State v. Torres

This decision was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule
12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of non-precedential dispositions. Please also note that
this electronic decision may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official
paper version filed by the Supreme Court.

1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 Filing Date: August 4, 2016

3 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

4 Plaintiff-Appellee,

5 v. NO. S-1-SC-34984

6 ALEXIAS TORRES,

7 Defendant-Appellant.

8 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY
9 James Waylon Counts, District Judge

10 Marco & Shattuck
11 Joseph E. Shattuck
12 Albuquerque, NM

13 for Appellant

14 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
15 Charles J. Gutierrez, Assistant Attorney General
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellee

18 DECISION
 1 VIGIL, Justice.

2 {1} Alexias Torres (Defendant) appeals her convictions of first-degree murder,

3 contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-1(A) (1994), conspiracy to commit first-degree

4 murder, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-28-2(A) (1979), and tampering with

5 evidence, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-5(A) (2003). Defendant challenges

6 her convictions on four grounds, arguing that: 1) there was insufficient evidence to

7 support any of the three convictions; 2) the trial court abused its discretion under Rule

8 11-403 NMRA by admitting graphic video evidence of Victim dying, as caught by

9 a police officer’s lapel camera; 3) the trial court abused its discretion under Rule 11-

10 404(B)(1) NMRA by admitting evidence that Defendant was carrying a handgun prior

11 to the murder; and 4) there was ineffective assistance of counsel.

12 {2} We reject each of Defendant’s claims of error and affirm her convictions. We

13 render this non-precedential decision because settled New Mexico law controls each

14 of the issues Defendant raises. See Rule 12-405(B)(1) NMRA.

15 I. BACKGROUND

16 {3} On June 6, 2011, Melissa Mathis (Mathis) and Victim—who were romantic

17 partners for six years cohabiting with one another in Alamogordo—ended their

18 relationship. On June 7, 2011, after the breakup, Mathis asked Victim to move out of

2
 1 her trailer and Victim went to stay at the nearby trailer of her Burger King coworker

2 George Rader (Rader). That evening there was an angry exchange of text messages

3 between Victim and Mathis involving cross-accusations of infidelity, cross-

4 accusations of credit card theft, an accusation that Victim was cooperating with police

5 regarding the aforementioned, and Victim’s request to recover her possessions from

6 Mathis’s trailer. Ultimately, eight police officers would be dispatched to Mathis’s

7 trailer to end a dispute between Mathis and her landlord premised on Victim’s

8 retrieval of her possessions. After the police left, around 9:00 p.m., Mathis sent a text

9 message to “Annette” that “Shit went down,” and a text message to “Tania” “Hey girl

10 shit went down wit [sic] me nshorty [sic] [Victim] again.”

11 {4} In addition to these text messages, at some point during or after these disputes,

12 Mathis called Defendant. Defendant had stayed with Mathis and Victim for a week

13 the month prior. Mathis testified that she wanted Defendant’s help in selling a

14 television, but she ultimately sold that television on her own. Nonetheless,

15 Mathis—who had been drinking—paid her friend “Amy” to drive her to Defendant’s

16 home in Ruidoso. Mathis wanted Defendant’s help so she could “get back on her

17 feet” after her break-up with Victim. She also suggested Defendant find a job in

18 Alamogordo.

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 1 {5} Upon arriving at Defendant’s home in Ruidoso, Mathis cried about the breakup

2 and asked Defendant to talk with Victim on her behalf. Amy, Mathis, and Defendant

3 then went to the home of Defendant’s friend, Dave Franco, where they met Franco’s

4 nephew Jonathan Montoya. Montoya ultimately agreed to accompany the women on

5 their trip back to Alamogordo. Franco gave Montoya a handgun, and Mathis

6 “probably” saw Defendant in possession of a gun herself. After about an hour in

7 Ruidoso, Defendant drove Amy, Montoya, and Mathis to a liquor store, and then Amy

8 drove the rest of the way to Alamogordo. In Alamogordo Amy separated from the

9 group while Defendant, Montoya, and Mathis drank a bottle of alcohol in Mathis’s

10 trailer. Amy did not testify at trial.

11 {6} Defendant then drove Mathis and Montoya, in Mathis’s car, to Rader’s trailer

12 to find Victim. Neither Victim nor Rader were home, so the trio instead visited

13 Mathis’s brother-in-law. Mathis and Defendant left Montoya in the car as they

14 purchased drugs from the brother-in-law, at which point Mathis saw Defendant place

15 either a handgun or remote control in her waistband. Defendant next drove the trio

16 to the Burger King where both Rader and Victim worked.

