IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0681-15
DAVID LEE CLEMENT, JR., Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE ELEVENTH COURT OF APPEALS
WISE COUNTY
J OHNSON, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which M EYERS, K EASLER,
H ERVEY, A LCALÁ, R ICHARDSON, Y EARY, and N EWELL, JJ., joined. K ELLER, P.J.,
concurred.
OPINION
After his motion to suppress was denied, appellant was found guilty of felony driving while
intoxicated and was sentenced to four years in the institutional division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice. Finding that the arresting officer lacked probable cause to arrest, the court of
appeals reversed appellant’s conviction and remanded the case to the trial court. The state filed a
motion for rehearing, asserting that the appellant had failed to preserve his challenge to the legality
of the arrest. The court of appeals denied the motion for rehearing.
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We granted the state’s petition for discretionary review that raised two grounds for review:
Does a suppression motion’s mere citation to the Fourth Amendment and probable
cause, or a belated closing argument that anything after the “stop” be suppressed due
to lack of probable cause for “arrest,” preserve an illegal arrest claim?
Did the lower court err by basing its illegal arrest holding on the officer’s subjective
reasoning rather than the objective facts he articulated that routinely support a DWI
arrest?
We conclude that appellant preserved his claim of illegal arrest, and we overrule the state’s
first ground. However, we also conclude that, by basing its holding that appellant was illegally
arrested on the officer’s subjective reasoning, the court of appeals misapplied the law. We sustain
the state’s second ground for review, reverse the judgment of the court of appeals, and affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
I. Facts
Around 12:30 a.m. on a Sunday morning, Trooper Jeff Johnson received a dispatch about the
presence of a possibly intoxicated person at a nearby Exxon station. The dispatch also stated that
the possibly intoxicated person was driving a white Pontiac and had left the station. When Trooper
Johnson arrived, he observed a white Pontiac backing out of the parking lot and heading north on
Highway 101. Trooper Johnson followed the vehicle and noted that it accelerated quickly. He
“checked the vehicle on radar,” which revealed that the vehicle was traveling at 62 miles per hour
in an area with a speed limit of 55 miles per hour. Trooper Johnson activated his lights and stopped
the Pontiac. Appellant was the driver. Trooper Johnson testified that he did not see the appellant
commit any traffic-law violations other than speeding.
In his offense report, Trooper Johnson stated that the vehicle “almost struck the guardrail”
when the driver drove onto the shoulder of the road in response to Trooper Johnson’s lights. He
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agreed with defense counsel’s suggestion that avoiding the guardrail at that particular location was
actually “pretty keen driving” and that he had stopped the vehicle for speeding, not because of the
dispatch about a possibly intoxicated driver. Trooper Johnson testified that, after the stop, he
detected the odor of an alcoholic beverage on appellant’s breath and that appellant refused to do any
field sobriety tests. He also agreed that he had arrested appellant based on the odor of an alcoholic
beverage on appellant’s breath.
Appellant filed a written motion to suppress that
request[ed] the Court to suppress and exclude from evidence in the above cause all
of the evidence seized by agents of the State of Texas in this cause upon the grounds
that said evidence was illegally seized during a search without a warrant in violation
of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States,
Art. 1, § 9 of the Constitution of the State of Texas, and Art. 18.01 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure.
...
For cause, Defendant would show that the stop of Defendant was without a warrant
or probable cause. There was no probable cause based upon acceptable scientific
protocol. Further, the so-called-tipster was not shown to be credible. The officer did
nothing to corroborate the tip from the unknown informant.
During the hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress, the state stipulated that the stop was
without a warrant. Trooper Johnson testified that he had received a dispatch stating there was a
possible intoxicated person at an specified Exxon station and that the person was driving a white
Pontiac. He also testified that he followed a white Pontiac that left the convenience store that was
attached to that Exxon station, that the vehicle accelerated quickly, that the vehicle was traveling at
a speed greater than the posted limit, and that it was 12:30 a.m. on a Sunday morning. The state then
asked Trooper Johnson questions that seem to have been intended to establish reasonable suspicion
for stopping appellant.
