Eric Hood v. South Whidbey School District

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
r-o

ERIC HOOD, an individual, ) o coo
O
No. 73165-3-1
n
Appellant, )
DIVISION ONE !
en

v. )
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SOUTH WHIDBEY SCHOOL '" o --- - rv ;-

DISTRICT, a public agency, CD
—J
CI ---

Respondent. i FILED: September 6, 2016

Trickey, J. — Eric Hood sued the South Whidbey School District under the

Public Records Act, chapter 42.56 RCW. With the parties consent, the trial court

conducted a hearing in this case on the basis of documentary evidence. The trial
court concluded that Hood was entitled to a penalty award of $7,150 for the

District's untimely production of certain documents.1 It rejected Hood's other
claims.2 The court also concluded that Hood was entitled to $5,309.95 in attorney

fees and costs.3

Hood appeals the underlying judgment and the award ofattorney fees. He
argues that the trial court erred when it determined that the District's search for
responsive records was reasonable, penalized the District "only for untimely
disclosures while ignoring other violations," denied his proposed groupings for
penalties, erroneously applied mitigating and aggravating factors to its penalty

1Clerk's Papers (CP) at 241.
2 CP at 3100.
3 CP at 46.
No. 73165-3-1/2

calculations, and erroneously calculated the penalty period.4 He also claims that

the trial court should have granted all of his requested attorney fees.

Based on our de novo review, we conclude that the trial court did not err

except when it calculated Hood's award of attorney fees and costs. Accordingly,

we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

FACTS

Hood worked as a teacher for the District from 1996 to 2010.5 In 2010, the

District decided not to renew Hood's teaching contract.6 Through his union, Hood

challenged the decision in binding arbitration.7 An arbitrator upheld the District's

non-renewal decision.8 Hood subsequently filed multiple lawsuits against the

District in federal court.9 Hood also made numerous public records requests of the

District under the Public Records Act (PRA).10 The District's responses to those

requests are the subject of this lawsuit.

Hood began requesting public records from the District in June 2011.11 That
year, Hood requested records on June 16, July 1, July 7, July 10, and July 14.12
By August 5, Hood had made 25 different requests.13 Hood made additional record
requests on August 18 and November 1 of that year.14

4 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 2.
5 CP at 2731.
6 CP at 219.
7 CP at 219.
8 CP at 219.
9 CP at 220.
10 CP at 224.
11 CP at 898.
12 CP at 224, 898-99.
13 CP at 224, 938-43.
14 CP at 224, 900-02.
No. 73165-3-1/3

Hood continued requesting records from the District over the next few years.

In 2012, Hood requested records on June 19, September 11, October 4, October

10, October 16, October 18, and November 15.15 In 2013, Hood requested records

on January 24 and January 28.16 In 2014, Hood requested records on January

30.17 In total, Hood made approximately 37 requests for records.18

During this same time period, Hood also requested public documents from

several other entities, including the Arlington School District, the Office of the

Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Washington State Attorney General's

Office, the Washington State Auditor's Office, the Coupeville School District, and

the Washington Schools Risk Management Pool.19

Many of Hood's requests for records were very broad in scope.20
Essentially, Hood requested any record of any kind having anything to do with him

from 1999 to 2014.21 For example, a request on July 10, 2011 sought "[a]ny

records about [Hood] made by any current or former district administrators and/or

board members dating from September 1999to the present."22 Similarly, a request

on November 1, 2011 sought "all District records about, mentioning, referring to,

or regarding [Hood] or any member of his family from July 5, 2011 to the present

and, if any exist, any previously undisclosed records about, mentioning, referring

15 CP at 224, 903-07.
16 CP at 224, 908-09.
17 CP at 224.
18 CP at 57.
19 CP at 224, 901-05.
20 CP at 224.
21 CP at 225.
22 CP at 225, 946, 1010, 1016, 2740.
No. 73165-3-1/4

to, associated with or regarding either [Hood] or his non-renewal or both dating

from September 1999 to the present."23

The District responded to Hood's requests on a regular basis. For example,

in 2011, the District responded on June 17, July 5, July 9, July 12, July 20, July 28,

August 5, August 17, August 22, September 6, September 7, September 9,

September 14, September 20, October 14, November 7, December 14, and

December 21,24 In 2012, the District responded on January 2, June 21, September

11, September 26, October 12, October 22, October 23, October 31, November 3,
November 8, November 19, November 20, November 27, November 29,

December 12, and December 19.25 In 2013, the District responded on January

25, January 31, February 5, February 14, February 20, March 12, March 14, March
25, and May 2.26 In 2014, the District responded on February 5, February 14,
February 20, February 28, March 12, and March 14.27 Hood and the District
exchanged e-mails during these time frames as well.
The District provided thousands of records in response to Hood's
requests.28 In 2011, the District provided records on July 20, July 27, August 16,
August 31, September 7, September 20, October 14, and December 16.29 In 2012,
the District provided records January 2, June 21, September 11, October 9,
October 16, November 13, November 27, November 29, December 12, and

23 CP at 225.
24 CP at 225, 899-903, 995, 1002-92.
25 CP at 225-26, 903-07, 1096-1182.
26 CP at 226, 908-09, 1187-88, 1193-1201.
27 CP at 225-26, 908-10, 1202-1209.
28 CP at 220.
29 CP at 226, 893-895, 899-903.
No. 73165-3-1/5

December 18.30 In 2013, the District provided records on January 22, January 25,

and May 2.31 In 2014, the District provided records on February 5, February 28,

and March 14.32

In June 2012, Hood commenced this action against the District in Island

County Superior Court.33 Among other things, Hood alleged that the District

violated the PRA when it responded to his July 2011 record requests.34 In August

2013, Hood filed an amended complaint against the District alleging many

additional violations of the PRA when it responded to his later requests.35

In March 2014, Hood moved for summary judgment.36 He argued that the

District violated the PRA in numerous ways when it responded to his requests from

June 2011, July 2011, November 1, 2011, June 19, 2012, September 11, 2012,
October 10, 2012, October 16, 2012, October 18, 2012, November 15, 2012,

January 24, 2013, and January 28, 2013.37 He proposed grouping the violations
into nine different groups, and he sought a total penalty award of $390,795.38 With
his motion, Hood submitted affidavits from himself and from his attorney.39
The District responded and argued that its searches were reasonable, that
Hood's allegations were speculative, insufficient, and meritless, and that Hood's

30 CP at 226, 903-07.
31 CP at 226, 895-96, 907-09.
32 CP at 226, 896, 909-10.
33 CP at 2816.
34 CP at 2816.
35 CP at 2729-2766.
36 CP at 898-937.
37 CP at 226, 915-30.
38 CP at 930-36.
39 CP at 910.
No. 73165-3-1/6

request for $390,000 in penalties was unsupportable.40 With its response, the

District submitted declarations from several District employees and attorneys.

On June 27, 2014, the matter proceeded to a hearing.41 The parties agreed

that the hearing on the merits could be conducted on the basis of affidavits

pursuant to RCW 42.56.550(3).42 Thus, with the parties' consent, the court

conducted a trial on the basis of the submitted papers.43 The court explicitly stated

that it "balanced and weighed the evidence" and "resolved all material factual

issues and issues of credibility, as it would if it had heard oral testimony."44
On September 15, 2014, the trial court issued its memorandum decision.45
It determined that Hood was entitled to penalty award of $4,890 for the District's

untimely production of documents in response to Hood's June 2011 requests and
Hood's July 2011 requests.46 It also determined that Hood was entitled to a penalty
award of $2,260 for the District's untimely production of documents in response to
Hood's November 1, 2011 request.47 It rejected the remainder of Hood's claims.48
On December 15, 2014, the trial court entered comprehensive findings of
fact and conclusions of law.49 It also entered final judgment, which granted Hood's

40 CP at 764-808.
41 CPat218.
42 CP at 218, 3060.
43 CP at 219, 3060.
44 QD gt 219
45 CP at 219, 3060-3100.
46 CP at 3099.
47 CP at 3099.
48 CP at 3100.
49 CP at 218-41.
No. 73165-3-1/7

motion for judgment in part, awarded Hood $7,150, and dismissed all other claims

with prejudice.50

Hood subsequently moved for reconsideration.51 He claimed that the

discovery of five additional e-mails constituted newly discovered evidence

establishing that the District's searches in response to Hood's July and November

2011 requests were not reasonable.52 In a written decision, the court rejected

these arguments and denied Hood's motion.53 It entered an order denying

reconsideration.54

Hood moved for attorney fees and costs.55 In March 2015, the trial court

entered its findings offact, conclusions oflaw, and order on this motion.56 Thetrial
court concluded that Hood was entitled to an award of attorney fees and costs, but

it declined to award Hood his full requested amount.57 It reduced the amount of

attorney fees requested by 50 percent and awarded Hood $5,309.95.58
Hood appeals.

