 15‐2367‐cr
RODNEY JOHNSON, AKA Rodney T. Hibbert,
AKA Toree Johnson,
Defendant‐Appellant,
DEREK ANDRE ENGLISH, RONALD
ANDERSON, BRIAN McCLEOD, AKA Slim, AKA
Brian Connelly, AKA Joseph King, AKA
Brian Conley, AKA John A. Conley,
SHAWN WILLIAMS, AKA William Shawn,
JASON WILLIAMS, DERRICK GRANT,
JAMES J. ROSEMOND,
Defendants.
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FOR APPELLEE: THOMAS MCKAY, Adam S. Hickey, Assistant
United States Attorneys, for Preet Bharara,
United States Attorney for the Southern
District of New York, New York, NY.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: DONALD J. YANNELLA, Law Office of
Donald J. Yannella, New York, NY.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (McMahon, C.J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant‐appellant Rodney Johnson appeals from a judgment entered
July 16, 2015 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,
following a four‐week jury trial, convicting him on Counts Five, Six, and Seven of the
Indictment, which charged him with narcotics and related firearms violations. The jury
was unable to reach a unanimous verdict as to Counts One through Four of the
Indictment, which charged Johnson and a co‐defendant, James Rosemond, with
murder‐for‐hire and related crimes. The district court declared a mistrial as to those
counts.
On July 15, 2015, the district court sentenced Johnson principally to the
mandatory minimum term of 25 yearsʹ imprisonment on the narcotics convictions. We
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assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of this
case, and the issues on appeal.
On appeal, Johnson makes six arguments: (1) the district court erred by
denying his motion for a severance and admitting ʺan enormous volume of uncharged
crime evidence,ʺ Appellantʹs Br. at 9; (2) the district court erred by taking a partial
verdict from the jury; (3) the governmentʹs rebuttal summation deprived him of a fair
trial; (4) the district court erred by failing to instruct the jury that it was required to
make a unanimous finding as to the particular firearm that was used, carried, or
possessed in connection with each of the firearms counts; (5) the district court erred by
denying his motion to suppress physical evidence; and (6) the district court erred by
denying Johnsonʹs request for discovery into alleged jury tampering.
I. The Severance Motion
Johnson argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to sever
his trial from Rosemondʹs because he was prejudiced by the introduction of evidence
that was inadmissible against him. Rosemond, the owner of a music management
business and the leader of a narcotics distribution organization, was involved in an
ongoing violent feud with a rival music organization that spanned many years. The
government alleged at trial that Rosemond hired individuals to murder Lowell Fletcher
and that Johnson, alleged to be a key associate of Rosemond, was involved as a backup
to the shooter. The district court admitted, over Johnsonʹs objection, evidence of violent
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acts committed by or at the direction of Rosemond against the rival music organization
as part of the feud, including acts before Johnsonʹs involvement, to provide background
and context for the murder‐for‐hire conspiracy.
We review a district courtʹs decision to admit other crimes evidence under
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) for abuse of discretion. United States v. Langford, 990
F.2d 65, 70 (2d Cir. 1993). We also review a district courtʹs denial of a motion to sever
for abuse of discretion, and such a decision ʺwill not be overturned unless the
defendant demonstrates that the failure to sever caused him substantial prejudice in the
form of a miscarriage of justice.ʺ United States v. Page, 657 F.3d 126, 129 (2d Cir. 2011)
(quoting United States v. Blakney, 941 F.2d 114, 116 (2d Cir. 1991)).
The district court did not abuse its discretion. Background evidence is
admissible if it is relevant ʺto inform the jury of the background of the conspiracy
charged, to complete the story of the crimes charged, and to help explain to the jury
how the illegal relationship between the participants in the crime developed.ʺ United
States v. Williams, 205 F.3d 23, 33‐34 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Pitre, 960
F.2d 1112, 1119 (2d Cir. 1992)). It was within the district courtʹs discretion to permit
such evidence under Rule 404(b) to ʺhelp explain to the jury how the illegal relationship
between the participants in the crime developed.ʺ Special App. at 35‐36 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). Moreover, as the district court observed, the
evidence was not unfairly prejudicial because it was not any more sensational or
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disturbing than evidence of the murder with which Johnson was charged. Because the
evidence was admissible against Johnson, there was no reason to sever Johnsonʹs trial
from Rosemondʹs.