17 {7} Though Victim was not scheduled to work the graveyard shift between June

18 7 and 8, 2011, she had decided to accompany Rader to his shift because she was

4
 1 nervous about being alone in his trailer. Plus, she was scheduled to work the morning

2 of June 8, 2011. Also working were the manager Kiyuni Sweet (Sweet) and Rommie

3 Rogers.

4 {8} Defendant, with Montoya in the passenger seat and Mathis in the back, pulled

5 into the Burger King parking lot around 4:00 a.m. Defendant made a U-turn in the

6 parking lot, causing the vehicle to be parked facing White Sands Boulevard, the main

7 road. At this point, having seen the vehicle arrive, Victim called out to Sweet for help

8 as it approached her. Sweet observed Victim arguing with the vehicle’s occupants,

9 and heard Defendant yell something similar to “Why did you hurt my girl, [Mathis]?”

10 Sweet heard Victim say “I love her,” and then at that point he walked away toward

11 the back of the store to retrieve a box. After leaving, Sweet heard “a pop,” followed

12 by three more in quick succession.

13 {9} The “pops” were gunshots; Montoya had fired a handgun once into the car’s

14 dashboard, and three times into the pavement at Victim’s feet. One of those three

15 bullets caromed off the pavement and struck Victim harmlessly in the left thigh, and

16 one struck Victim in the right thigh. The bullet striking Victim’s right thigh severed

17 her femoral artery.

18 {10} After the shots were fired Defendant drove away quickly—but did not

5
 1 necessarily “tear[] out of the parking lot”—northbound on White Sands Boulevard.

2 Defendant then headed west for a half-mile before heading north onto a by-pass. At

3 this point a police officer observed Defendant as she drove toward a rural, desolate

4 area that is not on the way to Ruidoso or Mathis’s trailer park. Defendant was then

5 stopped and each occupant arrested. Defendant was not visibly impaired.

6 {11} When police executed a search warrant on Mathis’s vehicle they found the

7 handgun hidden behind the front-center console. Four fired cartridges were found

8 inside the casings of the handgun, and testing confirmed that the bullet found in

9 Victim’s leg was fired by the recovered handgun. While no fingerprints were lifted

10 from the handgun, investigators did procure DNA samples. Analysis of DNA samples

11 taken from the handgun eliminated Defendant and Mathis as contributors. Police also

12 recovered two pairs of gloves from the front passenger seat, and at trial the State

13 elicited testimony that the absence of fingerprints or DNA could be explained by the

14 wearing of such gloves.

15 {12} A police officer responding to the shooting at Burger King used a lapel camera

16 to capture footage of Victim bleeding and suffering on the restaurant floor. In the

17 video the officer describes Victim’s injuries and has Victim identify those responsible

18 for the shooting, but also shows Victim without clothing as emergency personnel

6
 1 work to inspect her injuries. The video was admitted into evidence and shown to the

2 jury twice, once during closing argument.

3 {13} Following the incident Defendant claimed no memory of the murder or the

4 events transpiring after she arrived in Alamogordo. Defendant also claimed to have

5 no knowledge of who Victim was. Defendant was convicted of first-degree murder

6 (willful and deliberate), conspiracy to commit first-degree murder (willful and

7 deliberate), and tampering with evidence.

8 II. DISCUSSION

9 A. There Was Sufficient Evidence to Support Defendant’s Convictions of
10 First-degree Murder, Conspiracy to Commit First-degree Murder, and
11 Tampering With Evidence

12 {14} Evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction when there exists substantial

13 evidence of a direct or circumstantial nature “to support a verdict of guilt beyond a

14 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v.

15 Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 2, 147 N.M. 542, 226 P.3d 641 (internal quotation marks

16 and citation omitted). “Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable

17 mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” State v. Largo,

18 2012-NMSC-015, ¶ 30, 278 P.3d 532 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

19 A jury’s verdict “should not be based on speculation, guess or conjecture.” UJI 14-

7
 1 6006 NMRA. “In reviewing whether there was sufficient evidence to support a

2 conviction, we resolve all disputed facts in favor of the State, indulge all reasonable

3 inferences in support of the verdict, and disregard all evidence and inferences to the

4 contrary.” Largo, 2012-NMSC-015, ¶ 30 (internal quotation marks and citation

5 omitted).

6 i. First-degree Murder

7 {15} Defendant first argues that there was insufficient evidence to support a verdict

8 of first-degree murder under the State’s theory of accomplice liability. In essence,

9 Defendant characterizes the State’s case at trial as relying on non-existing evidence;

10 that is, the State argued that the absence of Defendant’s DNA and fingerprints on the

11 handgun shows that the accomplices must have plotted to commit murder and hide

12 evidence, and thus because Defendant fled the scene she must be guilty. Further,

13 Defendant argues, the jury was asked to make speculative leaps in order to infer that

14 a plot to kill Victim had been hatched at some point between Defendant’s departure

15 from Ruidoso and the actual shooting. We conclude that there was sufficient evidence

16 to support Defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder.