ANALYSIS

The PRA "is a strongly worded mandate for broad disclosure of public

records." Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe. 90 Wn.2d 123, 127, 580 P.2d 246 (1978). The

purpose ofthe act is "'nothing less than the preservation ofthe most central tenets

50 CP at 28-29.
51 CP at 160-65.
52 CP at 161-63.
53 CP at 49-61.
54 CP at 30-31.
55 CP at 132-36.
56 CP at 32-38.
57 CP at 34.
58 CP at 37-38.
No. 73165-3-1/8

of representative government, namely, the sovereignty of the people and the

accountability to the people of public officials and institutions.'" Wade's Eastside

Gun Shop. Inc. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 185 Wn.2d 270,277, 372 P.3d 97 (2016)

(quoting Progressive Animal Welfare Soc. v. Univ. of Wash.. 125 Wn.2d 243, 251,

884 P.2d 592 (1994) (PAWS)).

The PRA's disclosure provisions must be liberally construed and its

exemptions narrowly construed. RCW 42.56.030. "The language ofthe PRA must

be interpreted in a manner that furthers the PRA's goal of ensuring that the public

remains informed so that it may maintain control over its government." Wade's

Eastside Gun Shop. Inc., 185 Wn.2d at 277.

"The PRA requires state and local agencies to disclose all public records

upon request, unless the record falls within a PRA exemption or other statutory
exemption." Gendler v. Batiste. 174 Wn.2d 244, 251, 274 P.3d 346 (2012). "The
agency refusing to release records bears the burden of showing secrecy is lawful."
Fisher Broad.-Seattle TV LLC v. Citv of Seattle. 180 Wn.2d 515, 522, 326 P.3d

688 (2014). "The PRA does not, however, require agencies to 'create or produce
a record that is nonexistent.'" Fisher, 180 Wn.2d at 522 (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Gendler. 174 Wn.2d at 252)).
"Agencies must make a sincere and adequate search for records." Fisher,
180 Wn.2d at 522. "When an agency denies a public records request on the

grounds that no responsive records exist, its response should show at least some
evidence that it sincerely attempted to be helpful." Fisher. 180 Wn.2d at 522.

8
No. 73165-3-1/9

The PRA prohibits "silent withholding" by agencies of records relevant to a

public records request. PAWS. 125 Wn.2d at 270. "An agency must explain and

justify any withholding, in whole or in part, of any requested public records."

Resident Action Council v. Seattle Hous. Auth.. 177Wn.2d417, 432, 327 P.3d 600

(2013). "Failure to reveal that some records have been withheld in their entirety

gives requesters the misleading impression that all documents relevant to the

request have been disclosed." PAWS. 125 Wn.2d at 270-71.

Acceptance of Benefits

As an initial matter, citing RAP 2.5(b), the District contends that Hood

waived his right to appeal because he accepted payment in satisfaction of the

judgment.59 We disagree.
In general, a party cannotaccept the benefits ofa trial court decision without
losing the right to appeal. However, RAP 2.5(b)(1) provides four exceptions tothis
rule. Under RAP 2.5(b)(1)(iii), a party can accept the benefits of a trial court

decision without losing the right to appeal "if, regardless ofthe result ofthe review
based solely on the issues raised by the party accepting benefits, the party will be
entitled to at least the benefits of the trial court decision."

This exception applies here. Regardless of the result of our review, Hood
would be entitled to at least the money he has already accepted.60 The District
does not contend that Hood is entitled to any less money than he received in the

judgment. In fact, the District proposed the penalty calculation that the trial court

59 Resp't's Br. at 24-26.
60 Resp't's Br. at 25.
No. 73165-3-1/10

adopted.61 And the District defends this award on appeal as "proportional" and

"appropriate."62 Under these circumstances, we conclude that Hood did not waive

his right to appeal by accepting payment.63

Standard of Review

A threshold issue in this case is the standard of review, which the parties

dispute. Hood asserts that we review de novo agency actions under the PRAwhen

the sole evidence is documentary.64 He further asserts that we are not bound by

the trial court's factual findings regarding an agency's PRA violations.65 The

District asserts that because the trial court made credibility findings, weighed

evidence, and resolved conflicting testimony, the substantial evidence standard is

appropriate for any challenged factual finding.66 We agree with Hood.
Under RCW 42.56.550(3), "[judicial review of all agency actions taken or

challenged under RCW 42.56.030 through 42.56.520 shall be de novo."67
On appeal, "the appellate court stands in the same position as the trial court
where the record consists only of affidavits, memoranda of law, and other
documentary evidence." PAWS, 125 Wn.2d at 252. "Under such circumstances,

the reviewing court is not bound by the trial court's findings on disputed factual

issues." PAWS. 125 Wn.2d at 253.

61 CP at 804-08.
62 Resp't's Br. at 2, 48-49.
63 Given our resolution of this issue, we deny Hood's motion to supplement the record
under RAP 9.11, and we deny the District's cross-motion to supplement the record.
64 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 17.
65 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 17.
66 Resp't's Br. at 27-28.
67 (Emphasis added.)
10
No. 73165-3-1/11

The District relies on several cases for the proposition that "[t]he trial court's

factual findings are given deference even where a case was decided entirely on

documentary evidence."68 Specifically, it cites State v. Kipp. 179 Wn.2d 718, 727,

317 P.3d 1029 (2014); In re Yakima River Drainage Basin. 177 Wn.2d 299, 340,

296 P.3d 835 (2013); Dolan v. King County, 172 Wn.2d 299, 310, 258 P.3d 20

(2011); and In re Marriage of Rideout. 150Wn.2d 337, 351, 77 P.3d 1174(2003).

But none of those cases were brought under the PRA. Until the Supreme Court

applies the principlesfrom cases such as Dolan and Rideout when reviewing PRA

decisions where the trial court resolved disputed factual issues, PAWS controls.

Adeguacv of Searches

Hood argues that the trial court erred when it determined that the District's

searches for responsive records were reasonable.69 We disagree.
The test for adequacy of a search for public records under the PRA is the

same as that under the federal Freedom of Information Act. Neighborhood

Alliance of Spokane Ctv. v. Spokane Ctv.. 172 Wn.2d 702, 719, 261 P.3d 119

(2011). "[T]he focus ofthe inquiry is notwhether responsive documents do in fact
exist, but whether the search itself was adequate." Neighborhood Alliance. 172

Wn.2d at 720.

"The adequacy of a search is judged by a standard of reasonableness, that

is, the search must be reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents."

Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720. "What will be considered reasonable

will depend on the fact of each case." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720.

68 Resp't's Br. at 27.
69 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 2.
11
No. 73165-3-1/12

"[T]he issue of whether the search was reasonably calculated and therefore

adequate is separate from whether additional responsive documents exist but are

not found." Neighborhood Alliance, 172 Wn.2d at 720. "'[A] search need not be

perfect, only adequate.'" Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720 (quoting

Meeropol v. Meese. 252 U.S. App. D.C. 381, 395, 790 F.2d 942 (1986)).