Even if the district court had abused its discretion in admitting the
evidence against Johnson, any error was harmless. Johnson was found guilty only on
the narcotics‐related charges, the prior acts evidence did not relate to those charges, and
the evidence of Johnsonʹs guilt with respect to the narcotics‐related charges was
overwhelming. Additionally, the fact that the jury hung on the murder‐related charges
but found Johnson guilty of the narcotics‐related charges demonstrates that it
understood that the prior acts evidence was relevant only to deciding whether the
conspiracy charged in Count 1 existed.
II. The Partial Verdict
The district court took a verdict from the jury on Counts Five, Six, and
Seven, which charged Johnson only, on the second day of its deliberations. The district
court did so after the jury sent back a note that stated:
We can not [sic] come to an agreement on the First 4 counts on both
defendants. But we have come to an agreement on counts 5 to 7 on
Mr. Johnson. And that will not change.
App. at 980. The word ʺnotʺ was underlined three times. Id. The jury deliberated on
the remaining counts for two more days before the district court declared a mistrial.
Johnson contends that the district court erred by taking a partial verdict from the jury.
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We review a district courtʹs decision to take a partial verdict for abuse of
discretion. See Kerman v. City of New York, 261 F.3d 229, 242 n.9 (2d Cir. 2001). In a
multi‐defendant trial, the jury is entitled to return a verdict ʺat any time in its
deliberationsʺ as to one or more defendants. Fed. R. Crim. P. 31(b)(1); see United States v.
Levasseur, 816 F.2d 37, 45 (2d Cir. 1987).
ʺ[J]uries ʹshould be neither encouraged nor discouraged to return a partial
verdict, but should understand their options, especially when they have reached a stage
in their deliberations at which they may well wish to report a partial verdict as to some
counts or some defendants.ʹʺ United States v. Dolah, 245 F.3d 98, 108 (2d Cir. 2001)
(quoting United States v. DiLapi, 651 F.2d 140, 147 (2d Cir. 1981)), abrogated on other
grounds by Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). The district court did not instruct
the jury ʺexplicitly that it had the option either to report partial verdicts or to wait until
deliberations were concluded.ʺ Id. ʺAlthough it would have been preferableʺ and
advisable to provide such an instruction, the district courtʹs failure to do so was not an
abuse of discretion here where the jury ʺclearly expressedʺ that it had reached a final
verdict, and it gave no subsequent indication that it wished to reconsider its partial
verdict. Id.
III. The Governmentʹs Rebuttal Summation
Johnson argues that he was denied a fair trial because the prosecutorʹs
rebuttal summation suggested to the jury that it could base its verdict, with respect to
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the narcotics related charges, on defense counselʹs summation rather than on the
evidence. To overturn his conviction on this ground, Johnson ʺmust show not simply
that a particular summation comment was improper, but that the comment, viewed
against the entire argument to the jury, and in the context of the entire trial, was so
severe and significant as to have substantially prejudiced him, such that the resulting
conviction [was] a denial of due process.ʺ United States v. Williams, 690 F.3d 70, 75 (2d
Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Johnson has not met his burden. The prosecutorʹs comment was not
improper because it merely responded to defense counselʹs theory of the evidence. See
United States v. Marrale, 695 F.2d 658, 667 (2d Cir. 1982) (ʺ[A] prosecutor is ordinarily
entitled to respond to the evidence, issues, and hypotheses propounded by the
defense.ʺ). Moreover, the jury was repeatedly reminded by the government and the
district court, before, during, and after summations, that statements and arguments by
lawyers were not evidence. Finally, viewing the comment in the context of the entire
trial and the overwhelming evidence with respect to Counts Five through Seven,
Johnson cannot show substantial prejudice.
IV. The Firearm Instruction
Johnson argues that the district court should have instructed the jury that
it had to make a unanimous finding as to the particular firearm that was used, carried,
or possessed in connection with each of the firearms counts. Courts that have ruled on
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this issue have uniformly held that the jury need not be unanimous as to a specific gun
that a defendant possessed, used, or carried in violating § 924(c). See United States v.
Renteria, 720 F.3d 1245, 1255‐56 (10th Cir. 2013); United States v. Perry, 560 F.3d 246, 257
(4th Cir. 2009); United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207, 214‐15 (3d Cir. 2008); United States v.
Hernandez‐Albino, 177 F.3d 33, 40 (1st Cir. 1999); United States v. Morin, 33 F.3d 1351,
1353‐54 (11th Cir. 1994); United States v. Correa‐Ventura, 6 F.3d 1070, 1086 (5th Cir. 1993).1
The district court gave the appropriate standard unanimity instruction.
Accordingly, the district court did not commit reversible error. See United States v.