During cross-examination, appellant’s defense counsel questioned Trooper Johnson at length
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about the encounter and attempted to impeach Trooper Johnson’s testimony by comparing it to his
offense report. Defense counsel also challenged him on the location of the stop as well as appellant’s
driving performance and the basis for appellant’s arrest.
Q. Okay. I’m just curious, when you all put, there’s a strong order (sic) of alcohol and a weak
odor of alcohol those, basically, for scientific purposes, mean the same thing, don’t they?
A. No, sir.
Q. Well, if there’s no correlation between the strength of the odor and how much they’ve had
to drink, how do you reconcile that?
A. I don’t guess I understand what you’re asking.
Q. He told you he wasn’t doing any tests; correct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And he didn’t do any tests there, did he?
A. No, sir.
Q. So you arrested him, based upon the odor of alcohol on his breath?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You didn’t arrest him for speeding, did you?
A. No, sir.
Q. You can’t do that, can you?
A. Sir?
Q. Can you arrest somebody for speeding?
A. No, sir.
At closing, the state made a brief statement. “Your Honor, it’s a motion to suppress based
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on the stop. The officer’s testimony is he’s exceeding 55, the posted speed limit . . .. The radar unit
showed his speed over the posted speed limit, so based on that he had probable cause to stop.”
Defense counsel’s closing argument began with a summation of credibility issues that defense
counsel had raised during cross-examination. It concluded with assertions about when the stop and
arrest occurred.
When he sees the guy driving properly down the street, and he sees the
vehicle being operated correctly, he sees the driver of the vehicle driving between a
white line and the guardrail; a keen sense of driving, he says; but he pulls him over
anyway for speeding; and that’s–that’s where the stop is.
And he smells alcohol on his breath, so he doesn’t do any tests, doesn't do
anything. No evidence of intoxication except alcohol on his breath, and he’s arrested
for DWI.
It’s our position that anything after the stop should be suppressed, because
there’s no probable cause for his arrest.
II. Analysis
A. Preservation of Error
In order to preserve an issue for appeal, a timely objection must be made that states the
specific ground for the objection, if the specific ground is not apparent from the context. Buchanan
v. State, 207 S.W.3d 772, 775 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). A general or imprecise objection may be
sufficient to preserve error for appeal, but only if the legal basis for the objection is obvious to the
court and to opposing counsel. Id. Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1(a) provides that, “[a]s a
prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that . . . the
complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion” stating the grounds
for the ruling sought “with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint,
unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.” TEX . R. APP . P. (TRAP) 33.1(a)(1)(A).
The purpose of requiring a specific objection in the trial court is twofold: (1) to inform the
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trial judge of the basis of the objection and give him the opportunity to rule on it; (2) to give
opposing counsel the opportunity to respond to the complaint. Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308,
313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). “As regards [to] specificity, all a party has to do to avoid the forfeiture
of a complaint on appeal is to let the trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled
to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in
a proper position to do something about it.” Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1992). In resolving questions of preservation of error, we may not consider arguments in
isolation; we instead must look to the context of the entire record. Douds v. State, 472 S.W.3d 670,
674 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). See Resendez, 306 S.W.3d at 313.
During the hearing, the state asked Trooper Johnson what he did after he observed appellant
leave the Exxon station. Trooper Johnson stated that he clocked the vehicle moving at “62 in a 55”
and that he was trained to operate the radar unit. The state passed the witness. Defense counsel
questioned Trooper Johnson on many aspects of the encounter, asking him whether the encounter
occurred in his jurisdiction, how he had corroborated the tip, his qualifications to use his radar unit,
why he had stopped appellant, appellant’s driving performance, and why he had arrested appellant.