"[A]gencies are required to make more than a perfunctory search and to

follow obvious leads as they are uncovered." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d

at 720. "The search should not be limited to one or more places if there are

additional sources for the information requested." Neighborhood Alliance. 172

Wn.2d at 720. "Th[at] is not to say, of course, that an agency must search every
possible place a record may conceivably be stored, but only those places where it
is reasonably likely to be found." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720.
At the summary judgment stage, the agency bears the burden of showing
its search was adequate. Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720-21. "To do
so, the agency may rely on reasonably detailed, nonconclusory affidavits
submitted in good faith." Neighborhood Alliance, 172 Wn.2d at 721. These
"should include the search terms and the type of search performed, and they

should establish that all places likely to contain responsive materials were

searched." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 721.

Here, after conducting our own review of the record, we conclude that the
District conducted adequate searches in response to Hood's record requests. The
record establishes that the District's searches were reasonably calculated to

uncover all relevant documents.

12
No. 73165-3-1/13

Declarations of District employees detail the District's searches in response

to Hood's requests. In general, they describe the procedure employed to identify

individuals likely to have responsive records, the likely location of records, and the

search terms utilized to search for records.

Of particular interest are the declarations of Josephine Moccia, the District

Superintendent, and Brian Miller, the DistrictTechnology Manager.

Moccia personally oversaw the District's response to each of Hood's public

records requests after her arrival in the District in July 2011.70 Moccia consulted

with the individual District staff members directly responsible for gathering

responsive records, directed individuals with personal knowledge of potentially
responsive records to gather those records, and in some instances, personally
searched for responsive records within her direct control.71
Moccia testified that in response to Hood's July 2011 requests, she directed

Miller to work with legal counsel "to identify key search terms and potential record
custodians and then to search those custodians' electronic files for responsive

records."72 The potential custodians included current and former District
administrative staff, the District's board members, and the teachers, counselors,

and union representatives identified by Hood.73
Moccia testified that individual District staff members also searched their

computer files for responsive records.74 For example, Moccia directed her

70 CP at 419.
71 CPat419.
72 CP at 2812.
73 CP at 2812.
74 CP at 2813.

13
No. 73165-3-1/14

assistant, Sue Terhar, to search Terhar's computer for any responsive records.75

Additionally, District administrators responsible for the specific programs identified

in Hood's requests were directed to locate and assemble potentially responsive

records.76 Likewise, school and administrative staff from Hood's former school

were directed to locate and assemble potentially responsive records.77

The District's outside counsel reviewed the assembled records in July,

August, September, and October 2011.78 Exempt records were withheld and

logged as additional responsive records were gathered.79 The District provided
responsive, non-exempt records in several installments between July and October

2011.80

Moccia testified that Hood's November 2011 requests were "largely

duplicative" of his July 2011 requests.81 Nonetheless, Moccia directed Miller and
other central office staff to locate and assemble responsive records.82 Further,

school and administrative staff from Hood's former school "were again directed to

locate and assemble potentially responsive records."83

75 CP at 2813.
76 CP at 2813.
77 CP at 2813.
78 CP at 2813.
79 CP at 2813-14.
80 CP at 2814.
81 CP at 2815.
82 CP at 2815.
83 CP at 2815, 421.
14
No. 73165-3-1/15

The District's outside counsel also assisted in this review and production.84

The District provided Hood non-exempt records responsive to his November 2011

requests in several installments between December 2011 and January 2012.85
After Hood filed this lawsuit against the District in 2012 alleging violations

of the PRA in responding to his July 2011 requests, Moccia carefully reviewed the

allegations in his complaint.86 In response to his allegations, Moccia "directed that
the District undertake another review of its files to ensure that no responsive, non-

exempt records were inadvertently withheld" from Hood.87 During this search, the
District discovered a file of binders Moccia's predecessor maintained.88 After

reviewing these records, the District produced additional records to Hood in
September 2012.89

Between June 2012 and February 2013, Moccia continued to receive

dozens of public records requests from Hood.90 Many of these requests were
duplicative "to the broadest parts of [Hood's] July 2011 and November 2011 public
record requests" as well as his other requests.91
In response to Hood's continued requests, Moccia "directed the completion
of additional searches of the District's computer systems by [Miller] and other
District technology support staff."92 Moccia testified that District administrators,

84 CP at 2815.
85 CP at 2815-16.
86 CP at 2816.
87 CP at 2817.
88 CP at 2817.
89 CP at 2817.
90 CP at 2818.
91 CP at 2818.
92 CP at 2819.

15
No. 73165-3-1/16

administrative support staff, and individual school board members were "notified

of requests related to them and requested to search for and produce any additional

records responsive to Hood's specific requests."93 For example, upon receiving

Hood's requests for records regarding an alleged state audit of the District, Moccia

asked the District's Assistant Superintendent for Business to locate responsive

records.94 And when asked by Hood for records regarding student attendance at

Bayview School, she asked the director of the school and his secretarial staff to
locate responsive records.95

Moccia testified that the District spent hundreds of hours of staff and

attorney time and thousands of dollars responding to Hood's requests.96 She
further testified:

Throughout the process of responding to [Hood's] numerous
requests, I fully intended that the District provide [Hood] all
identifiable, responsive, non-exempt records that the District located.
I believe that the District's searches and productions were
reasonable in their scope and conducted with diligence and in good
faith. Ihave no personal motivation to withhold material from [Hood]
or to not disclose the records he requested. I have not intentionally
destroyed any records that [Hood] was requesting or directed that
anyone else destroy or not disclose records to [Hood] to prevent him
from accessing such records. Any errors in the District's search and
production processes were inadvertent and not the result of any
intention to hinder [Hood's] access to public records from the
District.!97^

93 CP at 2819.
94 CP at 2819.
95 CP at 2819.
96 CP at 2820, 2814.
97 CP at 2820.

16
No. 73165-3-1/17

Miller's declaration provides even greater detail than Moccia's declaration.

Miller worked as the District's Technology Manager from 1993 to 2012 and then

worked as the District's Director of Facilities and Operations.98

In response to Hood's July 2011 requests, Miller worked with the District's

legal counsel to locate responsive records from the District's electronic

databases.99 Miller testified that he worked with the District's attorney to identify

key search terms and potential record custodians for each request.100 He then
searched each of those custodians' electronic mail accounts for records.101

With his declaration, Miller provided a copy of the processing matrix he

created to track his work on the July 2011 requests.102 This detailed matrix lists

several categories of information.103 It provides (1) a description ofeach of Hood's

requests, (2) the relevant date range for each request, (3) the searchterms utilized
for each request, (4) the systems searched, and (5) the potential custodians for
each request.104 With respect to Hood's July 2011 requests, the matrix shows that
Miller searched the accounts of at least 40 individuals.105

Miller testified that he spent over 60 hours "carefully searching and

reviewing email files for [Hood's] requests in the summer and fall of 2011 ."106 He
searched the personal e-mail accounts ofeach identified custodian onthe District's

98 CP at 2793.
99 CP at 2794.
100 CP at 2794.
101 CP at 2794.
102 CP at 2794, 2801-02.
103 CP at 2801-02.
104 CP at 2801-02.
106 CP at 2801-02.
106 CP at 2795.

