This opinion was filed for record
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IN CLERK'S OFFICE
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SUPREME COURT. STATE OF WASHlNGTON
LSON .
Supreme Court Clerk
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
)
JOSE L. BIRRUETA, )
)
Respondent, ) No. 92215-2
)
v. )
) ENBANC
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND )
INDUSTRIES OF THE STATE ) If\ "- II :- "'1~,.~,.,
OF WASHINGTON, ) Filed: __~_JF_J)_i_:J_·_e_u_w_ ___
)
Petitioner. )
______________________)
YU, l - After the Department of Labor and Industries (Department) learned
it had been overpaying respondent Jose Birrueta's industrial insurance benefits for
years, it issued two orders, one assessing an overpayment and another changing
Birrueta's status from married to unmarried for compensation purposes. Because
Birrueta was overpaid due solely to an innocent misrepresentation about his marital
status made on his behalf, we hold the Department's orders were timely and
authorized in accordance with RCW 51.32.240(1 )(a). We therefore reverse the
Court of Appeals and reinstate the ruling of the Board ofindustrial Insurance
Appeals (Board) upholding the Department's orders.
Birrueta v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Birrueta was injured at work on August 31, 2004, and was totally disabled
by his injury. While he was receiving medical treatment immediately following
his injury, "an unknown person assisted Mr. Birrueta in completing a report of
industrial injury." Certified Bd. R. (CBR) at 27. Birrueta acknowledges that the
report bears his signature below the statement, "I declare that these statements are
true to the best of my knowledge and belief," id. at 84, although he does not
specifically remember signing it. The report states that at the time of his injury,
Birrueta was married with one child.
In fact, at the time of his injury, Birrueta was unmarried and had no
children-the report of industrial injury inaccurately lists his sister as his wife and
his niece as his child. It is undisputed that the reason for these errors was a
miscommunication between Birrueta and the person who filled out his industrial
injury report, attributable to a language barrier and the fact that Birrueta was "in
and out of consciousness" at the time the report was filled out on his behalf. Tr. of
Telephone Hr'g (Mar. 21, 2012) at 5; see also CBR at 80-81.
Between 2004 and 2008, the Department issued multiple compensation
orders, each of which stated that Birrueta was married with no children at the time
2
Birrueta v. Dep 't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
of his injury. 1 The last of these orders "became final on or about May 4, 2009."
CBR at 28. Birrueta raised several challenges to the Department's orders over the
years, both pro se and with the assistance of counsel, but there is no indication that
he ever attempted to correct the Department's mistaken belief that he was married
at the time of his injury.
In early 2011, the Department determined that Birrueta was permanently and
totally disabled and thus entitled to a pension. With the aid of a legal assistant in
his attorney's office, Birrueta filled out the required pension benefits questionnaire,
accurately stating that he was unmarried at the time of injury. It is undisputed that
the Department did not know that Birrueta was unmarried until it received his
completed pension benefits questionnaire.
After learning Birrueta's true marital status, the Department issued two
orders, both of which are now at issue. The first order assessed an overpayment
against Birrueta of $100.86 based on the amount Birrueta was overpaid between
the time Department learned his true marital status and the time he was placed on a
pension. The second order changed Birrueta's marital status for compensation
purposes from married to unmarried effective the day after the Department learned
Birrueta's true marital status.
1 It
is not clear how the Department determined that Birrueta had no children but
continued to believe he was married. See CBR at 24 n.2.
3
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
Birrueta appealed the Department's orders to the Board, contending that the
Department's prior orders stating that Birrueta was married at the time of injury
were "final and binding on all parties, which includes the Department." I d. at 31.
Both parties sought summary judgment. An Industrial Appeals Judge (IAJ) issued
a proposed decision and order granting summary judgment to the Department,
finding that there were no disputed material facts, that Birrueta innocently
misrepresented his marital status when he applied for industrial insurance benefits,
and that the Department's orders were authorized by RCW 51.32.240(1 ). The
Board adopted the IAJ's proposed decision and order as the Board's final decision.
