14‐2508‐cr(L)
United States v. Goldberg
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 6th day of September, two thousand sixteen.
PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
DENNY CHIN,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. 14‐2508‐cr(L)
MARK GOLDBERG,
Defendant‐Appellant.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR APPELLEE: JONATHAN REBOLD, Assistant United States
Attorney (Karl Metzner, Assistant United
States Attorney, on the brief), for Preet Bharara,
United States Attorney for the Southern
District of New York, New York, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: JOHN A. CIRANDO (Bradley E. Keem,
Elizabeth deV. Moeller, on the brief), D.J. & J.A.
Cirando, Esqs., Syracuse, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Preska, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant‐appellant Mark Goldberg appeals a July 8, 2014 judgment of
the district court, convicting him of a scheme to defraud the Internal Revenue Service
(the ʺIRSʺ) and the State of New York by filing fraudulent tax returns.
At his sentencing on June 30, 2014, and as reflected in the judgment, the
district court sentenced Goldberg to 57 monthsʹ imprisonment, three yearsʹ supervised
release, and a $300 special assessment. Also at the sentencing, the district court stated
its intention to execute a consent preliminary order of forfeiture, noting that Goldberg
had consented to the entry of a money judgment in the amount of $500,000 and to
forfeiture of a bank check in the amount of $403,915.61, and ordered restitution in the
amount of $2,597,419, comprised of payments of $2,213,412 to the IRS and $384,007 to
the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance. Accordingly, the district court
entered a preliminary order for forfeiture of $500,000, including a cashierʹs check in the
amount of $403,915.61, immediately after sentencing. As noted, judgment was entered
on July 8, 2014. Goldberg filed this appeal the same day.
‐ 2 ‐
On July 2, 2015, the district court entered a final restitution order in the
amounts it had previously specified. Goldberg did not file a second or amended notice
of appeal.1
On October 25, 2015, a motions panel of this Court granted the
Government’s motion to dismiss the appeal with respect to Goldbergʹs terms of
imprisonment and supervised release and granted the Governmentʹs motion for
summary affirmance with respect to Goldbergʹs appeal of his conviction and special
assessment. The motions panel, however, denied the Governmentʹs motion with
respect to summary affirmance of the restitution and forfeiture orders. Accordingly,
this appeal was permitted to proceed. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the
underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal. We now turn to the
restitution and forfeiture orders. 2
1 Goldbergʹs notice of appeal was premature as to restitution because the final
restitution order was not entered until July 2, 2015. Nevertheless, in accordance with Federal
Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b)(2), Goldbergʹs notice of appeal was deemed effective upon
entry of the July 2, 2015 order. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(2); United States v. Applins, 637 F.3d 59,
65 (2d Cir. 2011). Cf. United States v. Tulsiram, 815 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir. 2016) (ʺ[A] judgment of
conviction that imposes a sentence including incarceration and restitution is ʹfinalʹ within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291, even if the sentence defers determination of the amount of
restitution.ʺ).
2 Goldberg has filed a supplemental brief pro se, seeking a declaration that our
prior dismissal and summary affirmance is without prejudice to his right to file, at a later date, a
motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. We decline to consider
now whether Goldberg will be barred from filing a future § 2255 motion. That decision is more
properly made if and when a § 2255 motion is actually filed. Cf. United States v. Leon, 203 F.3d
162, 164 (2d Cir. 2000) (ʺ[A] federal court lacks jurisdiction to consider the timeliness of a § 2255
petition until a petition is actually filedʺ because ʺthe exercise of federal jurisdiction . . .
‐ 3 ‐
1. Restitution
We review the grant of restitution for abuse of discretion. United States v.
Pearson, 570 F.3d 480, 486 (2d Cir. 2009). Factual findings underlying the restitution
order are reviewed for clear error. United States v. Gushlak, 728 F.3d 184, 190‐91 (2d Cir.
2013). Sentencing issues not raised in the district court are ʺdeemed waived on appeal
in the absence of plain errors.ʺ United States v. Margiotti, 85 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 1996)
(quoting United States v. Liebman, 40 F.3d 544, 551 (2d Cir. 1994)).
Under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (the ʺMVRAʺ), restitution is
mandatory for wire fraud and certain other crimes where an identifiable victim has
suffered a pecuniary loss. See 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii), (c)(1)(B); United States
v. Ekanem, 383 F.3d 40, 43 (2d Cir. 2004) (holding that the Government may be an
identifiable victim). ʺ[R]estitution is authorized only ʹfor losses that [were] . . . directly
caused by the conduct composing the offense of conviction and only for the victimʹs
ʹactual loss.ʹʺ United States v. Marino, 654 F.3d 310, 319‐20 (2d Cir. 2011) (second and
third alterations in original) (quoting United States v. Silkowski, 32 F.3d 682, 689 (2d Cir.