17
No. 73165-3-1/18

"FirstClass server," a commercial product used to manage employees'

communication and personal organization tools, such as e-mail, calendaring, and

personal contacts.107

Around March 2011, the District changed its e-mail from FirstClass to

"Google Apps, a cloud-based electronic mail system."108 Unlike the FirstClass
system, the District did not maintain physical control over the e-mail server.109
Nonetheless, Miller also searched for e-mails in the Google Apps program.110
During the search process, hediscovered that the Google Apps program was only
saving e-mails for a period of 45 days after their creation.111 Miller reported the
problem to Google and it was addressed going-forward.112 However, due to this
error, there is a period of time for which the District's e-mails were not archived.113
After assembling all responsive electronic records located in his searches,
Miller provided them to the District's counsel for review.114 Miller ultimately
provided three CD-ROMs (compact disc, read-only memory) to Hood containing
all of the non-exempt records that Miller was able to locate in response to Hood's
July 2011 requests.115
In response to Hood's November 2011 requests, Miller duplicated the
search efforts described earlier, using new search terms and time periods.116 With

107 CP at 2795.
108 CP at 2796.
109 CP at 2796.
110 CP at 2796.
111 CP at 2796.
112 CP at 2797.
113 CP at 2797.
114 CP at 2797.
115 CP at 2797.
116 CP at 2798.
18
No. 73165-3-1/19

his declaration, Miller included the processing matrix he used to track his work on

these requests.117 This matrix, like the other, provides the same five categories of

information, including the relevant search terms and potential custodians.118 Once

Miller had assembled records responsive to Hood's November 2011 requests and

the District's counsel had reviewed them, he prepared another CD-ROM for

production to Hood.119

In response to Hood's continued requests in September and October 2012,

Miller searched both of the District's electronic mail systems—FirstClass and

Google Apps—to locate any potentially responsive records.120 He searched in the

accounts of likely custodians of responsive records based on the individuals

identified in Hood's requests.121 With his declaration, Miller included a copy of the

processing matrix he created to track his work on these requests.122 Like the
others, this matrix reflects the same categories of information, including the

relevant search terms and potential custodians searched.123

Finally, Miller testified as follows:

Throughout the process of responding to [Hood's] requests, I have
conducted all searches to the best of my ability, I have pulled and
reviewed all responsive documents located by my searches, and I
have worked with the District Superintendent and its counsel to
provide all records located. I have no personal reason to withhold
material from [Hood] or not to disclose the records he requested. No
one has ever asked me to destroy records that [Hood] requested or
suggested that records not be disclosed to him. To the contrary, my
direction from the Superintendent has always been to disclose all

117 CP at 2798, 2804.
118 CP at 2804.
119 CP at 2798.
120 CP at 2798-99.
121 CP at 2799.
122 CP at 2799, 2806.
123 CP at 2806.

19
No. 73165-3-1/20

responsive, non-exempt records. To the best of my knowledge and
ability, that is exactly what I did.[124]

After reviewing the record, we are convinced that the trial court properly

determined that the District's searches were adequate. These nonconclusory

declarations from District employees provide significant detail about the type of

search performed, the search terms utilized, and the locations searched. On these

facts, it is clear that the District's searches were reasonably calculated to uncover

all relevant documents.

Hood presents a number of arguments challenging the declarations of the

District's employees. In general, he contends that their testimony was unreliable

and incredible and that it misled the trial court.125 We reject all of his arguments.

Hood argues that Moccia's statement that she directed Terhar to search

Terhar's computer for responsive records is contradicted by Terhar's statement

that she failed to perform a global search of her computer.126 But Terhar also

testified that if Hood's requests "pertained to anything that [she] might have had

on [her] computer, [she] would search for it."127 This is consistent with Moccia's

statement.

Hood argues that the District's failure to search the files of Sue Raley, a

teacher, was unreasonable.128 But as the trial court correctly noted, "it was

reasonable for the District to believe that a fellow teacher would not have District

124 CP at 2799.
125 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 21-22; Appellant's Reply Br. at 8-13.
126 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 21.
127 CP at 3046.
128 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 22 n.17; Appellant's Reply Br. at 10.
20
No. 73165-3-1/21

records relating to another teacher."129 And an agency need not search "every

possible place a record may conceivably be stored, but only those places where it

is reasonably likely to be found." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720.

Hood argues that the District did not search potential custodians' electronic

files until 2014.130 He relies on declarations from two District employees to support

this allegation. But these two declarations merely establish that in summer 2014,

these employees searched their files for records responsive to Hood's 2014

requests and found e-mail correspondence from summer 2011.131 These facts do

not negate Moccia's assertion that individual staff members searched their

computer files for records responsive to Hood's July and November 2011

requests.132

Hood argues that the District was obligated to search the individual

computer files of any person who might have stored records because the District

knew its e-mail system auto-deleted e-mails.133 But Moccia testified that individual

staff members searched their computer files.134 This was sufficient.

Hood argues that the untimely disclosure of e-mails shows that the

searches were unreasonable.135 He also argues that the production of District

records by other agencies shows that the searches were unreasonable.136 He is
incorrect on both accounts. The case law is clear that the issue of whether a

29 CP at 227.
30 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 22.
31 CPat 140, 142-43.
32 CP at 2813.
33 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 37: see also Appellant's Reply Br. at 10.
34 CPat 2813.
35 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 22; Appellant's Reply Br. at 10-11.
36 Appellant's Reply Br. at 11.
21
No. 73165-3-1/22

search was adequate "is separate from whether additional responsive documents

exist but are not found." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720.

Hood argues that the "evidence shows that [Moccia's] statements and

declarations were incorrect."137 He points out that Moccia did not tell employees

which databases to search, that the District only named four employees whose

computer files were searched, and that the District located previously undisclosed

e-mails.138 None of this establishes that Moccia's representations to the court

about the District's searches were incorrect or misleading.

Lastly, Hood argues that documentary evidence "conflicts with District

testimony" and "shows the unreasonableness of its searches."139 In general, he

points to untimely searches, untimely productions, the production of District

records by other agencies, and the District's failure to search specific locations.140
We reject these arguments. None of them establish that the District's searches

were unreasonable.

Penalties

Hood next argues that the trial court erred when it determined penalties.141
Specifically, he contends that the court erred when it rejected seven of his nine

proposed penaltygroups, "penalized the District only for untimely disclosures while

ignoring other violations," applied mitigating and aggravating factors, and

calculated the lengths of time of violations.142 We address these arguments below.

137 Appellant's Reply Br. at 9.
138 Appellant's Reply Br. at 9-10.
139 Appellant's Reply Br. at 10.
140 Appellant's Reply Br. at 10-11.
141 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 37-61.
142 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 2.
22
No. 73165-3-1/23

Penalty Grouping

Hood argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it rejected seven

of his nine proposed penalty groups.143 We disagree.

The PRA does not prevent the trial court from grouping multiple requests

and treating them as one request. Zink v. City of Mesa, 162 Wn. App. 688, 722,

256 P.3d 384 (2011); Yousoufian v. Office of Ron Sims. 152 Wn.2d 421, 436 n.10,

98 P.3d 463 (2004) (Yousoufian I). A trial court may properly group records based

on considerations such as time of production and subject matter. Sanders v. State,

169 Wn.2d 827, 864, 240 P.3d 120 (2010).

When a trial court groups records together, its decision is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. Double H. L.P. v. Wash. Dep't of Ecology. 166 Wn. App. 707,

712-13, 271 P.3d 322 (2012). A trial court abuses its discretion if its decision is

manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or reasons. Yousoufian

v. Office of Ron Sims. 168 Wn.2d 444, 458, 229 P.3d 735 (2010) (Yousoufian II).

A trial court's decision is manifestly unreasonable ifthe court, despite applying the

correct legal standard to the supported facts, adopts a view that no reasonable

person would take. Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at 458-59.

Here, the trial court concluded that two groups existed for penalty

calculation purposes—Hood's proposed Group 1 and Group 5. Group 1 consisted

of the District's untimely responses to Hood's requests of June and July 2011.144
Group 5 consisted of the District's untimely responses to Hood's requests of

143 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 44.
144 CP at 229.

23
No. 73165-3-1/24

November 1, 2011.145 The court rejected seven additional proposed penalty

groups. We address each of the rejected groups in turn.