Birrueta then sought review in superior court.
The superior court adopted the Board's unchallenged factual findings but
agreed with Birrueta that as a matter oflaw, the Department was "without
authority" to issue the recoupment order or to change his marital status for
compensation purposes. Clerk's Papers at 13. The court thus ordered the
Department to set aside those orders as "null and void." Id. The Court of Appeals
affirmed in a tmanimous, published opinion, and we granted the Department's
petition for review. Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., 188 Wn. App. 831,355
P.3d 320 (2015), review granted, 184 Wn.2d 1033, _ P.3d _ (2016).
ISSUES
A. Was the Department statutorily authorized to issue the orders
assessing an overpayment against Birrueta and changing his marital status for
4
Birrueta v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
compensation purposes even though the Department's binding determination
setting his compensation rate was final?
B. Is Birrueta entitled to attorney fees on review?
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The facts are undisputed. The resolution ofthis case depends entirely on
statutory interpretation, a matter of law which we review de novo. Gorre v. City of
Tacoma, 184 Wn.2d 30, 36, 357 P.3d 625 (2015). "Our ultimate task, of course, is
to ascertain and carry out the legislature's intent." I d. at 37 (citing Dep 't of
Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002)).
ANALYSIS
The purpose of the Industrial Insurance Act (IIA), Title 51 RCW, is to
provide "sure and certain relief for workers, injured in their work ... regardless of
questions of fault and to the exclusion of every other remedy, proceeding or
compensation." RCW 51.04.010. To effectuate this purpose, the IIA sets forth in
detail when an injured worker is entitled to compensation and the amount of
compensation the worker is entitled to receive. Ch. 51.32 RCW. There is no
dispute that Birrueta is statutorily entitled to compensation at a rate equal to 60
percent of his wages at the time of injury. RCW 51.32.060(1)(g). There is also no
dispute that he has been receiving compensation at a rate equal to 65 percent of his
wages at the time of injury because his innocent misrepresentation caused the
Department to mistakenly believe he was married. RCW 51.32.060(l)(a), .090(1).
5
Birrueta v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
The question is what action the Department may undertake given the
circumstances presented.
The crucial statutory language at issue here is in RCW 51.32.240(1), which
provides in relevant part,
(a) Whenever any payment of benefits under this title is made because
of clerical error, mistake of identity, innocent misrepresentation by or
on behalf of the recipient thereof mistakenly acted upon, or any other
circumstance of a similar nature, all not induced by willful
misrepresentation, the recipient thereof shall repay it and recoupment
may be made from any future payments due to the recipient on any
claim with the state fund or self-insurer, as the case may be. The
department or self-insurer, as the case may be, must make claim for
such repayment or recoupment within one year of the making of any
such payment or it will be deemed any claim therefor has been
waived.
(b) Except as provided in subsections (3), (4), and (5) ofthis
section, the department may only assess an overpayment of benefits
because of adjudicator error when the order upon which the
overpayment is based is not yet final as provided in RCW 51.52.050
and 51.52.060. "Adjudicator error" includes the failure to consider
information in the claim file, failure to secure adequate information,
or an error in judgment.
The Department contends its orders were timely and authorized in accordance with
RCW 51.32.240(1)(a). Birrueta contends that subsection (1)(a) applies only to
temporary orders and that the Department's orders were untimely pursuant to
RCW 51.32.240(l)(b)_2
2
For convenience, these statutory provisions will be referred to as "subsection (1)(a)"
and "subsection (1 )(b)" throughout this opinion.
