MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Sep 22 2016, 6:59 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kay A. Beehler Gregory F. Zoeller
Terre Haute, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine Modesitt Cooper
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jason Alexander Kays, September 22, 2016
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
84A05-1603-CR-637
v. Appeal from the Vigo Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable John T. Roach,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause Nos.
84D01-1407-F5-1921
84D01-1507-F4-1663
84D01-1508-F6-1758
Pyle, Judge.
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Statement of the Case
[1] In this consolidated appeal from three underlying causes, Jason Alexander
Kays (“Kays”) appeals his conviction and sentence from one cause in which he
pled guilty to Level 4 felony child molesting,1 and he appeals the revocation of
probation and order to serve his previously suspended sentence in a second
cause.2 Kays argues that there is an insufficient factual basis to support his
guilty plea for his Level 4 felony child molesting conviction and contends that
the trial court abused its discretion when sentencing him. Concluding that
Kays’ challenge to the factual basis surrounding his guilty plea is not reviewable
on direct appeal and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when
sentencing him, we affirm his sentence and revocation of probation.
[2] We affirm.
Issues
1. Whether Kays may, on direct appeal, challenge the factual basis
supporting his guilty plea.
2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when sentencing
Kays.
1
IND. CODE § 35-42-4-3.
2
Kays also pled guilty to and was convicted of Level 6 felony theft in a third cause. See I.C. § 35-43-4-2. He
does not specifically challenge his sentence from this third cause.
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Facts
[3] In February 2015, Kays pled guilty to Level 5 felony sexual misconduct with a
minor3 in cause number 84D01-1407-F5-1921 (“Cause 1921”). Pursuant to his
guilty plea agreement, the trial court imposed a three (3) year sentence, with
444 days executed and 651 days suspended to probation.4
[4] Five months later, on July 23, 2015, the State charged Kays, in cause number
84D01-1507-F4-1663 (“Cause 1663”), with Count 1, Level 4 felony child
molesting; and Count 2, Class B misdemeanor false informing. 5 The State also
filed an allegation, under Count 3, that Kays was a repeat sex offender. 6 On
July 27, 2015, the State filed a notice of probation violation in Cause 1921,
alleging that Kays had been charged with the three offenses in Cause 1663 and
had violated probation by violating the law.
[5] Very shortly thereafter, on August 4, 2015, the State charged Kays, in cause
number 84D01-1508-F6-1758 (“Cause 1758”), with Count 1, Level 6 felony
theft; and Count 2, Level 6 felony check fraud.7 On August 12, 2015, the State
filed an amended notice of probation violation in Cause 1921, adding the
3
I.C. § 35-42-4-9.
4
Kays had served 222 days incarcerated prior to sentencing and was given 222 days of presentence credit
time at the time of sentencing. Thus, at the time of sentencing, he had served his executed time and was
immediately placed on probation.
5
I.C. § 35-44.1-2-3.
6
I.C. § 35-50-2-14.
7
I.C. § 35-43-5-12.
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allegation that Kays had been charged with the two offenses in Cause 1758 and
had again violated probation by violating the law.
[6] On February 29, 2016, Kays entered into a written plea agreement with the
State for Causes 1663, 1758, and 1921. Specifically, he agreed to plead guilty to
Level 4 felony child molesting in Cause 1663 and to Level 6 felony theft in
Cause 1758 in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining counts in those two
causes, and he agreed to admit to the probation violation allegations in the
amended probation notice in Cause 1921. His plea agreement provided that, in
Cause 1663, his sentence would “not exceed” eight (8) years and that his
sentences in the three causes would be served consecutively. (App. 162).
[7] During the guilty plea hearing, when the State laid out the factual basis for his
charges, Kays admitted to the facts set forth therein and admitted that he had
committed child molesting in Cause 1663 and theft in Cause 1758. He also
admitted that he had violated his probation. Additionally, Kays acknowledged
that, by pleading guilty to the new charges, he was waiving his right to appeal
those convictions.
[8] During the sentencing portion of the hearing, Kays’ attorney “concede[d]” that
Kays’ prior criminal history and violation of probation were aggravators. (Tr.
17). When discussing the circumstances of the child molesting offense, Kays’
counsel asserted that the twelve-year-old victim had stated that Kays had not
put his hand down her pants. The trial court asked, “Counsel, you’re not
suggesting that there is not a factual basis in this case, are you?” (Tr. 20).
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Kays’ counsel responded, “No. No. No” and stated that he “didn’t want to
make the distinction that it was the victim’s testimony that that [had] never
occurred.” (Tr. 20).
[9] When discussing aggravating circumstances, the trial court found Kays’
criminal history and recent violation of probation as “the two statutory
aggravating factors.” (Tr. 21). The trial court also found that Kays’ inability to
“do well on probation” and the element of planning in his new crimes were
“non-statutory aggravators . . . that weigh[ed] against an advisory sentence[.]”
(Tr. 21). The trial court also considered Kays’ mental health as a mitigating
circumstance. The trial court imposed a seven (7) year sentence for Kays’ Level
4 felony child molesting conviction in Cause 1663 and a one and one-half (1½)
year sentence for his Level 6 felony theft conviction in Cause 1758. The trial
court also revoked Kays’ probation in Cause 1921 and ordered him to serve his
previously suspended 651-day sentence. The trial court, pursuant to the plea
agreement, ordered all sentences to be served consecutively. Kays now appeals.
Decision
[10] Kays argues that: (1) there was an insufficient factual basis to support his guilty
plea in Cause 1663; and (2) the trial court abused its discretion when sentencing
him. We will address each argument in turn.