Group 2

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 2, which consisted of

records produced in the September 11, 2012 supplemental production.146 For this

group, Hood requested $35 per day and a total penalty of $15,015.147

The trial court rejected Group 2 for the following reason:

Hood's proposed Group 2 relates to records produced after this
lawsuit was filed. Yet these records were produced in response to
his July 2011 requests, and are thus encompassed by Group 1. The
Court finds no legitimate basis for increased or duplicative penalties
based on the fact that the records were produced after litigation was
initiated. See, by analogy. Sanders 169 Wn.2d at 849-50. This
proposed grouping is not appropriate.[148]

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied this group. The

record establishes that the records produced on September 11, 2012 were

produced in response to Hood's July 2011 requests. A letter dated September 11,
2012 from the District to Hood confirms this.149 So does the declaration of Carlos

A. Chavez, an attorney for the District.150

145 CP at 230.
146 CP at 932.
147 CP at 932.
148 CP at 229.
149 In relevant part, the letter states: "In response to the allegations raised in the above-
referenced matter regarding your July 2011 public record requests, the District has
undertaken another review of its records. Enclosed please find a CD-ROM containing a
supplemental production of records related to your requests." CP at 1107.
150 Chavez testified that he conducted another search for records after Hood filed his
lawsuit in June 2012. During this search, he collected and reviewed materials for
responsiveness to Hood's July 2011 requests. He found eight binders of hardcopy
materials and, after reviewing the binders and the District's prior productions, he provided
Hood a supplemental production of 398 pages. CP at 2863-67.
24
No. 73165-3-1/25

Hood claims that documents from this production were "silently withheld for

429 days" and that the court abused its discretion when it "minimized" the Group

2 violations.151 But Hood's argument that the District silently withheld these

records is speculative.152 Additionally, as our Supreme Court has stated, "[W]e did

not explicitly allow the potential silent withholding in PAWS to support a

freestanding daily penalty award." Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d 724.

In short, the trial court properly rejected Hood's claims of silent withholding

and did not abuse its discretion when it rejected proposed Group 2.

Group 3

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 3, which consisted of

documents that the District initially listed on an October 14, 2011 exemption log

and then later produced with the September 11, 2012 supplemental production.153
For this group, Hood requested $50 per day and a total penalty of$21,450.154
The trial court rejected Group 3 for the following reason:

Hood's proposed Group 3 contains exempt documents withheld by
the District based on what Hood argues was a false claim of the
deliberative process exemption. Hood argues that penalties should
be assessed because the District initially asserted the deliberative
process exemption of RCW 42.56.280 as the basis for withholding
the documents, and this exemption didn't apply. But the District later
asserted the work product and attorney-client privileges exemption
for the withholding of the documents, and it was entitled to do so.
[Sanders, 169 Wn.2d at 849-50]; fPAWS. 125 Wn.2d at 253.] The
Court has conducted an in camera review of the documents Hood
identified as potentiallywrongfully withheld, and has determined that
they are all exempt from disclosure. To the extent that Hood argues
that the District's production of some exempt documents prevents it
from asserting exemptions to other documents, this is plainly

151 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 47.
152 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 47-49; Appellant's Reply Br. at 13-19.
153 CP at 229, 933.
154 CPat 933.

25
No. 73165-3-1/26

incorrect. Under Sanders, the production of exempt documents does
not necessarily waive exemptions as to other documents. 169
Wn.2d at 847-50. The Court finds no waiver in the present case.
Group 3 is not a valid grouping for this case.[155]

The trial court's reasoning was correct. The trial court properly recognized

that the relevant consideration is whether the documents are exempt from

disclosure. Sanders. 169 Wn.2d at 849-50. If they are exempt, "the agency's

withholding of them was lawful and its subsequent production of them irrelevant."

Sanders. 169 Wn.2d at 850. The trial court also properly recognized that the

District could assert a different exemption than the one initially claimed.

Our review of these documents confirms that a majority of them are exempt

from disclosure under the work product exemption or the attorney-client privilege

exemption. Hood presents no persuasive argument to the contrary. The

remaining documents are not responsive to Hood's requests. Accordingly, the trial

court properly concluded that the agency's withholding of those documents was

lawful and the subsequent production of them was irrelevant. In short, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected Group 3.

Group 4

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 4, which consisted of

documents disclosed by other agencies. According to Hood, these documents

show "that the District silently withheld [these documents] for a period of 604 days

and/or destroyed them."156 For this group, Hood requested $100 per day and a

total penalty of $60,400.157

155 CP at 229.
156 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 51.
157 CP at 933-34.

26
No. 73165-3-1/27

The trial court rejected Group 4 for the following reason:

Hood proposes Group 4 for the documents that he alleges the District
is silently withholding from him. The basis for Hood's argument
appears to be that various documents were provided to him by other
agencies in response to other public records requests, and therefore
that the District must be intentionally silently withholding identical
records. Hood's speculation has no record support, and the Court
finds that additional penalties based on this speculation are
unwarranted. Furthermore, to the extent they existed and were
untimely produced, any such documents are already included in
Groups 1 and 5 and are fully addressed in the penalties the Court
will award for those groups.11581

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected this group.

"Purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other

documents will not overcome an agency affidavit, which is accorded a presumption

of good faith." Forbes v. City of Gold Bar, 171 Wn. App. 857, 867, 288 P.3d 384

(2012). The fact that other agencies produced documents responsive to Hood's

requests does not establish that the District's search was unreasonable. See

Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 720. Nor does it establish that the District

silently withheld these documents.

Likewise, the fact that the District produced documents referencing

unproduced documents does not establish that the District's search was

unreasonable. See Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d at 737. Nor does it

establish that the District silently withheld the unproduced documents. Further, as

we indicated earlier, potential silent withholding does not support a freestanding

daily penalty award. Neighborhood Alliance. 172 Wn.2d 724. In short, the trial

158 CP at 230.

27
No. 73165-3-1/28

court properly concluded that Hood's silent withholding claims were speculative,

and it did not abuse its discretion when it rejected Group 4.

Group 6

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 6, which consisted of

documents relating to a state audit of student enrollment at a district school, the

District's "Highly Capable Learner's Program," administrative policies, and the

collective bargaining agreement.159 Hood asserts that these documents warrant

higher penalties because they are records of public importance. For this group,

Hood requested $50 per day and a total penalty of $26,200.160

The trial court rejected Group 6 for the following reason:

Hood argues that certain documents he requested were of public
importance, and requests increased penalties for his proposed
Group 6 on this basis. The Court has determined that Hood's
assertions are largely without merit, as detailed below. The Court
does not find any legitimate basis for heightened penalties based on
the alleged public importance of any of Hood's requests.
Furthermore, any such records are subsumed in Groups 1 and 5 and
are fully addressed in the penalties the Court will award for those
groups.[161]

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected this proposed

group. The trial court "fully accounted" for any public importance of these records
when it considered this as an aggravating factor in assessing penalties.162 Hood

fails to persuasively explain why the alleged public importance of the documents

factor should constitute its own freestanding penalty.

159 CP at 934.
160 CP at 935.
161 CP at 230.
162 CPat 237.

28
No. 73165-3-1/29

Group 7

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 7, which consisted of

allegedly undisclosed metadata.163 Hood argues that the District ignored his

requests for metadata "by providing only minimal header metadata for emails and

absolutely none for non-email documents."164 For this group, he requested the

maximum, $100 per day, and a total penalty of $99,200.165
The trial court rejected Group 7 for the following reasons:

Hood claims that he requested metadata in connection with many of
his requests, and that the District has not provided such metadata.
His proposed Group 7 seeks penalties for the alleged failure to
produce metadata. In his email to Superintendent Moccia on July 7,
2011, Hood stated: "Note that all requests below include an explicit
request for metadata (Fields for the 'To', 'From', and 'cc' are all
recipients and are considered 'metadata.' See O'Neill v. City of
Shoreline. 170 Wn.2d 138, 151-152[, 240 P.3d 1149] (2010))" [sic].
The District provided metadata in the form ofthe "to," "from," and "cc"
fields (basic header information) on the emails it produced. Hood
received an email from the Arlington School District in response to
one of his records requests to that agency that also shows server
routing information for the electronic communication in addition tothe
header information. Hood did not contest the District's assertions
thatthis allegedly "missing" metadata does not supply any additional
substantive content to the email communication. The Court finds that
the server routing information Hood identifies as the metadata
missing from the District's productions is immaterial to the actual
substantive content of the records he requested.