6
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
In accordance with the statute's plain language, we hold that subsection
(l)(a) applies to any order, temporary or binding, that results in an erroneous
overpayment of benefits caused by an innocent misrepresentation (or clerical error,
mistake of identity, "or any other circumstance of a similar nature"). Meanwhile,
subsection (1)(b) applies only to overpayments caused by adjudicator error. We
further hold that "adjudicator error" means an error attributable to an adjudicator's
misinterpretation of the law or failure to properly apply the law to the facts in the
claim file-the types of errors that may be addressed on reconsideration or direct
appeal and not any error contained in an adjudication.
In this case, the overpayment to Birrueta was caused solely by an innocent
misrepresentation and not by adjudicator error. The Department's orders were thus
timely and authorized in accordance with subsection (1)(a).
A. Whether subsection (1)(a) or subsection (1)(b) applies depends on the reason
for the overpayment
RCW 51.32.240(1) sets forth procedures and time limits for the Department
(and self-insured employers) to recoup previously overpaid benefits. RCW
51.32.240(2) has similar provisions for a worker to seek an adjustment of
previously underpaid benefits. The plain language ofRCW 51.32.240 clearly
shows that the applicable time limit for seeking recoupment or an adjustment of
benefits depends on the reason for the enoneous payment.
7
Birrueta v. Dep 't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
The statutory language is unambiguous on this point. If an erroneous
payment is "because of' an innocent representation, the time limit is one year,
RCW 51.32.240(1 )(a), (2) (emphasis added); if the error is "because of'
adjudicator error, the time limit is determined in accordance with the statutes
governing appeals, id. at (1)(b), (2)(b) (emphasis added); and ifthe error is
"induced by" willful misrepresentation, the time limit is "within three years of the
discovery of the willful misrepresentation," id. at (5)(a) (emphasis added).
Moreover, nothing in subsection (1)(a) indicates that it applies only to temporary
orders. 3 It unambiguously applies to "any payment of benefits under this title." I d.
at (1)(a) (emphasis added). Interpreting subsection (1)(a) as applying only to
temporary orders reads a limitation into the statute that is not there.
If an overpayment is caused by "clerical error, mistake of identity, innocent
misrepresentation by or on behalf of the recipient thereof mistakenly acted upon, or
any other circumstance of a similar nature," then subsection ( 1)(a) unambiguously
applies. If an overpayment is caused by "adjudicator error," then subsection (1 )(b)
unambiguously applies. The question in this case is therefore what constitutes
3 The Department is required to "promptly" act on an injured worker's claim, making the
first compensation payment within 14 days of receiving the claim. RCW 51.32.210. Such a
payment is made pursuant to a temporary order, which does not constitute a "binding
determination" of the worker's right to compensation at a particular rate. Id
8
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
"adjudicator error" because the Department's orders were plainly timely if
subsection (!)(a) applies, and plainly untimely if subsection (l)(b) applies.
B. An adjudicator error is an error that may be addressed on direct appeal based
on the information in the claim file
The plain language of subsection (1 )(b), considered in the context of the IIA
as a whole, indicates that the phrase "adjudicator error" includes an error in
interpreting the law or applying the law to the facts in the claim file-that is, the
types of errors that may be addressed on reconsideration or direct appeal. It does
not, as Birrueta contends, include every error contained in an adjudication. To the
extent there is any ambiguity on this point, this plain language is further supported
by legislative history and persuasive Board decisions.
1. Plain language
Beginning with the plain language of subsection (1 )(b) itself, three types of
errors are explicitly included in the definition of adjudicator error: "the failure to
consider information in the claim file, failure to secure adequate information, or an
error in judgment." RCW 51.32.240(1)(b). These all indicate that "adjudicator
error" contemplates the types of errors that are typically addressed on
reconsideration or direct appeal-errors in applying the law to the facts ("failure to
consider information in the claim file"), insufficiency ofthe evidence ("failure to
secure adequate information"), and errors oflaw ("error in judgment"). Jd.; see
Gallo v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., 155 Wn.2d 470, 482, 120 P.3d 564 (2005)
9
Birrueta v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
(noting that ejusdem generis applies to IIA provisions (citing Cockle v. Dep 't of
Labor & Indus., 142 Wn.2d 801, 822, 16 P.3d 583 (2001))).