17 {16} A defendant “may be charged with and convicted of the crime as an accessory

18 if he procures, counsels, aids or abets in its commission” by another. NMSA 1978,

8
 1 Section 30-1-13 (1972).

2 For accomplice liability, the State must show not only [that a defendant
3 was] aiding in the commission of the killing[,] but also that the
4 defendant intended that the underlying felony be committed and
5 ‘intended the killing to occur or knew that [he or she] was helping to
6 create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm.’

7 State v. Fry, 2006-NMSC-001, ¶ 23, 138 N.M. 700, 126 P.3d 516 (quoting UJI 14-

8 2821). Under the law, “a jury cannot convict a defendant on accessory liability for a

9 crime unless the defendant intended the principal’s acts.” State v. Carrasco, 1997-

10 NMSC-047, ¶¶ 7, 9, 124 N.M. 64, 946 P.2d 1075. Thus, the State needed to show that

11 Defendant had the underlying deliberate intent to commit first-degree murder, and

12 aided Montoya in so doing. See State v. Vigil, 2010-NMSC-003, ¶ 15, 147 N.M. 537,

13 226 P.3d 636 (discussing “the two separate requirements [of accomplice liability],

14 intent by a defendant that another person commit the offense and an act on a

15 defendant’s part to cause the other person to commit it”).

16 {17} “Murder in the first degree is the killing of one human being by another

17 without lawful justification or excuse . . . by any kind of willful, deliberate and

18 premeditated killing.” Section 30-2-1(A)(1). “ ‘Deliberate intention’ ” is intention “

19 ‘arrived at or determined upon as a result of careful thought and the weighing of the

20 consideration for and against the proposed course of action.’ ” State v. Cunningham,

9
 1 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 25, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176 (quoting UJI 14-201 NMRA).

2 “Though deliberate intent requires a calculated judgment to kill, the weighing

3 required for deliberate intent may be arrived at in a short period of time.” State v.

4 Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 28, 284 P.3d 1076 (internal quotation marks and citation

5 omitted).

6 {18} Jury Instruction No. 21 read in part that

7 [the defendant . . . may be found guilty of the crime[] of First [-]Murder
8 (Willfull and Deliberate) . . . even though she herself did not do the acts
9 constituting the crime, if . . . 1. The defendant intended that the crime be
10 committed; 2. The crime was committed; 3. The defendant helped,
11 encouraged[,] or caused the crime to be committed.

12 {19} Defendant does not cite any controlling caselaw to support her argument that

13 the evidence was insufficient; instead, Defendant lays out the evidence from trial and

14 asks this Court to judge whether a juror’s inference from that evidence to a finding

15 of deliberate intent relied on speculation. We agree with the State that the

16 circumstantial evidence of a plot to kill Victim and the evidence that Defendant was

17 the get-away driver and engaged in an argument with Victim at the murder scene was

18 sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Defendant was guilty of first-degree

19 murder pursuant to a theory of accomplice liability.

20 {20} Though Defendant does not primarily challenge the “help[], encourage[], or

10
 1 cause[]” requirement of Defendant’s conviction as premised on accomplice liability,

2 we deem that the evidence in support of as much was sufficient. In Carrasco this

3 Court concluded there was sufficient evidence to support a defendant’s conviction

4 under accessory liability for an attempted convenience store robbery where defendant

5 drove to a store he had worked at for five months prior, parked the car where it could

6 not be seen, waited in the car while his companions attempted the robbery, and was

7 the get-away driver. 1997-NMSC-047, ¶¶ 10-19. As well, in State v. Lucero, this

8 Court deemed evidence of accomplice liability sufficient where a defendant was “the

9 driver of the car, kept the motor running, saw what occurred and drove the get-away

10 car.” 1957-NMSC-062, ¶ 4, 63 N.M. 80, 313 P.2d 1052.

11 {21} Defendant primarily argues that the finding of her deliberate intent by the jury

12 was speculative because the evidence presented at trial was sufficient only to support

13 a finding that Montoya acted unilaterally, and not that a plot to kill Victim had been

14 made amongst the other persons in the car. “Deliberate intent may be inferred from

15 the particular circumstances of killing as proved by the State through the presentation

16 of physical evidence.” State v. Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 8, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d

17 515. “Intent is subjective and is almost always inferred from other facts in the case,

18 as it is rarely established by direct evidence.” State v. Sosa, 2000-NMSC-036, ¶ 9,

11
 1 129 N.M. 767, 14 P.3d 32. Substantial evidence of deliberation can include “earlier

2 confrontation[s] . . . or other common areas of friction leading to violence,” State v.