Further, the Court finds that the District included the metadata
reasonably available to it and of the type explicitly requested by Hood
in its responses to Hood's requests. The Court finds thatthe District
complied with Hood's requests for metadata. Further, even if the
District could have technically provided Hood a greater quantity or
additional types of metadata, the Court finds that no additional
penalties are appropriate in this regard.11661

163 CP at 935.
164 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 26.
165 CP at 935.
166 CPat 230-31.

29
No. 73165-3-1/30

The trial court properly determined that the District complied with Hood's

requests for e-mail metadata. The District provided the type of metadata that Hood

specifically requested. Further, Miller expressly testified in his deposition that the

e-mails he printed out in response to Hood's requests all had metadata.167 He

identified metadata as "[t]he header at the top, printed by, title, date, time, [and

page number.]"168 Miller also testified that he did not know if it was possible to

retrieve the additional metadata Hood now asserts should have been provided.169

The trial court did not separately analyze the District's compliance with

Hood's requests for metadata for non e-mail documents. But, based on our review

of the record, we see no evidence that the District is "intentionally" and "silently"

withholding metadata for non e-mail documents. Hood's claims to the contrary are

speculative. In any event, the trial court also made it clear that even if the District
could have provided Hood with additional metadata, it would not have awarded
any additional penalties. The court viewed the penalty awarded as sufficient to
address any violation based on metadata. This was within the trial court's
discretion.

Group 8

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 8, which consisted of
records on a CD-ROM, labeled July 27, 2011.170 Forthis group, Hood sought the

maximum per day penalty, $100, and a total penalty of $96,250.171
The trial court rejected Group 8 for the following reason:

167 CPat 1217.
168 CPat 1218.
169 CPat 1218.
170 CPat 935, 231.
171 CP at 935.

30
No. 73165-3-1/31

Hood's proposed Group 8 relates to the alleged late production of a
CD-ROM labeled with the date 7/27/11. There is no dispute that
Hood received a copy of this CD on February 28, 2014. The District's
evidence indicates that it believed that the CD had already been
produced to Hood on August 16, 2011. Regardless ofwhether Hood
received the CD itself for the first time in August 2011 or February
2014, the record reflects that its contents were either produced to
him as part of previous productions or were exempt. In any event,
the record supports a finding that any of the responsive records on
the 7/27/11 CD are appropriately accounted for within Groups 1 and
5, and the Court declines to award additional penalties for this
material beyond those calculated below.[172]
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected this group. Hood

does not challenge the assertion that these records fall within Groups 1 and 5.
Rather, he contends that the court abused its discretion "by ignoring both the
severity of this violation and Hood's justification for making it a separate group."173
But the court was entitled to reject Hood's arguments. He provides no persuasive

argument to the contrary.

Group 9

The trial court rejected Hood's proposed Group 9 for various statutory
violations ofthe PRA.174 Hood claims that the District charged him money to view
records, tried to charge him for other requests, and refused to provide records. For
this group, Hood requested $25 per day and a total penalty of $10,425.175
The trial court rejected Group 9 for the following reasons:

Hood's proposed Group 9 encompasses his allegations that the
District charged him to view records, tried to charge him for at least
one other request, and refused to provide records because of their
origin without justification. The Court rejects these allegations and

172 CPat 231-32.
173 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 57.
174 CP at 935.
175 CP at 936.

31
No. 73165-3-1/32

finds that additional or heightened penalties for these alleged
violations are not appropriate.

Hood's principal allegation to support Group 9 is that the District
charged him to review records. Hood had requested a large set of
student attendance records, and the District located these records
and was prepared to make them available to him. However, the
records consisted of approximately 5,000 hard copy originals and
required redaction of identifying student information from every page
before they could be produced. See RCW 42.56.230(1). In an
attempt to accommodate Hood's request, the District made a
redacted exemplar of the student records and showed it to Hood on
December 18, 2012. After reviewing the exemplar, Hood chose to
narrow the scope of his request and the District prepared a first
installment of redacted attendance records for his review. The
District did notcharge Hood to review that installment, butdid explain
that if Hood did not wish to pay for copies of the installment after he
had the chance to review the records, the District would close the
request.

Hood paid $11.10 for copies of the first installment of 74 redacted
attendance records. RCW 42.56.120 provides that no fee shall be
charged for the inspection of public records, nor for locating public
documents and making them available for copying. However, a
reasonable fee may be imposed for providing copies of public
records, and to the extent that the agency has not determined the
actual per page cost for photocopies, the agency may not charge in
excess of fifteen cents per page. Seventy-four pages (the number
of redacted attendance records prepared for Hood by the District)
times $0.15 perpage is $11.10, the amount Hood paid to the District.
Hood acknowledges that he came to an agreement with the District
avoiding further copying, and he did not request further installments.
It would be an exaltation of form over substance to impose a penalty
against the District where the records were prepared at Hood's
request, where he voluntarily paid the $11.10, and where he reached
an agreement with the District obviating the need for additional
installments.!1761

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected this group. The

trial court's recitation of the facts is supported by the record. Further, the trial
court's reasoning provides a tenable basis for the court to conclude that additional

176 CP at 232-33.

32
No. 73165-3-1/33

or heightened penalties for any statutory violations were not warranted. We reject

Hood's arguments to the contrary.

Groups 1 and 5 Penalty Amount

Hood next argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it

determined that $5 per day was an appropriate penalty for Groups 1 and 5.177
Specifically, he contends that the court abused its discretion when it considered
the mitigating and aggravating penalty factors.178 We disagree.
In Yousoufian II. the Supreme Court established a framework to guide trial

courts' determinations of penalties within the range provided underthe PRA. 168

Wn.2d 444.

At the outset, the '"principal"' factor for determining the appropriate daily
penalty is the existence or absence of an agency's bad faith. Yousoufian II, 168
Wn.2d at 460 (quoting Amren v. Citv of Kalama. 131 Wn.2d 25, 37-38, 929 P.2d
389 (1997)). Other relevant factors relating to an agency's culpability include: (1)
the economic lossto the party requesting the documents; (2) the public importance
of the underlying issue to which the request relates, and whether the significance
of the issue wasforeseeable tothe agency; and (3) the degree towhich the penalty
is an adequate incentive to induce further compliance. Yousoufian II, 168 Wn.2d
at 460-63.

As a starting point, "a trial court must consider the entire penalty range
established by the legislature." Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at466. "Trial courts may
exercise their considerable discretion under the PRA's penalty provisions in

177 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 46, 53.
178 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 41.
33
No. 73165-3-1/34

deciding where to begin a penalty determination." Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at

466-67.

Finally, courts should consider appropriate mitigating and aggravating

factors. The Yousoufian II court identified seven mitigating factors and nine

aggravating factors in determining PRA penalties.

The mitigating factors that may serve to decrease the penalty are

(1) a lack of clarity in the PRA request; (2) the agency's prompt
response or legitimate follow-up inquiry for clarification; (3) the
agency's good faith, honest, timely, and strict compliance with all
PRA procedural requirements and exceptions; (4) proper training
and supervision of the agency's personnel; (5) the reasonableness
of any explanation for noncompliance by the agency; (6) the
helpfulness of the agency to the requestor; and (7) the existence of
agency systems to track and retrieve public records.

Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at 467 (footnotes omitted).