1. Factual Basis
[11] Kays contends that there was an insufficient factual basis for his Level 4 felony
child molesting in Cause 1663 and that his guilty plea and conviction should be
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vacated. The State, on the other hand, argues that Kays is “precluded from
raising this challenge on direct appeal” because a “person who pleads guilty
cannot challenge the propriety of the resulting conviction on direct appeal.”
(State’s Br. 7). We agree with the State.
[12] “In Indiana . . . it is well-settled that a person who pleads guilty cannot
challenge his convictions by means of direct appeal[.]” Robey v. State, 7 N.E.3d
371, 383 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Kling v. State, 837 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind.
2005)), trans. denied. “One consequence of pleading guilty is restriction of the
ability to challenge the conviction on direct appeal.” Tumulty v. State, 666
N.E.2d 394, 395 (Ind. 1996). Instead, post-conviction relief is the proper
vehicle for pursuing this type of claim. See id. at 396 (rejecting a defendant’s
challenge to the factual basis supporting his guilty plea to an habitual offender
enhancement on direct appeal). Because Kays may not challenge his
conviction and the factual basis supporting his guilty plea on direct appeal, we
do not reach the merits of the claim.8
8
In his reply brief, Kays suggests that we should, nevertheless, review his challenge to his child molesting
conviction “because the full record is available to this Court[.]” (Kays’ Reply Br. 5). We decline his
invitation to disregard our Indiana Supreme Court’s holding that a defendant who pleads guilty cannot
challenge his conviction by means of a direct appeal and must instead do so through a post-conviction relief
proceeding. See, e.g., Robey, 7 N.E.3d at 384 (following our supreme court’s holding in Tumulty and declining
a defendant’s request to review his guilty plea conviction challenge on direct appeal).
We note that in order to have this Court address Kays’ factual basis challenge in conjunction with his direct
appeal sentencing issue, Kays could have sought to utilize the Davis/Hatton procedure to first challenge the
factual basis issue at the post-conviction level. See White v. State, 25 N.E.3d 107, 121 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)
(explaining that after utilizing the Davis/Hatton procedure—which involves a termination or suspension of a
direct appeal already initiated to allow a post-conviction relief petition to be pursued in the trial court—a
defendant can then have his direct appeal and post-conviction appeal of the denial of post-conviction relief
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2. Abuse of Discretion
[13] Kays argues that the trial court abused its discretion when sentencing him.
Specifically, he contends that: (1) that trial court used an element of the offense
to enhance his child molesting sentence; (2) his child molesting conviction was
improperly enhanced because the trial court’s sentencing statement contained
only “general impressions” and not specific aggravating circumstances; and (3)
the trial court improperly used his violation of probation as an aggravating
circumstance to enhance his probation revocation sentence. (Kays’ Br. 12).
[14] Sentencing decisions rest within the sound discretion of the trial court.
Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d
218 (Ind. 2007). So long as the sentence is within the statutory range, it is
subject to review only for an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion
will be found where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the
facts and circumstances before the court or the reasonable, probable, and actual
deductions to be drawn therefrom. Id. A trial court may abuse its discretion in
a number of ways, including: (1) failing to enter a sentencing statement at all;
(2) entering a sentencing statement that includes aggravating and mitigating
factors that are unsupported by the record; (3) entering a sentencing statement
that omits reasons that are clearly supported by the record; or (4) entering a
consolidated), reh’g denied, trans. denied, cert. denied. See also Davis v. State, 368 N.E.2d 1149 (Ind. 1977);
Hatton v. State, 626 N.E.2d 442 (Ind. 1993)).
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sentencing statement that includes reasons that are improper as a matter of law.
Id. at 490–91.
[15] Turning to Kays’ first sentencing argument, we note that—contrary to Kays’
assertion—the trial court did not use an element of the offense to enhance his
child molesting sentence. Other than making such a bare assertion, Kays has
not set forth what element the trial court allegedly used to enhance his sentence.
Moreover, the trial court did not use an element of his child molesting offense
to enhance Kays’ sentence. Thus, his argument is without merit.
[16] Next, we address Kays’ argument that his child molesting conviction was
improperly enhanced because the trial court did not provide specific
aggravating circumstances. We find this argument equally without merit.
Here, the trial court determined that Kays’ criminal history and recent violation
of probation were “the two statutory aggravating factors[,]” and it found that
Kays’ inability to do well on probation and the element of planning in his
crimes were “non-statutory aggravators . . . that weigh[ed] against an advisory
sentence[.]” (Tr. 21). Indeed, during the sentencing hearing, Kays’ attorney
“concede[d]” that Kays’ prior criminal history and violation of probation were
aggravators. (Tr. 17). Because the trial court set forth proper aggravating
circumstances to support the enhancement of Kays’ sentences, Kays has failed
to show the trial court abused its discretion. See Guzman v. State, 985 N.E.2d
1125, 1133 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (“It is well-settled that a single aggravating
factor is sufficient to warrant an enhanced sentence.”).
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[17] Finally, we turn to Kays’ suggestion that the trial court improperly used his
violation of probation as an aggravating circumstance to “enhance[]” his
suspended sentence imposed from his probation revocation. (Kays’ Br. 13).
The trial court, however, ordered Kays to serve his previously suspended
sentence based on his violation of probation, and it did not add any extra time
to that previously suspended sentence. The trial court’s action did not
constitute an abuse of its discretion. See I.C. § 35-38-2-3(h) (providing that once
a trial court has determined that a condition of probation has been violated, the
trial court may order execution of all of the sentence that was suspended at the
time of initial sentencing).
[18] Affirmed.
Bradford, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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