3 Tafoya, 2012-NMSC-030, ¶ 52, 285 P.3d 604, as well as evidence of a defendant’s

4 motive to kill a victim, State v Smith, 2016-NMSC-007, ¶ 20, 367 P.3d 420

5 (collecting cases, and finding deliberate intent in part where the defendant had a

6 motive to kill the victim, his former girlfriend). It can also include fleeing the scene,

7 disposing of evidence, or concocting false alibis. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 22.

8 {22} In support of the finding of deliberate intent the State points to the direct

9 evidence of a motive to kill Victim, and the circumstantial evidence of a “plot” to kill

10 Victim. From the content of her text messages, Mathis seemingly hit a boiling point

11 in her relationship right before Victim and Mathis’s landlord attempted to retrieve

12 some of Victim’s possessions from Mathis’s trailer. Then, soon thereafter, she called

13 Defendant and traveled to Ruidoso where she was emotional and told Defendant

14 about the breakup. Next, Defendant and Mathis met up with Montoya, who Mathis

15 saw was in possession of a handgun. They then returned to Alamogordo and sought

16 out Victim. After failing to find Victim at Rader’s trailer, they went to her place of

17 work. First, though, they stopped to purchase drugs and Mathis may have seen that

18 Defendant herself was also in possession of a handgun. Upon arriving at the Burger

12
 1 King, Defendant made a U-turn in the parking lot so the vehicle was positioned such

2 that a major road could be quickly and easily accessed. Defendant then argued with

3 Victim, inquiring why Victim had hurt Mathis. And, two pairs of gloves were

4 recovered from the passenger seat. The shooting took place in June, which is relevant

5 because as in State v. Durante the Court of Appeals determined that defendant’s use

6 of a ski mask in July supported an intent to commit aggravated assault because there

7 was no other explanation for having the mask in July. 1986-NMCA-024, ¶ 15, 104

8 N.M. 639, 725 P.2d 839. From this evidence the jury inferred that Defendant had

9 plotted to kill Victim with deliberate intent.

10 {23} The evidence of the circumstances surrounding Defendant’s presence in the car

11 at that specific Burger King supports the jury’s inference that Defendant had a

12 deliberate intent to kill Victim. See Carrasco, 1997-NMSC-047, ¶¶ 12-13

13 (concluding that a reasonable jury could infer deliberate intent from a defendant’s

14 involvement in robbery as a getaway driver); see also State v. Salazar, 1997-NMSC-

15 044, ¶¶ 4, 46, 123 N.M. 778, 945 P.2d 996 (concluding that evidence of the victim

16 and defendant’s troubled relationship history supported inference of motive and

17 deliberate intent, and that pursuit of victim also supported deliberate intent); cf. State

18 v. Begay, 1998-NMSC-029, ¶ 45, 125 N.M. 541, 964 P.2d 102 (carrying a knife

13
 1 throughout the evening supported inference of deliberate intent). The jury was free

2 to reject Defendant’s version of the facts, which suggested unilateral and unsolicited

3 conduct on the part of Montoya, and it apparently did so. See State v. Rojo, 1999-

4 NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (“Contrary evidence supporting

5 acquittal does not provide a basis for reversal because the jury is free to reject [the

6 d]efendant’s version of the facts.”).

7 {24} Defendant’s post-murder conduct further supports the inference of deliberate

8 intent. See, e.g., Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 23 (providing that “evidence of flight or

9 an attempt to deceive the police may prove consciousness of guilt” (internal quotation

10 marks and citation omitted)). After the shooting Defendant drove quickly and

11 evasively from the scene of the crime. There was also testimony that the driver of the

12 car did not peel off as though she had been spooked or surprised by Montoya’s

13 conduct. As well, the murder weapon was stashed inconspicuously in the vehicle’s

14 center console. Further, Defendant was less than forthcoming during her interviews

15 with police, claiming she had no memory of the events that unfolded upon her arrival

16 in Alamogordo and that she had no knowledge of Victim’s identity. Such evidence

17 of fleeing, hiding evidence, and deceiving investigators is sufficient to support a

18 jury’s verdict of first-degree murder under Flores since such evidence establishes

14
 1 consciousness of guilt and supports an inference of deliberate intent. 2010-NMSC-

2 002, ¶ 23. As such, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support

3 Defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder, and affirm.

4 ii. Conspiracy to commit first-degree murder

5 {25} Defendant next challenges the sufficiency of evidence in support of her

6 conviction for conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. Defendant argues that the

7 juror’s inference that Defendant, Mathis, and Montoya plotted to kill Victim relies on

8 speculation, as opposed to direct or circumstantial evidence.

