MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Sep 09 2016, 8:34 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Thomas G. Krochta Gregory F. Zoeller
Vanderburgh County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Abigail R. Recker
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination September 9, 2016
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of M.B., Father, and K.B., 82A05-1601-JT-152
Child, Appeal from the
M.B., Vanderburgh Superior Court
The Honorable
Appellant-Respondent,
Brett J. Niemeier, Judge
v. Trial Court Cause No.
82D04-1507-JT-1315
Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Kirsch, Judge.
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[1] M.B. (“Father”) appeals the juvenile court’s order terminating his parental
rights to his child, K.B. (“Child”). He raises one issues that we restate as:
whether sufficient evidence was presented to support the termination of
Father’s parental rights.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Father and A.E. (“Mother”)1 are the biological parents of Child, who was born
in November 2012. Indiana Department of Child Service (“DCS”) initially
became involved with Child on October 14, 2014, after it received a report that
Mother was pulled over in a vehicle and arrested for possession of
methamphetamine, and DCS removed Child from her care. At the time of
Child’s removal, Father was incarcerated in the Vanderburgh County Jail on
charges of dealing in methamphetamine. DCS Exs. 1 and 2. The next day,
Mother met with a DCS family case manager (“FCM”) and admitted that she
would test positive for methamphetamine if given a drug screen.
[4] On October 20, 2014, DCS filed a petition alleging that Child was a child in
need of services (“CHINS”). The following day, the juvenile court held an
1
Mother’s parental rights to Child were terminated approximately two months before Father’s were
terminated. Mother appealed that decision, and a panel of this court affirmed the termination by
memorandum decision. In re K.B., No. 82A01-1512-JT-2161 (Ind. Ct. App. July 5, 2016).
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initial/detention hearing, and the juvenile court authorized Child’s continued
removal. Mother and Father stipulated to the following evidence:
On or about October 15, 2014, [Child] resided in Vanderburgh
County in the care and custody of [Mother]. Mother was
arrested by law enforcement for possession of methamphetamine,
marijuana, and paraphernalia. [Mother] stated that if she were
drug tested she[] would be positive for methamphetamine.
Father, [M.B.], is currently incarcerated on charges of dealing in
methamphetamine. [Father] stated before he was incarcerated,
in April, he was using methamphetamine weekly. [Child’s]
mother and father have failed to protect and supervise said child
or to provide appropriate safe environment for said child placing
said child in danger of physical or mental harm.
DCS Ex. 1 at 6-7. The juvenile court adjudicated Child to be a CHINS. With
regard to Father, the juvenile court ordered, “While the father is incarcerated,
he is ordered to complete any program that will help with parenting and father
is also ordered to contact FCM if he is to be released.” Id. at 8.
[5] After a November 12, 2014, dispositional hearing, the juvenile court issued a
dispositional decree and ordered Father to contact DCS “within 24 hours of
being released from the Vanderburgh County Jail.” Id. at 4. On February 17,
2015, Father posted bond and was released from incarceration. At an April 1,
2015 review hearing, the juvenile court found that Father “has not been in
complete cooperation with DCS” and “has not enhanced his ability to fulfill his
parental obligations.” Id. at 9. On April 18, 2015, Father was arrested and
incarcerated on charges of operating a vehicle after forfeiture of license for life.
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[6] On July 22, 2015, DCS filed a petition to terminate both parents’ parental rights
to Child. DCS sought permission to place Child out of state, and after the
Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children process was completed, the
juvenile court ordered that Child be moved to Wisconsin and placed with
Mother’s cousins.
[7] The juvenile court conducted evidentiary hearings on the petition to terminate
Father’s parental rights on October 8 and November 12, 2015. DCS presented
evidence that, as of the October termination hearing, Father’s pending criminal
charges included Class A felony dealing in methamphetamine, Class D felony
possession of a controlled substance, Class A misdemeanor trespass, and Level
5 felony operating a vehicle after forfeiture for life. DCS Exs. 14-16. DCS also
presented evidence that Father’s criminal history included the following felony
convictions: possession of precursors and dealing in controlled substances in
2001, four convictions for auto theft in 2001; two convictions for auto theft in
2004; possession of methamphetamine in 2010; and operating a vehicle as an
habitual traffic violator in 2011. DCS Exs. 3, 5, 6, 11, 13. He also had the
following misdemeanor convictions: illegal consumption of alcohol in 2003;
public intoxication in 2005, conversion and trespass in 2005; false informing in
2006; driving while license suspended in 2010; possession of marijuana in 2010;
and purchase of over three grams of pseudoephedrine in 2011. DCS Exs. 4, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12.