Conversely, the aggravating factors that may support increasing the penalty

are

(1) a delayed response by the agency, especially in circumstances
making time of the essence; (2) lack of strict compliance by the
agency with all the PRA procedural requirements and exceptions; (3)
lack of proper training and supervision of the agency's personnel; (4)
unreasonableness of any explanation for noncompliance by the
agency; (5) negligent, reckless, wanton, bad faith, or intentional
noncompliance with the PRA by the agency; (6) agency dishonesty;
(7) the public importance of the issue to which the request is related,
where the importance was foreseeable to the agency; (8) any actual
personal economic loss to the requestor resulting from the agency's
misconduct, where the loss was foreseeable to the agency; and (9)
a penalty amount necessary to deter future misconduct by the
agency considering the size of the agency and the facts of the case.

Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at 467-68 (footnotes omitted).

These factors "may overlap, are offered only as guidance, may not apply

equally or at all in every case, and are not an exclusive list of appropriate

34
No. 73165-3-1/35

considerations." Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at 468. No one factor should control.

Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at 468. "These factors should not infringe upon the

considerable discretion of trial courts to determine PRA penalties." Yousoufian II.

168Wn.2dat468.

"'[T]he trial court's determination of appropriate daily penalties is properly

reviewed for an abuse of discretion.'" Yousoufian II. 168 Wn.2d at 458 (alteration

in original) (quoting Yousoufian I. 152 Wn.2d at 431).

Here, the trial court properly exercised its discretion when it determined that

a $5 per day penaltywas an appropriate penaltyfor Groups 1 and 5, which resulted

in a total penalty award of$4,890 for Group 1 and $2,260 for Group 5.179 The trial
court made this determination after carefully considering the entire penalty range,

the relevant mitigating and aggravating factors set forth in Yousoufian II. and the

other relevant factors identified in Yousoufian II. including the amount necessary

to effectively deter future misconduct.

The court properly recognized that it had the discretion to determine a

penalty amount between zero and $100. In 2011, the legislature amended the
PRA to eliminate mandatory penalties. Lawsof 2011, ch. 273 § 1. The trial court

acknowledged this, stating that "the [legislature has vested [the court] with the
discretion to award an appropriate penalty in an amount from zero to [$100] per

day for such improper denials."180
The trial courtalso properly applied the Yousoufian II framework bycarefully

considered the relevant mitigating and aggravating factors.

179 CP at 239-40.
180 CP at 238.

35
No. 73165-3-1/36

The court identified several mitigating factors in this case. It concluded that

the first mitigating factor—a lack of clarity in the PRA request—was applicable.181

Itfound that "Hood made multiple, broad, overlapping, and occasionally duplicative

requests."182 It reasoned that "[b]ecause of this, it was virtually inevitable that the

District would miss some of the records in its initial searches."183

The court also concluded that the second and third mitigating factors were

applicable. These included the agency's prompt response and the agency's good

faith, honest, timely, and strict compliance with the PRA. The court reasoned that

the District's "reasonably prompt responses to the majority of Hood's requests and

its good faith efforts to comply with the PRA, including the retention of counsel to

assist in responding to Hood, mitigate the penalties that should apply here."184
The court agreed with Hood that the lack of proper training and supervision

by the District was an aggravating factor.185 But the court reasoned that the
decision to utilize legal counsel mitigated the District's lack of training.186
Accordingly, it concluded that "a minor increase in the penalty that would otherwise
have been imposed but for the lack of training of the [District's] personnel [was]

appropriate."187

The court rejected several other aggravating factors proposed by Hood.

The court rejected Hood's argument that the District's unreasonable explanations

81 CP at 237.
82 CP at 237.
83 CP at 237.
84 CP at 237.
85 CP at 233-34.
86 CP at 233-34.
87 CP at 234.

36
No. 73165-3-1/37

for instances of noncompliance was an aggravating factor. It found that the

District's explanations for particular oversights in its searches and productions

were "reasonable and fully understandable in light of the numerous broad and

overlapping requests with which it was faced."188

The court rejected Hood's argument that the District's negligent, reckless,

wanton, or bad faith conduct was an aggravating factor. It found that "[t]he record

as a whole shows that the District did, in fact, act in good faith at all times, was not

negligent, and provided reasonable explanations for its actions in response to

Hood's requests."189

The court rejected Hood's argument that his personal economic loss was

an aggravating factor. It found that Hood's assertion that he suffered actual

personal economic loss was frivolous.190

And the court rejected Hood's argument that the public importance of his

requests was an aggravating factor. It found that "the overwhelming majority of

Hood's requests were directly related to his personal challenge to his nonrenewal

as a teacher."191 It found and that the "few requests that involved ostensibly public

matters were tied to the work of his former supervisors and his attempts to discredit

them."192 Itconcluded that this aggravating factor "either does not apply, or applies

only minimally, in the present case" and stated that it "has fully accounted for this

factor in assessing an appropriate penalty against the District."193

188 CP at 234.
189 CP at 235.
190 CP at 235.
191 CP at 236.
192 CP at 236.
193 CP at 237.

37
No. 73165-3-1/38

After considering the relevant mitigating and aggravating factors, the court

then considered the other relevant factors identified in Yousoufian II. including the

amount necessary to effectively deter future misconduct.194

The court declined to adopt Hood's proposed multiplier of 15 for Group 1,

which would have resulted in a penalty of $75 per day, and Hood's proposed

multiplier of 12 for Group 5, which would have resulted in a penalty of $60 per

day.195 The court declined to impose these multipliers because Hood suffered no

economic loss, his requests did not concern matters of public importance, and the

District was "by no means intransigent in its responses."196
The court also reasoned that the $5 per day penalty was "appropriate and

provides adequate incentive to induce future District compliance with the[PRA]."197
The court explained that the nature and size of the agency was a relevant

consideration. It stated:

The Court pointedly notes our Supreme Court's statement in
Yousoufian [111: "The penalty needed to deter a small school district
and that necessary to deter a large county may not be the same."
[168 Wn.2d at 463.] This statement is directly applicable in the
present case. While District personnel had not received proper
training in PRA matters, the District, to its credit, engaged legal
counsel to assist in responding to Hood's requests.11981
The court noted that the District "is a relatively small school district serving

approximately 1,400 students in its school programs," the District's steady
decrease in student enrollment has led to a 15 percent drop in the District's budget

194 See 168 Wn.2d at 461-63; CP at 238-241.
195 CP at 238-240.
196 CP at 238.
197 CP at 239.
198 CP at 238.

38
No. 73165-3-1/39

during the last six years, and the District does not have a dedicated full-time public

records officer.199

Overall, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

determined that $5 per day was an appropriate penalty amount. The trial court's

factual determinations are supported by the evidence, and the court's reasoning

shows that it properly and carefully applied the Yousoufian II framework.

Hood argues that a penalty determination "should include consideration of

culpability as a major factor."200 This is true. But the court did consider culpability

as a factor, and it stated that "[t]he record as a whole shows that the District did, in

fact, act in good faith at all times, was not negligent, and provided reasonable
explanations for its actions in response to Hood's requests."201 As the court
explained in its written memorandum, "This is by no means a case in which the
requester was 'blown off' or that requests were treated in a cavalier manner."202
After our own review of the record, we agree with the trial court in its assessment

of the District's actions and its level of culpability.

Hood argues that the trial court abused its discretion, because it failed "to
give dueweight tothe negligent degree towhich District employees lacked training
and oversight."203 Hood asserts that the use of counsel should only mitigate
penalties if counsel does not make significant errors and that "[ignoring [the]
District's liability for counsel's failures is an abuse ofdiscretion."204 But reliance on

199 CP at 225.
200 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 37.
201 CP at 235.
202 CP at 3077.
203 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 42.
204 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 42-43.
39
No. 73165-3-1/40

legal counsel is an appropriate mitigating factor. West v. Thurston Ctv.. 168 Wn.