1994); United States v. Germosen, 139 F.3d 120, 130 (2d Cir. 1998)). The Government bears
the burden of establishing the victimʹs actual loss by a preponderance of the evidence.
See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e); Gushlak, 728 F.3d at 195.
ʹdepends on the existence of a case or controversy, and a federal court lacks the power to render
advisory opinions.ʹʺ).
‐ 4 ‐
Goldberg challenges the restitution amount on two grounds. First, he
contends that the Government failed to prove that he prepared or directed his
employees to prepare each of the fraudulent tax returns. Goldberg had the opportunity
to raise this argument below, but failed to do so. A Fatico hearing was scheduled,
adjourned twice, and eventually waived by Goldberg. Accordingly, Goldbergʹs waiver
is conclusive unless the restitution order was plain error. See Margiotti, 85 F.3d at 104.
There was no error here, much less plain error. The record demonstrates
that Goldberg oversaw an extensive scheme to defraud the IRS and the State of New
York. The district court found that Goldberg controlled an operation that he knew was
filing thousands of fraudulent tax returns, he hired and trained the operationʹs
employees, and he personally participated in the filing of fraudulent returns by
obtaining IRS electronic filing identification numbers. Thus, it was not error for the
district court to conclude that Goldbergʹs fraudulent conduct directly caused the IRS
and the State of New York to suffer $2,786,894 in losses.
Second, Goldberg argues that his liability for restitution should be
reduced because the IRS and the State of New York may recover sums from his clients,
who received a majority of the illegal gains. The MVRA provides, however, that ʺ[i]n
no case shall the fact that a victim has received or is entitled to receive compensation
with respect to a loss from . . . any other source be considered in determining the
amount of restitution.ʺ 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(B). Therefore, we conclude that the
‐ 5 ‐
district court did not abuse its discretion in ordering restitution for the full amount of
unpaid taxes and interest. See United States v. Nucci, 364 F.3d 419, 424 (2d Cir. 2004).
We note, however, that Goldberg cannot be required to pay restitution that
would constitute double recovery. See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(j)(2) (ʺAny amount paid to a
victim under an order of restitution shall be reduced by any amount later recovered . . .
for the same loss by the victim in . . . any Federal civil proceeding.ʺ). Cf. Nucci, 364 F.3d
at 424 (ʺWhile the district judge could have made it clearer in her restitution order that
[the] victim would not be allowed to receive compensation in excess of his loss, and
probably should have in order to remove the question from all doubt, we will not find
error for any failure to do so because . . . there is no legal basis to permit an award that
allows a victim to recover more than his due.ʺ). Any adjustments will be made if and
when any other participants in the scheme make payments to the IRS and the State of
New York. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in fixing Goldbergʹs liability for restitution at $2,597,419.
2. Forfeiture
Goldberg did not object to forfeiture below, and we thus review the
forfeiture order for plain error. United States v. Uddin, 551 F.3d 176, 181 (2d Cir. 2009).
The district court may impose forfeiture of ʺ[a]ny property, real or personal, which
constitutes or is derived from proceeds traceable to . . . ʹspecified unlawful activity,ʹʺ
including wire fraud. 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(c); see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(c)(7), 1961(1). For
‐ 6 ‐
property to be traceable to an unlawful activity, the Government must establish a nexus
between the forfeitable property or proceeds and the illegal activity by a preponderance
of the evidence. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(1)(A) (requiring the Government to prove
ʺrequisite nexusʺ for specific property); United States v. Capoccia, 503 F.3d 103, 116 (2d
Cir. 2007).
On appeal, Goldberg challenges only the amount of forfeiture, contending
that the forfeited cashierʹs check in the amount of $403,915.61 was not entirely traceable
to the tax fraud scheme. Goldberg and the Government agreed in a Consent
Preliminary Order of Forfeiture, however, that the cashierʹs check was traceable to the
scheme. The district court was entitled to rely on that agreement. See Fed. R. Crim. P.
32.2(b)(1)(B). Moreover, the district court found that, from 2004 to 2011, proceeds of the
scheme were funneled into the bank account from which the cashierʹs check originated.
For the 2011 tax year alone, Goldberg and his employees filed approximately 2,300
facially fraudulent tax returns and deducted fees of $175 to $250 from each refund,
netting them, at minimum, over four hundred thousand dollars in ill‐gotten gains just
for the one year. Therefore, we cannot say that the district court plainly erred in
calculating the forfeiture amount. See Uddin, 551 F.3d at 180.
We have reviewed Goldbergʹs remaining arguments and conclude they
are without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk
‐ 7 ‐