[8] DCS called as a witness Marissa Curry (“Curry”), who was employed with
Ireland Home Based Services (“Ireland”). She testified that Ireland received the
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referral from DCS on February 27, 2015, to arrange and supervise visits
between Father and Child, once per week for two hours. Curry stated that
Father participated in the first two visits, which were in March, but he failed to
show up for the third; she contacted Father, and he was at a doctor’s
appointment and had forgotten the visit. Curry contacted FCM Ellen Moore
(“FCM Moore”) to advise her of the missed visit. Father did not contact Curry
to set up any more visits, and the referral was closed on July 24, 2015.
[9] FCM Moore testified that Father was present at the CHINS dispositional
hearing, and he was ordered to contact her when he was released. When asked
at the termination hearing if he did so, she replied, “[n]ot directly,” although
she was made aware of his release by another FCM with whom Father was
involved in another case. Tr. at 66. FCM Moore was aware that Father had
missed his scheduled visitation in March 2015, and, in April, FCM Moore
contacted Father about the missed visit and discussed rearranging the visits,
“but before another visit could be set up he was re-arrested” on April 18. Id. at
67. FCM Moore noted that Father “had the opportunity to spend time with
[Child] and to be a part of his life” but that Father “was not as active as he
could’ve been.” Id. at 68-69. FCM Moore observed that Father never asked for
Child to be placed with him and that Father’s desire was for Child to return to
Mother’s care when she was released from incarceration. FCM Moore opined
that termination was in Child’s best interests because he needed a permanent
home, which Mother had not provided and “Father’s not gonna be able to
provide[.]” Id. at 69. She observed that Mother’s cousins in Wisconsin “are
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hoping to adopt [Child]” and “are able to meet [Child’s] needs and are eager to
do so.” Id. at 69, 72. The Court Appointed Special Advocate, Deborah
Gamache (“CASA Gamache”), also testified and recommended termination of
Father’s parental rights.
[10] Father testified that he had lived with Child, who was then almost three years
old, for four months in 2012 and for four months in 2013. He recalled that,
from February 17 to April 18, 2015, he had two or three supervised visits with
Child. Father’s proposed plan for care of Child was for Mother “to get another
chance to get him back.” Id. at 19. He desired that Child return to Mother
when she was released from incarceration, which he anticipated to be in nine
months. Id. at 38 (“I want [Mother] to get [Child] whenever she gets out.”). 2
Father testified that, sometime prior to the November 12, 2015 termination
hearing, he had pleaded guilty to “doing methamphetamine,” but that
sentencing had not yet occurred. Id. at 56, 59. He believed that the minimum
amount of time that he would be required to serve would be twenty years. Id.
at 57.
[11] On January 13, 2016, the juvenile court issued its order terminating the parent-
child relationship between Father and Child. The juvenile court found, among
other things:
2
Father’s testimony in this regard occurred on October 8, 2015; Mother’s rights to Child were terminated on
November 25, 2015.
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5. On October 16, 2014, [Child] was in his Mother’s care, when
[she] was arrested for possession of Methamphetamine,
possession of [paraphernalia], possession of marijuana and
driving while license suspended.3
7. At the time [C]hild was taken into custody, [] [F]ather was
incarcerated on pending charges. Father was facing charges for
Dealing Methamphetamine and possession of a controlled
substance.
12. The Dispositional hearing and decree was held on [F]ather
on 10-21-14. Father remained in custody until February 17,
2015.
13. On or about February 17, 2015, a cash bond was posted in
Father’s pending criminal matter.
16. On or about March 4, 2015, [] Father visited with [Child].
This was Father’s first time visiting with [Child] since the
opening of the case.
17. Subsequently, on March 10, 2015, Father had a second visit
with [Child].
18. On or about March 18, 2015, [F]ather missed a scheduled
visit with [Child].