App. 162, 190, 275 P.3d 1200 (2012); Lindberg v. Kitsap Ctv.. 133 Wn.2d 729,

747, 948 P.2d 805 (1997). Moreover, Hood overlooks the fact that the court

awarded a minor increase in the penalty for lack of training. This was all within its

discretion.

Hood argues that the court abused its discretion when it failed to impose a

"reasonable alternative" to his proposed penalty awards.205 He contends that the

trial court should have considered the District's available economic resources

rather than its size in determining what would be necessary to deter future

misconduct.206 But as the Supreme Court indicated in Yousoufian II. size of the

agency may be a relevant consideration. 168 Wn.2d at 467.
Hood argues that the trial court erred "by overlooking, ignoring or
misunderstanding many violations and minimally penalized them by lumping them
together as 'technical non-compliance.'"207 He contends that an agency will not be
deterred from future violations that the trial court "vaguely labels as 'technical non

compliance' and does not appropriately penalize."208 With this argument, Hood is
referring to the trial court's determination that the per day penalty was sufficient "to
address any and all issues related to the District's belated production of this
material, as well as any technical non-compliance with any provision ofthe Act."20*
Hood's argument is not persuasive. Essentially, the trial court determined thatany

205 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 60.
206 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 60.
207 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 43.
208 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 44.
209 CP at 239 (emphasis added).
40
No. 73165-3-1/41

other violations were de minimis. Because Hood's other asserted violations lack

evidentiary support or were minor, this was not an abuse of discretion.

Groups 1 and 5 Penalty Period

Hood argues that the court erred in calculating the lengths of time of the

violations.210 Specifically, he asserts that "[b]ecause the District withheld

documents responsive to Hood's July 2011 requests until September 24, 2014, the

trial court abused its discretion by not extending the Group 1 penalty period to

1,172 calendar days."211 For the same reason, he also contends that the court

should have extended the Group 5 penalty period to 1,058 days.212

We reject this argument. Hood failed to develop this argument at the trial

court and fails to fully develop it on appeal. For this reason, we conclude that the

trial court did not err when it calculated the penalty period.

Motion for Reconsideration

Hood assigns error to the denial of his motion for reconsideration.213 In his
outline of the issues, he asserts that the motion for reconsideration "showed that

the District's searches were unreasonable and the penalty period should have

been extended to September 29, 2014."214

But Hood fails to present any argument about this assignment of error and

issue in his briefing. "A party waives an assignment oferror not adequatelyargued

210 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 2.
211 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 46.
212 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 54.
213 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 2.
214 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 2.
41
No. 73165-3-1/42

in its brief." Milligan v. Thompson. 110 Wn. App. 628, 635, 42 P.3d 418 (2002).

For this reason, we do not consider this issue.

Attorney Fees

Attorney Fees at Trial

Hood argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded him

only half of his fees for work performed during discovery.215 We agree.

The PRA awards the prevailing party all costs, including reasonable

attorney fees. RCW 42.56.550(4). The amount of attorney fees is within the

discretion of the trial court. Sanders. 169 Wn.2d at 867. To calculate attorney

fees, courts use the lodestar method, in which the court multiplies a reasonable

attorney rate by a reasonable number of hours worked. Sanders. 169 Wn.2d at

869. In determining a reasonable number of hours, the court "discounts hours

spent on unsuccessful claims, duplicated effort, or otherwise unproductive time."
O'Neill v. Citv of Shoreline. 183 Wn. App. 15, 25, 332 P.3d 1099 (2014).

"A party in a [PRA] litigation may recover attorney fees only for work on
successful issues. When a party may recover fees on only some of its claims, the

award must reflect a segregation of the time spent on the varying claims. The

court separates time spent on theories essential to the successful claim from time
spent on theories related to otherclaims. But '[i]f the court finds that claims are so
related that segregation is not reasonable, then it need not segregate the attorney

fees.'" O'Neill. 183 Wn. App. at 25 (alteration in original) (footnotes and internal

215 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 61.
42
No. 73165-3-1/43

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Dice v. Citv of Montesano. 131 Wn. App. 675,

690, 128 P.3d 1253 (2006)).

We review a trial court's ruling on attorney fees for abuse of discretion.

Kitsap Ctv. Prosecuting Att'v's Guild v. Kitsap Ctv.. 156 Wn. App. 110, 120, 231

P.3d 219 (2010).

Here, in his initial motion for attorney fees and costs, Hood stated that he

"prevailed on approximately 50 [percent] of his claims" and had invoiced $85,436

in attorney fees and $3,174.86 in costs.216 He requested that the court "find the

percentage of the fees and costs requested reasonable."217 As the trial court later

indicated, it was not clear whether Hood was requesting all of the invoiced fees

and costs or only a reasonable percentage of the fees and costs.

Thereafter, Hood and the District entered into a stipulation.218 They agreed

that Hood would withdraw his request for costs incurred after January 7, 2014.219

Thus, the fees at issue were $10,320 in attorney fees and $283.95 in costs.220
The trial court found that "most of the time spent during the period in

question was for preliminary investigation and discovery purposes, which time

could not reasonably be segregated among claims or theories."221
The trial court then calculated the lodestar. It found that Hood's attorney

spent 34.4 hours of attorney time between October29, 2013 and January 7, 2014,

216 CPat 132.
217 CPat 135.
218 CPat 2791.
219 CPat 2791.
220 CPat 42, 128.
221 CP at 42.

43
No. 73165-3-1/44

and it found this to be reasonable.222 The trial court also found that the attorney's

hourly rate, $300, was reasonable.223

Finally, the trial court determined that Hood's claimed fees based on the

lodestar should be reduced because "Hood prevailed on less than 2 [percent] of

the penalties he sought," and because "Hood only prevailed on the claims that

some documents were not timely produced pursuant to the requests in July and

November of 2011, and to a minor extent on the issue of the aggravating factor of

lack of proper training and supervision."224 The trial court noted that Hood lost on

at least seven other issues.225 Accordingly, the trial court concluded that a 50

percent reduction in the amount of attorney fees was appropriate.226

As stated earlier, the court must discount hours for unsuccessful claims,

duplicated or wasted effort, or otherwise unproductive time. Bowers v.

Transamerica Title Ins. Co.. 100 Wn.2d 581, 597, 675 P.2d 193 (1983). But a

court accomplishes this by discounting hours when calculating the lodestar. See

Chuong Van Pham v. Citv of Seattle. 159 Wn.2d 527, 539, 151 P.3d 976 (2007).

After the lodestar has been calculated, adjustments to the lodestar are appropriate

under two broad categories—the contingent nature of success and the quality of

work performed. Bowers. 100 Wn.2d at 598.

Here, the trial court did not discount hours for unsuccessful claims when it

calculated the lodestar. Rather, it discounted for unsuccessful claims after it had

222 CP at 42, 45.
223 CP at 45.
224 CP at 45.
225 CP at 45.
226 CP at 45.

44
No. 73165-3-1/45

calculated the lodestar. Because this is not a proper reason to adjust the lodestar,

the trial court abused its discretion.

Attorney Fees on Appeal

Hood requests attorney fees and costs under RCW 42.56.550(4).227 "A

party who prevails in a PRA appeal is entitled to attorney fees whether he prevails

in whole or in part." Bricker v. Dep't of Labor & Indus.. 164 Wn. App. 16, 29, 262

P.3d 121 (2011). Because Hood prevails on the attorney fee issue, he is entitled

to a limited award of attorney fees under RCW 42.56.550(4).

CONCLUSION

We affirm the judgment, reverse the award of attorney fees and costs, and

remand for further proceedings. We direct the trial court on remand to determine

an appropriate award of attorney fees on appeal. RAP 18.1(i).

k'.ci^y, AC^
WE CONCUR:

\ . .^ S^Q^woQq-,^

227 Appellant's Am. Opening Br. at 63-64.
45