By comparison, the types of errors listing in subsection (1 )(a) more closely
resemble the types of errors that may be subject to collateral attack-clerical
errors, mistakes, misrepresentations, and "any other circwnstance of a similar
nature." RCW 51.32.240(1)(a). Listing these two types of errors in different
subsections of RCW 51.3 2.240(1) with different applicable time limits parallels the
structure of the Civil Rules. 4 See CR 59 (reconsideration), 60 (relieffrom
judgment or order). This context contradicts Birrueta's expansive interpretation of
the phrase "adjudicator error."
Any plain language analysis of IIA provisions must also account for its
provision that "[t]his title shall be liberally construed for the purpose of reducing to
a minimum the suffering and economic loss arising from injuries and/or death
occurring in the course of employment." RCW 51.12.01 0. We have previously
noted that this provision means "this court is required to interpret ambiguities in
the IIA in favor of the injured worker." Shafer v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., 166
Wn.2d 710, 721, 213 P.3d 591 (2009). However, this provision does not resolve
4
Civil Rules are an appropriate point for analogy because the portion ofthe IIA
pertaining to appeals, chapter 51.52 RCW, provides that "[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this
chapter, the practice in civil cases shall apply to appeals prescribed in this chapter." RCW
51.52.140.
10
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
the question now presented because there is no dispute about the level of benefits
Birrueta is statutorily entitled to receive. Similarly, to the extent that Birrueta
contends the parallel statutory language in RCW 51.32.240(1) and (2) indicates the
Department should be bound by final, binding determinations to the same extent as
workers, that point is well taken but not dispositive. We have never adopted
Birrueta's interpretation ofRCW 51.32.240's current language as applied to either
the Department or a worker.
Birrueta does raise two more persuasive points, however. First, he notes that
overpayments "induced by willful misrepresentation," RCW 51.32.240(5)(a), are
specifically exempt from subsection (1 )(b), even though such overpayments may
not be addressable on direct appeal. Second, the statutes governing finality of
binding determinations by the Department lend some credence to Birrueta's broad
reading. See RCW 51.52.060(4) (authorizing the Department to make further
factual inquiries after issuing a binding determination within the time allowed for a
worker to appeal or within 30 days of a worker's notice of appeal), .070 (a worker
aggrieved by a Department order is "deemed to have waived all objections or
irregularities ... other than those specifically set forth in such notice of appeal or
appearing in the records of the department" (emphasis added)). But to the extent
these points support Birrueta's interpretation, they are contradicted by other
appropriate sources indicative oflegislative intent. See Gorre, 184 Wn.2d at 42-43
11
Birrueta v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
(citing State v. A.G.S., 182 Wn.2d 273,277-78,340 P.3d 830 (2014) (the court
may consult legislative history to resolve statutory ambiguity)); Dep 't of Labor &
Indus. v. Shirley, 171 Wn. App. 870, 887-88, 288 P.3d 390 (2012) (significant
Board decisions may be used as persuasive, nonbinding authority).
2. Legislative history
The legislative history ofRCW 51.32.240 makes its purpose clear: to
provide the Department, self-insured employers, and workers with a procedure for
correcting overpaid and underpaid benefits, without undermining the IIA's appeals
process or its purpose of providing sure and certain relief for workers. This
purpose supports an interpretation of "adjudicator error" as used in subsection
( 1)(b) as being generally analogous to grounds for direct appeal.
When the IIA was first enacted in 1911, "no provision authorized the
recovery of any workers' compensation benefit, already paid, for any reason."
Stuckey v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., 129 Wn.2d 289, 298, 916 P.2d 399 (1996).