20. On or about April 08, 2015, FCM Moore reached out to []
Father to speak with him about his missed visits with [Child].
She informed [] [F]ather that he needed to show more
3
DCS’s Intake Officer’s Report of Preliminary Inquiry and Investigation and its Predispositional Report
indicate that Child was removed from Mother’s care on October 14, 2014. DCS Ex. 2 at 4-5, 9, 15.
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commitment to [Child], Father was instructed not to miss any
more visits.
21. After Father’s conversation with FCM Moore, Father never
visited with [Child] again.
22. On or about April 22, 2015, [F]ather was rearrested for new
criminal charges.
26. Father has not successfully completed any services to aid in
his ability to care for [Child].
27. Father has no bond with his three year old son.
28. Father does not have a reasonable plan on how he would
care for [Child]. Father testified that he could not care for
[Child] and that he did not intend to get custody of [Child].
34. Father has entered into a Plea Agreement to Dealing
Methamphetamine, a class A felony, in which he was going to
serve at least 20 years in Prison.
Appellant’s App. at 22-24. The juvenile court concluded that there was a
reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal and
placement outside the home would not be remedied, the continuation of the
parent-child relationship posed a threat to the well-being of Child, it was in the
best interest of Child to terminate the relationship, and a satisfactory plan for
the care and treatment of Child existed. The juvenile court terminated Father’s
parental rights, and he now appeals.
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Discussion and Decision
[12] As our Supreme Court has recently reiterated, “Decisions to terminate parental
rights are among the most difficult our trial courts are called upon to make.
They are also among the most fact-sensitive—so we review them with great
deference to the trial courts[.]” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 640 (Ind. 2014).
While the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
the traditional right of a parent to establish a home and raise his child, and thus
parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law allows for the
termination of those rights when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his
responsibility as a parent. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839
N.E.2d 143, 145 (Ind. 2005); In re T.F., 743 N.E.2d 766, 773 (Ind. Ct. App.
2001), trans. denied. That is, parental rights are not absolute and must be
subordinated to the child’s interests in determining the appropriate disposition
of a petition to terminate the parent-child relationship. Lang v. Starke Cnty. Office
of Family & Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 371 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied.
[13] When reviewing a termination of parental rights case, we will not reweigh the
evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re H.L., 915 N.E.2d 145,
149 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Instead, we consider only the evidence and
reasonable inferences that are most favorable to the judgment. Id. Moreover,
in deference to the trial court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will
set aside the court’s judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is
clearly erroneous. Id. at 148-49. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when
there are no facts or inferences drawn therefrom to support it. In re Involuntary
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Termination of Parental Rights of S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 879 (Ind. Ct. App.
2004). A judgment is clearly erroneous only if the legal conclusions made by
the juvenile court are not supported by its findings of fact, or the conclusions do
not support the judgment. Id.
[14] Here, in terminating Father’s parental rights to Child, the juvenile court entered
specific findings and conclusions. When a trial court’s judgment contains
specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard
of review. In re B.J., 879 N.E.2d 7, 14 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. First,
we determine whether the evidence supports the findings, and second, we
determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id. A finding is clearly
erroneous only when the record contains no facts or inferences drawn therefrom
that support it. Id. If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s
decision, we must affirm. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150,
1156 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied.
[15] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, the State is
required to allege and prove, among other things:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
child.
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(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B). The State’s burden of proof for establishing these
allegations in termination cases “is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” In
re H.L., 915 N.E.2d at 149. Moreover, if the court finds that the allegations in a
petition described in section 4 of this chapter are true, the court shall terminate
the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a) (emphasis added).
[16] Father argues that DCS failed to prove the required elements for termination by
sufficient evidence. Specifically, he contends that DCS failed to present
sufficient evidence that the conditions that resulted in Child being removed or
the reasons for his placement outside the home would not be remedied and that
the continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to Child’s well-
being.4 He also contends that DCS failed to prove that termination was in
Child’s best interest.
4
Father does not contend that DCS failed to prove that there was a satisfactory permanency plan in place for
Child. Accordingly, he has waived any challenge to that element of the termination statute. Ind. Appellate
Rule 46(A)(8).
