Filed 9/16/16 P. v. Hall CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E064165
v. (Super.Ct.No. FELJS1404080)
STEVEN HALL, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Lorenzo R.
Balderrama, Judge. Reversed with directions.
Christopher Blake, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Joy Utomi,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
The Mentally Disordered Offenders Act (Pen. Code, § 2960 et seq.)1 provides for
involuntary civil commitment as a condition of parole for prisoners who are found to
have “a severe mental disorder” if certain conditions are met. (§ 2962, subds. (a)-(f).)2
The commitment is for a term of one year and may be extended annually for an additional
year on petition of the district attorney. (§ 2972, subds. (a), (b).)
Appellant Steven Hall appeals from a judgment extending his commitment as a
mentally disordered offender (MDO). At the trial on the petition, he was compelled to
testify over his objection. In his opening brief, he contended that because persons subject to
civil commitment after being found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI) have a statutory
right, pursuant to section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7) (hereafter section 1026.5(b)(7)), not to
be compelled to testify in proceedings to extend their commitments (Hudec v. Superior
Court (2015) 60 Cal.4th 815, 832 (Hudec)), so should a person facing commitment as an
1 All further statutory citations refer to the Penal Code unless another code is
cited.
2The conditions include the following: That the prisoner has a severe mental
disorder, that the disorder is not in remission or cannot be kept in remission without
treatment, that the severe mental disorder was one of the causes or was an aggravating
factor in the prisoner’s criminal behavior, that the prisoner has been in treatment for the
severe mental disorder for 90 days or more within the year prior to his or her parole
release day, and that by reason of his or her severe mental disorder, the prisoner
represents a substantial danger of physical harm to others. (§ 2962, subd. (d)(1).) The
Mentally Disordered Offenders Act applies only to prisoners who have been convicted of
specified offenses. (§ 2962, subd. (e).)
2
MDO. He pointed out that this right has been extended to commitment proceedings for
sexually violent predators (SVP) by application of equal protection principles. (People v.
Curlee (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 709, 716-722.) He contends that NGI’s, SVP’s and MDO’s
are all similarly situated with respect to civil commitment procedures.
In People v. Dunley (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1438 (Dunley), which was decided after
appellant filed his opening brief, we held that MDO’s, SVP’s and NGI’s are all similarly
situated with respect to the testimonial privilege provided for in section 1026.5(b)(7).
(Dunley, at pp. 1447-1450.) In her respondent’s brief, the Attorney General acknowledges
our holding in Dunley, but urges us to reconsider it. We decline to do so.
The Attorney General also asserts that any error in compelling appellant’s testimony
was harmless under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818. She asserts that Watson
applies because the right not to be compelled to testify in an MDO hearing arises solely
from state law, i.e., section 1026.5(b)(7). In Dunley, supra, 247 Cal.App.4th 1438, we
dismissed the appeal because it was moot, in light of the fact that while that appeal was
pending, a new petition for recommitment had been filed and decided.3 (Id. at p. 1445.)
Accordingly, we did not address the question of the standard of reversal that applies. As
several other courts have observed, however, “[b]y calling the person in its case-in-chief,
3 We take judicial notice that as of September 13, 2016, the records of the
Superior Court of San Bernardino County reflect that no new petition for recommitment
had been filed for the appellant in this case. (Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d).)
3
the state is essentially saying that his or her testimony is necessary for the state to prove its
case. We have no doubt that a committee so compelled to testify is prejudiced under these
circumstances. The California Supreme Court noted in Cramer v. Tyars (1979) 23 Cal.3d
131 . . . that permitting the jury to observe the person sought to be committed and to hear
him speak and respond provided ‘the most reliable proof and probative indicator of the
person’s present mental condition.’ [Citation.] As such, we cannot conclude that
compelling [the committee] to testify, even if his testimony was in some regards cumulative
to that of other witnesses, was harmless error.” (People v. Haynie (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th
1224, 1230; accord, People v. Curlee (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 709, 722; accord, People v.
Landau (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 850, 865.) Further, the court in People v. Haynie stated:
“The right to not be compelled to testify against oneself is clearly and relevantly implicated
when a person is called by the state to testify in a proceeding to recommit him or her even if
what is said on the witness stand is not per se incriminating.” (Id. at p. 1230, quoted and
cited with approval in Hudec, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 830.) These cases strongly imply,
even if they do not explicitly hold, that compelling a person subject to civil commitment
under the SVP, MDO or NGI statutes to testify over his or her objection is reversible per se.
We need not reach that question, however, because the record does not permit us to
determine whether an equal protection violation occurred. An equal protection analysis has
two prongs: (1) whether the individuals or groups are similarly situated and if so,
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(2) whether the government can justify disparate treatment. (Dunley, supra,
247 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1447-1448, 1450.) Disparate treatment can be justified in some
circumstances using the more lenient rational basis test. (Id. at p. 1450.) However, because
of the impact compelled testimony may have on the individual’s liberty interest, we held in
Dunley that disparate treatment of MDO’s for purposes of the testimonial privilege must be
justified using the strict scrutiny standard. (Dunley, at pp. 1451-1453; accord, People v.
Field (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 174, 197 [with respect to SVP commitment hearing].)
In this case, the trial court rejected appellant’s contention that section 1026.5(b)(7)
applies to MDO’s based on People v. Lopez (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1099. In Lopez, this
court held that section 1026.5(b)(7) applies only in criminal proceedings and does not apply
to NGI commitment proceedings. This holding was disapproved in Hudec, supra, 60
Cal.4th at pages 826 through 832. Because the trial court found that the statute does not
apply, it did not require (or permit) the government to show that disparate treatment of
MDO’s was justified. Accordingly, the appropriate remedy is to remand the cause for a
hearing on that issue. (People v. Curlee (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 709, 722; accord, People v.
Landau (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 850, 865; accord, People v. Field, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at
p. 197.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the superior court for further
proceedings. On remand, the superior court is directed to conduct an evidentiary hearing at
which the People will have the opportunity to show that the differential statutory treatment
of MDO’s with respect to the testimonial privilege is justified. If the trial court determines
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that the People have carried their burden to do so, it shall confirm its order finding appellant
an MDO and recommitting him to a mental hospital. If it determines that the People have
not carried their burden, the superior court shall conduct a new recommitment hearing under
the Mentally Disordered Offenders Act.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER
J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST
Acting P. J.
CODRINGTON
J.
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People v. Hall CA4/2
Combined Opinion