This court detennined that absent such a provision, the Department had no
authority to recover benefits already paid, even if they were overpaid due to a
"mistake of fact on the part of the department." State ex rel. Dunbar v. Olson, 172
Wash. 424, 427, 20 P.2d 850 (1933). We later reaffirmed that decision, noting that
"[f]or 36 years following Dunbar, the legislature has acceded to that decision."
12
Birrueta v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
Deal v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., 78 Wn.2d 537, 540,477 P.2d 175 (1970). This
time, however, the legislature responded.
At the request ofthe Department and in "direct response to our holding in
Deal," the legislature enacted RCW 51.32.240. Stuckey, 129 Wn.2d at 298; see
also 1 SENATE JOURNAL, 44th Leg., 1st Ex. Sess., at 803 (Wash. 1975). As
originally enacted, the statute provided that the Department could recover overpaid
benefits in three situations: (1) overpayments "made because of clerical error,
mistake of identity, innocent misrepresentation by or on behalf of the recipient
thereof mistakenly acted upon, or any other circumstance of a similar nature, all
not induced by fraud," (2) payments "made pursuant to an adjudication ... and
timely appeal therefrom has been made where the final decision is that any such
payment was made pursuant to an erroneous adjudication," and (3) overpayments
"induced by fraud." LAWS OF 1975, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 224, § 13. These three
situations were thus clearly differentiated based on the reason for the overpayment,
with each subject to different a time limit, just as in the plain language of the
current statute.
It was not until 1999 that the legislature amended the statute to provide a
means for a worker to recover underpaid benefits. LAws OF 1999, ch. 396, § 1(2);
see also Kingery v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 132 Wn.2d 162, 171, 937 P.2d 565
(1997) (noting that RCW 51.32.240 does not apply to erroneously underpaid
13
Birrueta v. Dep 't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
workers "as it regards recoupment of payments made pursuant to erroneous orders
under certain circumstances and only if corrected within one year of payment"). It
did so in direct response to this court's holding that "[t]he failure to appeal an
order, even one containing a clear error oflaw, turns the order into a final
adjudication, precluding any reargument of the same claim." Marley v. Dep 't of
Labor & Indus., 125 Wn.2d 533, 538, 886 P.2d 189 (1994); see HOUSE COMMERCE
& LABOR COMM., H.B. ANALYSIS ON H.B. 1894, at 1, 56th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash.
1999). Testimony supporting the 1999 amendment shows that it was intended to
achieve parity between a worker's rights to recover underpayments and the
Department's rights to recoup overpayments:
The Department of Labor and Industries is permitted to recoup
benefits that are overpaid, but when workers are underpaid benefits
because of errors, they have no recourse if the appeal period has
expired. This is unfair and must be corrected. . . . This bill would
provide the same one-year period for workers to recover underpaid
benefits as the department has to recoup overpaid benefits.
H.B. REP. ON ENGROSSED H.B. 1894, at 2-3, 56th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 1999).
There is no indication the legislature intended to modify or restrict the
Department's authority to recoup overpayments with the 1999 amendments; it
simply sought to give the worker an equal opportunity to recover underpayments.
Just like the Department, the worker seeking an adjustment of benefits "because of
clerical error, mistake of identity, or innocent misrepresentation," LAws OF 1999,
ch. 396, § 1(2), was required to "request an adjustment in benefits within one year
14
Birrueta v. Dep 't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
from the date of the incorrect payment or it will be deemed any claim therefor[ ]
has been waived," id. § 1(2)(a). However, the legislature provided that "[t]he
recipient may not seek an adjustment of benefits because of adjudicator error.
'Adjudicator error' includes the failure to consider information in the claim file,
failure to secure adequate information, or an error in judgment." Id. § 1(2)(b).
Thus, rather than explicitly stating that adjustment of benefits based on adjudicator
error must be sought within the time for direct appeal, the legislature simply stated
that RCW 51.32.240 could not be used to address adjudicator error, and defined
adjudicator error as including the types of errors that may be addressed on direct
appeal.