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Remediation of Conditions
[17] In determining whether there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
led to a child’s removal and continued placement outside the home would be
remedied, we engage in a two-step analysis. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs.,
989 N.E.2d 1225, 1231 (Ind. 2013). First, we must ascertain what conditions
led to the child’s placement and retention in foster care, and, second, we
determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will
not be remedied. Id. In the second step, the trial court must judge a parent’s
fitness at the time of the termination proceeding, taking into consideration
evidence of changed conditions and balancing a parent’s recent improvements
against “‘habitual pattern[s] of conduct to determine whether there is a
substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation.’” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at
643 (quoting K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1231). Pursuant to this rule, “trial courts
have properly considered evidence of a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and
alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of
adequate housing and employment.” A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family &
Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. In addition,
DCS need not provide evidence ruling out all possibilities of change; rather, it
need establish only that there is a reasonable probability the parent’s behavior
will not change. In re Involuntary Termination of Parent-Child Relationship of Kay
L., 867 N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). “We entrust that delicate balance
to the trial court, which has discretion to weigh a parent’s prior history more
heavily than efforts made only shortly before termination.” In re E.M., 4
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N.E.3d at 643. Although trial courts are required to give due regard to changed
conditions, this does not preclude them from finding that a parent’s past
behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior. Id.
[18] We note that, in claiming that the evidence was insufficient to support the
juvenile court’s order terminating his parental rights, Father does not challenge
the sufficiency of the evidence to support any of the juvenile court’s findings.
As a result, Father has waived any argument relating to whether these
unchallenged findings are clearly erroneous. See In re Involuntary Termination of
Parent-Child Relationship of B.R., 875 N.E.2d 369, 373 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)
(providing that failure to challenge findings resulted in waiver of argument that
findings were clearly erroneous), trans. denied. We will therefore limit our
review to whether these unchallenged findings are sufficient to support the
juvenile court’s conclusion that the conditions that led to the Child’s removal
from and continued placement outside Father’s care would not be remedied.
[19] Here, Father concedes that he has not participated in particular services or
classes aimed at bettering his life and parenting skills, but asserts, “Sometimes
the positive steps . . . do not take place until a particular incarceration provides
a parent with the opportunity to take those steps[,]” and “Father should be
given the opportunity to better himself while incarcerated[.]” Appellant’s Br. at
6-7. Father attempts to compare his circumstances to the incarcerated father in
K.E. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641 (Ind. 2015).
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[20] In that case, the Indiana Supreme Court reversed the termination of Father’s
parental rights, finding that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a
reasonable probability that the father could not remedy the conditions that led
to the child’s removal and that the father posed a threat to the child’s well-
being.5 Id. at 646. Our Supreme Court found that the evidence showed: the
father had plans for both housing and employment after his incarceration; while
incarcerated, Father completed twelve programs targeted at parenting and life
skills and addressing substance abuse; and he continued to have a bonded
relationship with his children while he was incarcerated, visiting with them
every other week for two to three hours and calling them each night. Id. at 647-
48. Also, the father in K.E. was scheduled to be released from prison in
approximately two years after the termination hearing, and the CASA
recommended delaying termination, given the father’s efforts to complete
programs and the bond he had developed with his children. Id. at 645.
[21] The facts of the present case are readily distinguishable from K.E. Father lived
with Child for four months in 2012 and four months in 2013. After Father was
released in February 2015, he visited with Child twice, forgot about the third
scheduled visit, and then was arrested on felony drug charges and did not
exercise, or ask DCS to arrange for him to exercise, any more visits with Child.
Father had not participated in programs or services, his only proposed plan
5
We note that in K.E. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641 (Ind. 2015), the father had two children, but
only his parental rights to one child, K.E., were at issue.
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with regard for care and housing for Child was to return him to Mother when
she was out of incarceration, and it is anticipated that Father will be
incarcerated for a minimum of twenty years. CASA Gamache and FCM
Moore both recommended termination of Father’s parental rights.
[22] As Indiana courts have recognized, “Individuals who pursue criminal activity
run the risk of being denied the opportunity to develop positive and meaningful
relationships with their children.” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1235-36; C.T. v.