When defense counsel asked Trooper Johnson why he arrested appellant, Trooper Johnson
stated that he had arrested appellant because of the odor of alcohol on his breath. The state asked
no further questions, despite that, in some circumstances, this fact alone has been held insufficient
to show probable cause. Domingo v. State, 82 S.W.3d 617, 621-22 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2002).
During closing argument, defense counsel explicitly pointed out when the stop occurred and argued
that there was no probable cause for the arrest.
Neither the Fourth Amendment nor Article I, Section 9, of the Texas Constitution requires
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a warrant to justify an arrest based upon probable cause. Buchanan v. State, 207 S.W.3d 772, 775
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006).1 Based on a broad examination of the facts and appellant’s motion to
suppress, the state was sufficiently put on notice that the defense was challenging the arrest as well
as the stop.
We agree with the court of appeals on the question of preservation. Looking at the entire
record, appellant sufficiently apprised the trial court of the issue, opposing counsel had an
opportunity to respond, and the trial court was in proper position to suppress the evidence. Defense
counsel may have been less than articulate in raising the issue in his motion and his cross-
examination attempts to raise questions concerning the arrest, but his cross-examination challenged
all the facts concerning the stop and the arrest. Counsel argued throughout that the state had not met
its burden of showing that Trooper Johnson had probable cause to arrest appellant based on the belief
that he had committed an offense in his presence. During closing arguments, defense counsel
attempted to clarify his argument that the arrest was without probable cause.
The state asserted that there was probable cause for the stop. The state had already stipulated
that the stop was without a warrant, and agreed that the burden had shifted to the state to prove
probable cause. Based on the facts, this motion to suppress, the facts challenged by the defense
during the hearing on the motion to suppress, and the state’s stipulation that it had the burden to
prove probable cause, we hold the state was sufficiently put on notice of the assertion of illegal
arrest.
B. Art. 28.01
The state asserts that defense counsel failed to challenge appellant’s arrest in a timely
1
It appears that defense counsel either used the word “stop” instead of “arrest” in his motion or failed to
allege that the “stop” was without reasonable suspicion and the arrest was without probable cause.
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manner. The Texas Code Criminal Procedure art. 28.01, § 2, states, “[A]ny such preliminary matters
not raised or filed seven days before the hearing will not thereafter be allowed to be raised or filed,
except by permission of the court for good cause shown.” The court of appeals opined that the state
had not cited any authority that the timing requirement of Art. 28.01 controls over the timeliness
requirement for preservation of error under TRAP 33.1. Clement v. State, No. 11-13-00055-CR,
2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 4801, at *9 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2015) (op. on reh’g). The court of appeals
reasoned that, because the state had not presented this argument to the trial court, appellant was
deprived of his right to respond to it. Id. However, Art. 28.01 is a statute, and TRAP 33.1 is an
appellate rule. Under the hierarchy of laws, if there is a conflict between a statute and an appellate
rule, the statute controls. “A statute cannot be superceded by a rule.” Igo v. State, 210 S.W.3d 645,
647 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). And the state was the winning party at trial. The state does not have
the burden of listing every possible basis for upholding the validity of the search. State v. Mercado,
972 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
C. Illegal Arrest
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees that “[t]he right
of the people to be secure in their persons ... against unreasonable ... seizures, shall not be violated.”
The Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule is made applicable to the states through the due process
clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655 (1961). Under the Fourth
Amendment, a warrantless arrest for an offense committed in the officer’s presence is reasonable if
the officer has probable cause. United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 418 (1976).