In 2004, the legislature further clarified that adjudicator errors can, and
therefore must, be addressed on reconsideration or direct appeal by providing that
"[a]djustments due to adjudicator error are addressed by the filing of a written
request for reconsideration with the department of labor and industries or an appeal
with the board of industrial insurance appeals." LAWS OF 2004, ch. 243, § 7(2)(b).
To continue the parity of remedies set forth in 1999, however, the legislature made
it clear that the Department's authority to recoup overpaid benefits caused by
adjudicator error was subject to the same time limit: "[T]he department may only
assess an overpayment of benefits because of adjudicator error when the order
15
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
upon which the overpayment is based is not yet final as provided in RCW
51.52.050 and 51.52.060." I d. § 7(1 )(b).
This legislative history supports the interpretation suggested by the plain
language of RCW 51.32.240 as a whole: both the Department and the worker may
seek correction of erroneous payments based on clerical errors, mistakes of
identity, and innocent misrepresentations within one year of the payment.
However, neither the Department nor the worker is entitled to use this as a means
to evade the time limits for direct appeal. This strongly suggests that "adjudicator
errors" within the meaning of subsection ( 1)(b) are limited to the types of errors
that may be addressed on direct appeal based on the information in the claim file,
not all errors contained in adjudications.
3. Significant Board decisions
While this case presents an issue of first impression in this court, the Board
has encountered the issue before and held that "adjudicator error" within the
meaning of subsection (1 )(b) is the type of error that is addressable on direct
•
appeal based on the information in the claim file. It does not include errors caused
exclusively by the circumstances listed in subsection (1)(a).
The most factually on-point significant Board decision is In re Veliz, No. 11
20348 (Wash. Bd. oflndus. Ins. Appeals Mar. 4, 2013). The worker, Alonso
Veliz, stated he was married at the time of injury on his application for benefits.
16
Birrueta v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
!d. at 2. His claim was allowed and the Department set his compensation rate by
binding determination based on its beliefthat he was married with three children.
!d. at 4. The Department later determined that Veliz was permanently and totally
disabled, and in his pension benefits questionnaire, Veliz accurately stated he was
unmarried at the time of injury. !d. at 2. It was determined that Veliz had
inaccurately stated that he was married, and the inaccuracy was due to both a
language barrier and also the fact that he "and his wife always considered
themselves married though they did not have a formal ceremony until" well after
his industrial injury. !d. Consistent with its decision here, the Board held that
Veliz had been overpaid due to an innocent misrepresentation and that the
Department had the authority to correct that error pursuant to RCW 51.32.240(1 ).
!d. at 4.
Other significant Board decisions are consistent with this interpretation.
See, e.g., In re Lacy, No. 08 21768, at 4 (Wash. Bd. ofindus. Ins. Appeals Dec. 8,
2009) (when the adjudicator must "use judgment in reaching the determination," a
failure to properly exercise that judgment in light of the available information in
the claim file exemplifies an adjudicator error). Birrueta, meanwhile, does not
draw the court's attention to any significant Board decisions that would support his
own interpretation.
17
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
Because the statutory language, legislative history, and significant Board
decisions all point to the same conclusion, we hold that adjudicator error does not
mean all errors in binding adjudications. Adjudicator errors include only the types
of errors that may be addressed on direct appeal based on the information in a
worker's claim file, including errors of law, insufficiency ofthe evidence, and
errors in applying the law to the available information.
C. The overpayment at issue here was caused solely by an innocent
misrepresentation and not by adjudicator error, so the Department's orders
were timely and authorized pursuant to subsection (l)(a)
While it may be possible that an erroneous payment could have multiple,
overlapping causes, there is no overlap here. 5 The undisputed facts show that
Birrueta's innocent misrepresentation about his marital status is the only reason
Birrueta was overpaid. There was no indication in Birrueta's claim file that he was
not married at the time of injury, and the Department correctly applied the law to
the information before it. 6 It is not adjudicator error for the Department to rely on
information in a claim file based on the worker's undisputed assertions about facts
5 If, for example, a worker's claim file contained conflicting information and the
Department did not seek to resolve the conflict, that might constitute a failure to consider the
information in the claim file, and thus an adjudicator error, even if some of the conflicting
information was innocently misrepresented. But that situation is not presented here, and we do
not consider what time limit might be applicable if it were.