Marion Cnty. Dep’t of Child Servs., 896 N.E.2d 571, 585 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008),
trans. denied. Furthermore, as we previously stated in another case involving an
incarcerated parent, “[e]ven assuming that [father] will eventually develop into
a suitable parent, we must ask how much longer [the child] should have to wait
to enjoy the permanency that is essential to her development and overall well-
being.” Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 375 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2006) (concluding that trial court did not commit clear error in finding
conditions leading to child’s removal from father would not be remedied where
father, who had been incarcerated throughout CHINS and termination
proceedings, was not expected to be released until after termination hearing),
trans. denied.
[23] Based on the evidence presented, we cannot say that the juvenile court clearly
erred in concluding that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in Child’s removal and continued placement outside the home will not
be remedied.
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Threat to Well-Being
[24] Father also contends that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence
that there was a reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child
relationship posed a threat to the well-being of Child. Initially, we observe that
Father has not provided any separate argument or authority for his position,
relying only on the previously-discussed argument in which Father compared
his situation to that of the father in In re K.E. By failing to provide cogent
argument, Father has waived his claim. Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8).
[25] Even if he had not waived his argument, we need not address the challenge to
the juvenile court’s conclusion that the continuation of the parent-child
relationship posed a threat to Child’s well-being because Indiana Code section
31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written such that, to properly effectuate the termination of
parental rights, the juvenile court need only find that one of the three
requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) has been established by clear and
convincing evidence. A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1156. Therefore, as we have
already determined that sufficient evidence supported the conclusion that the
conditions that resulted in the removal of Child would not be remedied, it is not
necessary for us to address any argument as to whether sufficient evidence
supported the conclusion that the continuation of the parent-child relationship
posed a threat to the well-being of Child.
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Best Interests
[26] Father next argues that insufficient evidence was presented to prove that
termination was in the best interests of Child. In determining what is in the best
interests of the child, the trial court is required to look at the totality of the
evidence. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing In re
D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied), trans. dismissed.
In doing so, the trial court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those
of the child involved. Id. Termination of a parent-child relationship is proper
where the child’s emotional and physical development is threatened. Id. (citing
In re R.S., 774 N.E.2d 927, 930 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied). The trial
court need not wait until the child is irreversibly harmed such that his or her
physical, mental, and social development is permanently impaired before
terminating the parent-child relationship. Id. Additionally, a child’s need for
permanency is an important consideration in determining the best interests of a
child, and the testimony of the service providers may support a finding that
termination is in the child’s best interests. Id. (citing McBride v. Monroe Cnty.
Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)).
[27] As with Father’s general challenge to the juvenile court’s “threat to well-being”
determination, Father does not advance a separate argument or support for his
position that the juvenile court’s “best interest” determination was in error.
Rather, he advances only the argument that “he should be given the
opportunity to better himself while incarcerated” and cites to In re K.E.
Appellant’s Br. at 7. Therefore, Father has waived his challenge to the juvenile
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court’s conclusion that it was in Child’s best interest for Father’s parent-child
relationship to be terminated. Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8).
[28] Waiver notwithstanding, we find the juvenile court’s conclusion was supported
by its findings and by the evidence. Father had lived with Child for four
months in 2012, the year Child was born, and for four months in 2013. At the
time Child was taken out of Mother’s care in October 2014, Father was
incarcerated and facing felony charges for dealing in methamphetamine, and he
remained incarcerated until February 2015, when he posted bond. He was
rearrested in April 2015. In the period of February 2015 to April 2015, Father
visited with Child twice. He missed his third scheduled visit and never
contacted DCS to schedule further visits. At some point thereafter, he pleaded
guilty to “doing methamphetamine[.]” Tr. at 56. Father did not suggest any
particular plan for Child, other than for Child to be with Mother, whose rights
were shortly thereafter terminated. CASA Gamache and FCM Moore both
testified that it was in Child’s best interests for the parent-child relationship to
be terminated. Looking at the totality of the evidence, we conclude that
sufficient evidence was presented to prove that termination was in Child’s best
interest.
[29] We will reverse a termination of parental rights only upon a showing of “clear
error” – that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been made. In re A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). Based
on the record before us, we cannot say that the juvenile court’s termination of
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Father’s parental rights to Child was clearly erroneous. We, therefore, affirm
the juvenile court’s judgment.
[30] Affirmed
[31] May, J., and Crone, J., concur.
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