9 {26} “Conspiracy consists of knowingly combining with another for the purpose of

10 committing a felony . . . .” Section 30-28-2(A). The agreement can be verbal or

11 inferred from acts suggesting the conspirator knew of and engaged in the scheme.

12 State v. Trujillo, 2002-NMSC-005, ¶ 62, 131 N.M. 709, 42 P.3d 814.

13 {27} We have already concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support the

14 jury’s finding of deliberate intent. Much of the evidence that was sufficient to support

15 the jury’s finding of deliberate intent pertained to the State’s presentation that there

16 had been a plot to kill Victim, and such evidence of a plot also inherently supports the

17 jury’s inference that there was a conspiracy.

18 {28} Again, as evidence of the conspiracy and of deliberate intent, the State in part

15
 1 points to Mathis’s breakup with Victim, the post breakup phone call between Mathis

2 and Defendant, the car ride from Ruidoso to Alamogordo, the time spent in Mathis’s

3 trailer, the time spent looking for Victim at Rader’s trailer, Montoya and Defendant’s

4 alleged possession of a handgun, the manner in which the car was positioned for an

5 easy get-away upon arriving at Burger King, the manner of the get-away, and the

6 recovery of gloves from inside the car. From this evidence the jury inferred that

7 Defendant and the other persons in the car at the Burger King had conspired to kill

8 Victim. We conclude that this evidence is sufficient to support Defendant’s

9 conviction of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, and affirm.

10 iii. Tampering with evidence

11 {29} Defendant next takes issue with the sufficiency of the evidence in support of

12 her conviction for tampering with evidence. There is no direct evidence, such as

13 Defendant’s DNA or fingerprints on the recovered weapon, to suggest that Defendant,

14 the driver of the car, hid the weapon herself. Thus, this conviction must be analyzed

15 under the framework of accomplice liability in accordance with Jury Instruction 21,

16 using the same standard of review we used for first-degree murder and conspiracy to

17 commit first-degree murder. In this instance, though, Defendant is arguing that there

18 was insufficient evidence that she “helped, encouraged[,] or caused” Montoya to hide

16
 1 the handgun and tamper with evidence.

2 {30} Under New Mexico law, tampering with evidence is “destroying, changing,

3 hiding, placing or fabricating any physical evidence with intent to prevent the

4 apprehension, prosecution or conviction of any person or to throw suspicion of the

5 commission of a crime upon another.” Section 30-22-5. When direct evidence of an

6 intent to disrupt an investigation is lacking, it is often inferred from an overt act of

7 the defendant. Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 14. For example, in a case involving death

8 by gunshot to the head, evidence that the defendant gave a gun to his brother shortly

9 after the killing, instructed his brother to hold it, and then lied to the police about his

10 knowledge of the gun’s whereabouts was sufficient evidence of an overt act from

11 which the jury could infer an intent to tamper with evidence. State v. Arellano, 1977-

12 NMCA-126, ¶ 9, 91 N.M. 195, 572 P.2d 223. However, absent both direct evidence

13 of a defendant’s specific intent to tamper and evidence of an overt act from which the

14 jury may infer such intent, the evidence cannot support a tampering conviction.

15 Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 15.

16 {31} The State argues that the jury was free to infer that the plot to kill Victim

17 included a contingency plan to hide the handgun after the shooting had taken place.

18 This, it claims, is supported by evidence that Defendant “helped” Montoya by buying

17
 1 him time to hide the handgun in the center console by driving away from the murder

2 scene into a deserted area. In conjunction with the evidence of a plot to kill Victim,

3 we conclude that Defendant’s conduct in driving from the scene and not immediately

4 surrendering to police “helped, encouraged[,] or caused” Montoya to hide the

5 gun—plus, it was hidden inconspicuously in the center console between the driver

6 and passenger seats, so she likely saw it happening. Finally, there was testimony that

7 Mathis told Montoya to toss the handgun out the window, so a discussion concerning

8 tampering with evidence indeed occurred as Defendant was driving. Thus, we

9 conclude that the circumstances of the murder and tampering establish an “overt act”

10 from which a jury could reasonably infer Defendant’s specific intent for Montoya to

11 tamper with evidence, and affirm.

12 B. Admission of Gruesome Video Evidence Was Not an Abuse of the Trial
13 Court’s Discretion Under Rule 11-403

14 {32} Defendant next argues that the admission of the police lapel cam video was

15 unduly prejudicial and cumulative under Rule 11-403. The video depicts employees

16 and emergency personnel attending to Victim’s wounds and asking questions about

17 her attackers. The video is a graphic actual account of Victim’s bleeding and

18 suffering, and at times Victim is unclothed while emergency personnel attend to her

19 injuries.