6 To the extent Birrueta argues the Department failed to consider the information in his
claim file because its orders stated he had no children, rather than the one child indicated on his
industrial injury report, that is not relevant to the issue now presented because it did not result in
any erroneous payments.
18
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
within the worker's particular knowledge, such as marital status at the time of
injury. Therefore, subsection (l)(a) governs the timeliness of the Department's
orders here, not subsection ( 1)(b).
The Department's order assessing an overpayment against Birrueta was
made within one year of the payments it sought to recoup and was thus plainly
authorized and timely pursuant to subsection (l)(a). And the Department's order
changing Birrueta's marital status for compensation purposes was within its
implied authority as a necessary incident to recoupment pursuant to subsection
(l)(a). To hold otherwise would mean that in order to ensure that Birrueta receives
only the compensation he is statutorily entitled to, the Department would have to
continuously overpay and then recoup Birrueta's benefits for the rest of his life. 7
Such a result would be administratively burdensome to the Department and, more
importantly, a hardship to Birrueta that would undercut his right to "sure and
certain relief." RCW 51.04.01 0; see Deal, 78 Wn.2d at 541 (noting that
recoupment, even where benefits are erroneously overpaid, may work a genuine
hardship to the worker). It is implausible that the legislature intended such an
outcome, particularly where it has the potential to significantly burden workers
7
There is a published Court of Appeals opinion suggesting the Board might have
inherent authority to modify final, binding determinations pursuant to CR 60. Leuluaialii v.
Dep't of Labor & Indus., 169 Wn. App. 672,680-81,279 P.3d 515 (2012). However,
Leuluaialii is distinguishable because it considered a clerical error that did not cause any
erroneous payments, so RCW 51.32.240 did not apply at all. Id. at 679.
19
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
who are permanently totally disabled due to industrial injuries. 8 A significant
Board decision agrees. Veliz, No. 11 20348, at 3.
We therefore hold that both of the Department's orders at issue here were
timely and within the Department's statutory authority pursuant to RCW
51.32.240(1 )(a).
D. Birrueta is not entitled to attorney fees
Because we reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the Board's decision
and order, Birrueta is not entitled to attorney fees on review. RCW 51.52.130(1 );
RAP 18.l(a).
CONCLUSION
In resolving this case, we are mindful that the parallel structure of RCW
51.32.240(1)-(2) means that our decision is likely to affect the rights of workers to
seek adjustment of underpaid benefits, in addition to the Department's authority to
recoup overpaid benefits.
Giving effect to all the statutory language in context, considering legislative
history, and giving appropriate deference to significant Board decisions, we hold
that overpayments made solely for one of the reasons listed in RCW
51.32.240(1)(a) may be recouped within one year of the payment, regardless of
8
And of course if the situation were reversed, a worker who was underpaid due to an
innocent misrepresentation in a binding order would have to be continuously underpaid and
regularly seek a readjustment of benefits pursuant to RCW 51 .32.240(2), which would be a much
greater hardship.
20
Birrueta v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., No. 92215-2
whether the underlying order was temporary or binding. Due to practical
considerations favoring both the Department and the worker, as well as the Board's
interpretation in Veliz, we also hold the Department has the authority to correct
prior orders that are erroneous only because of the reasons listed in RCW
51.32.240(1 )(a). Applying these holdings to the undisputed facts presented, we
reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the Board's decision affirming the
Department's orders.
21
Birrueta v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., No. 92215-2
WE CONCUR:
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