Dupre, 462 F.3d 131, 143 (2d Cir. 2006) (in case where multiple predicates for guilt were
offered for a single count, holding that even where a specific unanimity instruction
would be preferable, a general unanimity instruction is sufficient).
V. The Motion to Suppress
Johnson contends that the district court erred by denying his motion to
suppress the physical evidence found in the Jeep and stash house. We review the
district courtʹs ʺfindings of fact for clear error, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the government, and we apply de novo review to the district courtʹs
conclusions of law.ʺ United States v. Rommy, 506 F.3d 108, 128 (2d Cir. 2007).
1 We have not addressed this issue in a published opinion, but we have noted in a
summary order that ʺ[w]e have never required that a jury make a unanimous finding as to the gun used
to support a § 924(c) conviction, particularly where the indictment did not charge that specific guns were
used.ʺ United States v. Lofton, 275 F. Appʹx 30, 33 (2d Cir. 2008).
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First, there was probable cause to search the Jeep based on the statements
made by Johnsonʹs co‐conspirator Bryan James and the observations made by the Drug
Enforcement Agency agents. ʺ[W]hen the police possess probable cause to believe a
vehicle contains contraband, ʹthey may conduct a warrantless search of every part of the
vehicle and its contents, including all containers and packages in the vehicle.ʹʺ United
States v. Gagnon, 373 F.3d 230, 235 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Cruz, 834 F.2d
47, 51 (2d Cir. 1987)). James was arrested shortly after attempting to pick up a package
from the UPS Store that he believed contained five kilograms of cocaine. After his
arrest, James told an agent that someone driving a Jeep had accompanied him to pick
up the package, that the Jeep was parked directly in front of Jamesʹs car, and that the
person had probably seen Jamesʹs arrest from the Starbucks coffee shop across the
street. The agent relayed this information to another agent who confirmed that there
was a Jeep where James said it would be, there was a Starbucks across the street, and
there was a package in the back seat of the Jeep similar in size and shape to the one
James had attempted to pick up from the UPS Store. The agents then spoke to a tow
truck driver who told the agents that the owner of the car had hired him to tow the car
from the location. Finally, James told another agent that there was a trap in the Jeep
that contained a gun. The detailed information provided by James, which was
corroborated by the agentsʹ own observations, provided probable cause to seize and
search the Jeep. See id. at 236 (noting ʺcriminals caught red‐handed may be reliable
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sources of informationʺ); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 (1983) (agentʹs independent
corroboration contributed to legitimate belief that informantʹs information was true).
Second, there was no error in the district courtʹs decision to credit the
agentsʹ testimony that they did not search the stash house or seize any evidence therein
until after they obtained a search warrant. A district courtʹs evaluation of a testifying
agentʹs credibility is entitled to ʺspecial deference.ʺ United States v. Lucky, 569 F.3d 101,
106 (2d Cir. 2009).
VI. Alleged Jury Tampering
Johnson argues that the district court erred by denying his motion for
further discovery related to allegations of juror tampering.2 ʺ[A] trial court is required
to hold a post‐trial jury hearing only when . . . there is clear, strong, substantial and
incontrovertible evidence, that a specific, nonspeculative impropriety has occurred
which could have prejudiced the trial of a defendant.ʺ United States v. Sun Myung Moon,
718 F.2d 1210, 1234 (2d Cir. 1983) (internal citation omitted). The inquiry ends ʺwhen
and if it becomes apparent that the . . . reasonable grounds to suspect prejudicial jury
impropriety do not exist.ʺ Id.
After the trial, investigators from the United States Attorneyʹs Office
interviewed a juror to determine whether the juror had been subjected to tampering.
The juror denied any tampering and the investigators found the jurorʹs testimony to be
2 The parties submitted redacted briefs on this issue. Because we limit our discussion to
general matters only, we see no need for a redacted summary order.
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credible. The government closed the investigation and informed defense counsel of the
foregoing events. The district court then brought the juror in for additional questioning
with counsel present, pursuant to the partiesʹ joint request. Again, the juror denied that
anyone attempted to contact or influence the juror.
The district court denied Johnsonʹs requests for further investigation and
for additional discovery, finding that the juror ʺemphatically and credibly denied
having been tampered with in any way.ʺ Confidential App. at 103. The district court
also found that there was no need to expand the investigation into other jurors because
there was no evidence of any effort to influence any other juror. The district court did
not err in determining that the one juror in question was the only juror who could have
plausibly fit the description, and it did not abuse its discretion in concluding that
further investigation and discovery were unwarranted.
* * *
We have considered Johnsonʹs remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk
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