18
 1 {33} Rule 11-403 states that evidence may be excluded “if its probative value is

2 substantially outweighed by the danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusion [of] the

3 issues or misleading the jury, [or by considerations of] undue delay, [waste of time

4 or needless presentation of] cumulative evidence.” “Because a determination of unfair

5 prejudice is fact sensitive, much leeway is given trial judges who must fairly weigh

6 probative value against probable dangers.” State v. Otto, 2007-NMSC-012, ¶ 14, 141

7 N.M. 443, 157 P.3d 8 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation

8 omitted). We review the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. See State v.

9 Martinez, 1999-NMSC-018, ¶ 31, 127 N.M. 207, 979 P.2d 718 (“The trial court is

10 vested with great discretion in applying Rule [11–403], and it will not be reversed

11 absent an abuse of that discretion.”).

12 {34} “An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic and

13 effect of the facts and circumstances of the case.” State v. Moreland,

14 2008-NMSC-031, ¶ 9, 144 N.M. 192, 185 P.3d 363 (internal quotation marks and

15 citation omitted). An abuse of discretion is a ruling that is “clearly untenable or not

16 justified by reason.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). If there are

17 reasons both for and against a court’s decision, there is no abuse of discretion. Id. It

18 is a defendant’s burden to establish that the trial court abused its discretion. State v.

19
 1 Torres, 1999-NMSC-010, ¶ 10, 127 N.M. 20, 976 P.2d 20.

2 {35} In admitting the video evidence, the trial court determined: “it is probative of

3 issues in the case . . . the jury need [not] necessarily be insulated from all the

4 unpleasantness that a murder entails . . . there is legitimate evidentiary value to the

5 Video over and above inflaming [the jury’s] passions. . . .”

6 {36} Defendant first argues that because the prejudice substantially outweighed the

7 probative value of the video the trial court was barred under State v. Martin from

8 exercising its discretion to admit the video. 1984-NMSC-077, ¶ 20, 101 N.M. 595,

9 686 P.2d 937. Martin, though, is inapplicable because it involved expanding the

10 scope of cross-examination. Id. (“It is within the discretion of the trial court to expand

11 the scope of cross-examination. Inquiry into additional matters must, however, be

12 conducted as if on direct examination. Rule 611(b) does not allow the trial court

13 discretion to admit evidence which is otherwise inadmissible because it is irrelevant,

14 or if the probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

15 prejudice.” (emphases added) (citations omitted)). The trial court’s decision to admit

16 the video remains within the sound discretion of the trial court.

17 {37} Defendant’s next argument pertains to the cumulative effect of the video.

18 Defendant argues the video was unnecessary given eyewitness testimony as to the

20
 1 nature of Victim’s death. “[P]hotographs are properly admitted within the discretion

2 of the trial court if they are corroborative of other relevant evidence adduced at the

3 trial, even though they may be cumulative.” State v. Ho’o, 1982-NMCA-158, ¶ 19,

4 99 N.M. 140, 654 P.2d 1040 (referencing State v. Upton, 1955-NMSC-087, ¶ 11, 60

5 N.M. 205, 290 P.2d 440; State v. Valenzuela, 1976-NMSC-079, ¶ 8, 90 N.M. 25, 559

6 P.2d 402. The same is true for a corroborating video. See State v. Hernandez, 1993-

7 NMSC-007, ¶ 38, 115 N.M. 6, 846 P.2d 312. Defendant also argues that replaying the

8 video during closing arguments was cumulative. While this appears to be duplicative,

9 the video had already been admitted into evidence, enabling the jury to watch it again

10 at any time should they so choose. Therefore, Defendant’s argument as to the

11 cumulative impact of the video shown during the closing arguments lacks merit.

12 {38} Concluding that the video was not cumulative, we next address whether the

13 video’s content was so prejudicial that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court

14 to admit it over Defendant’s objection. We conclude that its admission was not an

15 abuse of discretion because it was probative of an element of the charged offense of

16 shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily harm—that element

17 being a resultant great bodily harm. And, second, a review of New Mexico case law

18 considering the admission of gruesome photographs into evidence indicates a very

21
 1 high bar for demonstrating an abuse of discretion under any Rule 11-403 challenge.