Probable cause for a warrantless arrest exists if, at the time the arrest is made, the facts and
circumstances within the arresting officer’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy
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information are sufficient to warrant a prudent man to believe that the arrested person had committed
or was committing an offense. Amador v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)
(citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964)). The test for probable cause is an objective one,
unrelated to the subjective beliefs of the arresting officer, and it requires a consideration of the
totality of the circumstances facing the arresting officer. Id. “An offense is deemed to have occurred
within the presence or view of an officer when any of his senses afford him an awareness of its
occurrence.” State v. Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Clark v. State,
117 Tex. Crim. 153, 35 S.W.2d 420, 422 (1931)). “On a motion to suppress evidence, the defendant
bears the initial burden of producing some evidence that rebuts the presumption of proper police
conduct.” Abney v. State, 394 S.W.3d 542, 547 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Once the defendant
establishes that the seizure was without a warrant, the burden shifts to the state to prove the search
was reasonable. Amador, 275 S.W.3d at 878.
In the hearing on a motion to suppress, the trial court is the sole finder of fact and judge of
witness credibility. State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). At a suppression
hearing, it may make reasonable inferences from the evidence presented. Amador, 275 S.W.3d at
878. We afford almost total deference to a trial court’s express or implied determination of historical
facts and review de novo the trial court’s application of the law of seizure to those facts. State v.
Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We will sustain the trial court’s ruling if it
is supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. See Romero
v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App.1990). We do not view motions to suppress in
isolation, but in the context of the entire record. Douds, 472 S.W.3d at 674.
At the motion to suppress hearing, the state stipulated that the arrest was without a warrant,
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thereby shifting the burden to the state to prove that there was probable cause for the arrest. After
hearing the evidence and arguments, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress and did
not issue any findings of fact or conclusions of law. It therefore implicitly found that the state had
carried its burden of proving that Trooper Johnson had probable cause to believe that appellant had
committed an offense in his presence. We review this decision to determine if the trial court abused
its discretion.
In its brief to the court of appeals, the state offered facts to support an objective finding of
probable cause by Trooper Johnson.
An anonymous citizen-informant called authorities and reported that a possibly
intoxicated person would soon be getting on the road in a white Pontiac.
Trooper Johnson immediately corroborated some of the information when he found
a white Pontiac at the reported location.
Appellant was speeding.
Appellant almost hit the guard-rail when he pulled onto the road’s shoulder.
Appellant told Trooper Johnson he had been drinking.
Appellant’s breath smelled of an alcoholic beverage.
The court of appeals erred in focusing on Trooper Johnson’s statement that he had arrested
appellant based upon the odor of alcohol on his breath. The court of appeals reasoned that to hold
that the state had met its burden of proof “would require us to speculate on what other factors, if any,
Trooper Johnson may have relied upon in arresting Appellant.” Clement v. State, 461 S.W.3d 274,
282 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2015) (op. on orig. submission). Trooper Johnson’s subjective intent is
not relevant to a challenge based on the lack of probable cause, so what other factors he may have
relied upon are immaterial. The issue is whether there were objective factors that created probable
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cause for appellant’s arrest and on which Trooper Johnson could have reasonably relied.
In this case, the dispatch did not identify the person who had reported that a possibly
intoxicated person who was driving a white Pontiac had left a nearby Exxon station, but when
Trooper Johnson arrived at the Exxon station, he observed a white Pontiac backing out of the
parking lot. His observations verified the anonymous report as to the vehicle and its location.
Trooper Johnson followed the Pontiac and, because the vehicle was exceeding the posted
speed limit, he had probable cause to stop it. Before the Pontiac stopped, Trooper Johnson observed
driving that might indicate intoxication. Once the Pontiac was legally stopped, Trooper Johnson
observed that appellant was the driver, that he emitted an odor of alcoholic beverage, and that he
admitted to Trooper Johnson that he had been drinking. Those observations verified the report of
a “possibly intoxicated” driver. We hold that Trooper Johnson had probable cause to arrest appellant
and sustain the state’s second issue.
Conclusion
Although we find that appellant preserved his claim of illegal arrest for appellate review, we
conclude that the court of appeals erred in its holding that appellant was illegally arrested. We
reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Delivered: September 14, 2016
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