2 See, e.g., State v. Saiz, 2008-NMSC-048, ¶¶ 52, 54, 144 N.M. 663, 191 P.3d 521

3 (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting five gruesome

4 photographs of the victim’s decomposed body, when those photographs aided the

5 pathologist’s testimony), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Belanger, 2009-

6 NMSC-025, ¶ 36 n.1, 146 N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783; State v. Mora, 1997-NMSC-060,

7 ¶¶ 54-55, 124 N.M. 346, 950 P.2d 789 (upholding the admission of multiple autopsy

8 photos of child victim on grounds that they were illustrative), abrogated on other

9 grounds by Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 17, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683;

10 State v. Perea, 2001-NMCA-002, ¶ 22, 130 N.M. 46, 16 P.3d 1105 (holding that a

11 potentially inflammatory photograph of a victim’s slashed face was relevant and that

12 its admission was within the discretion of the district court), aff’d in part, vacated in

13 part, 2001-NMSC-026, ¶ 6, 130 N.M. 732, 31 P.3d 1006; State v. Boeglin, 1987-

14 NMSC-002, ¶¶ 22-24,105 N.M. 247, 731 P.2d 943 (holding that the admission of a

15 close-up photograph depicting gruesome neck wounds suffered by the victim was

16 proper to “illustrate, clarify, and corroborate the testimony of witnesses”); State v.

17 Pettigrew, 1993-NMCA-095, ¶¶ 9-11, 116 N.M. 135, 860 P.2d 777 (holding that

18 photos of the battered victim were relevant to depict the extent of the victim’s injuries

22
 1 and to illustrate a physician’s testimony, and that their admission was not an abuse

2 of discretion); State v. Blakley, 1977-NMCA-088, ¶ 27, 90 N.M. 744, 568 P.2d 270

3 (holding that admission of photograph of the victim’s body was proper because it

4 “illustrated, clarified, and corroborated the testimony of various witnesses”).

5 {39} Here, the trial court carefully considered the video under Rule 11-403 and

6 determined that it was probative of issues in the case. Further, the trial court

7 considered the video to be low on the gruesome scale. Given the precedent in favor

8 of admitting probative, albeit gruesome media, we conclude that there was not an

9 abuse of the trial court’s discretion on these facts and affirm.

10 C. Article II, section 24(A)(1) of the New Mexico Constitution

11 {40} Our Constitution provides that victims of certain enumerated crimes, including

12 murder, have “the right to be treated with fairness and respect for [their] dignity and

13 privacy throughout the criminal justice process[.]” N.M. Const. art. II, § 24(A)(1). See

14 also NMSA 1978, § 31-26-2(B) (1994) (“victims of violent crimes are treated with

15 dignity, respect and sensitivity at all stages of the criminal justice process;”). While

16 we have already determined that admission of the video footage of Victim gravely

17 injured and in varying states of undress was not an abuse of discretion, it remains

18 unclear whether the district court should have redacted certain portions of the video

23
 1 to preserve Victim’s dignity and privacy. We offer no judgment on the matter, and

2 comment on the issue solely to remind our district courts that they are obliged, by our

3 Constitution and statutes, to consider a victim’s right to privacy and to be treated with

4 dignity when deciding whether to admit, admit in part, or exclude evidence that

5 implicates those rights.

6 D. Admission of Evidence That Defendant May Have Had a Firearm Prior
7 to the Shooting Was Not an Abuse of the Trial Court’s Discretion Under
8 Rule 11-404

9 {41} Defendant next takes issue with admission of evidence that Mathis may have

10 seen her with a handgun in both Ruidoso and the trailer where they bought drugs.

11 Defendant argues that admission of this uncharged other act is inherently prejudicial,

12 and that under Rule 11-404 the jury was misled in light of its admission. Prior to trial,

13 Defendant sought to prevent introduction of certain counts that had been severed

14 from those related to the murder (Defendant was tried for burglary of Rader’s trailer

15 in a separate trial). The trial court denied Defendant’s motion in limine in part,

16 finding that the State could introduce evidence of the handgun possession as it was

17 relevant to the issues in the murder case. Yet, since the trial court had severed the

18 charge of possession of a firearm by a felon, it ruled that the State could not introduce

19 evidence in the instant murder trial that Defendant was a felon. Defendant essentially

24
 1 argues possession of the handgun is irrelevant to the murder, and only shows

2 Defendant’s propensity to commit crime, because Montoya was in fact the ultimate

3 shooter. We disagree and conclude that the evidence is relevant for showing more

4 than just propensity.

5 {42} Rule 11-404(B)(1) precludes the admission of evidence of a person’s character

6 by admission of other-act evidence to prove “that on a particular occasion the person

7 acted in accordance with the character.” Yet, evidence of a defendant’s crime, wrong,

8 or other act might still be relevant and admissible if it is offered for another purpose.

9 Rule 11-404(B)(2) (providing, non-exhaustively, a list of permitted uses for prior

10 bad-acts such as opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, and knowledge). The

11 admission or exclusion of evidence is a decision within the sound discretion of the

12 trial court. Martinez, 1999-NMSC-018, ¶ 31. Here we must first consider whether the

13 State introduced evidence of Defendant’s possession of a handgun for a legitimate

14 purpose other than to show character or propensity under Rule 11-404(B)(1), and

15 second whether the probative value was otherwise substantially outweighed by the

16 danger of unfair prejudice under Rule 11-403. Otto, 2007-NMSC-012, ¶ 10.

17 {43} The State argues that its theory of the case was that Defendant possessed the

18 actual murder weapon during the events leading up to the shooting, which is evidence

25
 1 of both conspiracy and deliberate intent to kill Victim. Thus, the State argues

2 evidence of Defendant’s possession of the potential murder weapon was not other-act

3 evidence and does not implicate Rule 11-404(B). We agree, but note further that even

4 under Rule 11-404(B), admission of the handgun-possession evidence was proper for

5 the purpose of proving Defendant’s intent and knowledge of the plot to kill Victim.

6 In other words, Defendant shared Montoya’s deliberate intent to kill and had

7 knowledge of the crime Montoya was going to commit because they had conspired

8 and developed a plot to kill Victim; her possession of the murder weapon and

9 knowledge of the weapon’s close proximity was evidence of her awareness of, and

10 involvement in, the plan to deliberately kill Victim. See State v. Gaitan, 2001-

11 NMCA-004, ¶¶ 19-24, 130 N.M. 103, 18 P.3d 1056 (considering testimony that a

12 defendant told a co-conspirator to get a gun at a party, and concluding it was relevant

13 to his intent on an accomplice liability theory for a killing that occurred after the

14 party). Because the evidence of the handgun did not go solely to Defendant’s

15 propensity to commit crime, but rather was introduced for various permissible

16 purposes, we conclude there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court in allowing

17 such evidence to be considered by the jury, and accordingly affirm the trial court’s

18 ruling in this regard.

26
 1 E. Ineffective assistance of counsel

2 {44} Defendant lastly argues that there was ineffective assistance of counsel because

3 counsel did not object to the admission of the handgun evidence, and did not call

4 “Amy,” the person who drove Mathis to Ruidoso, to testify. As mentioned, admission

5 of the handgun evidence was not an abuse of the trial court’s discretion. Further,

6 choosing whether to call a witness at trial or not constitutes legitimate trial strategy.

7 We conclude there was effective assistance of counsel.

8 {45} In order to establish a successful claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a

9 defendant is required to “first demonstrate error on the part of counsel, and then show

10 that the error resulted in prejudice.” State v. Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 32, 140 N.M.

11 644, 146 P.3d 289. A prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel is made on

12 appeal where: “(1) it appears from the record that counsel acted unreasonably; (2) the

13 appellate court cannot think of a plausible, rational strategy or tactic to explain

14 counsel’s conduct; and (3) the actions of counsel are prejudicial.” State v. Herrera,

15 2001-NMCA-073, ¶ 36, 131 N.M. 22, 33 P.3d 22 (internal quotation marks and

16 citation omitted); see also Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 32. “[A] prima facie case is not

17 made when a plausible, rational strategy or tactic can explain the conduct of defense

18 counsel.” State v. Richardson, 1992-NMCA-112, ¶ 12, 114 N.M. 725, 845 P.2d 819,

27
 1 abrogated on other grounds by Allen v. LeMaster, 2012-NMSC-001, ¶ 36, 267 P.3d

2 806.

3 {46} In this case, both of the decisions not to object to the handgun evidence and not

4 to call “Amy” was rational trial strategy taken by defense counsel, in part because we

5 have concluded that the handgun evidence was admissible for proving something

6 other than propensity, and “Amy” may not have had favorable testimony to the

7 defense. We conclude that trial counsel was not ineffective to Defendant on this

8 record.

9 IV. CONCLUSION

10 {47} We affirm Defendant’s convictions of first-degree murder, conspiracy to

11 commit first-degree murder, and tampering with evidence. Further, while we have

12 misgivings about the use of graphic media potentially implicating a victim’s rights

13 in trial, we conclude the trial court did not otherwise abuse its discretion under Rule

14 11-403 by admitting the instant graphic video of Victim’s last moments. We also

15 conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of

16 Defendant’s possession of a handgun leading up to the murder, and finally, we

17 conclude defense counsel rendered effective assistance to Defendant.

18 {48} IT IS SO ORDERED.

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1 ______________________________
2 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice

3 WE CONCUR:

4 __________________________________
5 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Chief Justice

6 __________________________________
7 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

8 ____________________________________
9 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice

10 ____________________________________
11 JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Justice

29