ACCEPTED
04-13-00891-CR
FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
5/7/2015 4:17:33 PM
KEITH HOTTLE
CLERK
No. 04-13-00891-CR
In the
Fourth Court of Appeals District of Texas
San Antonio, Texas
DONALD F. HUFF,
Appellant
v.
STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
On appeal from the 226th Judicial District Court
Bexar County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 2011-CR-2990
STATE’S MOTION FOR REHEARING
NICHOLAS “NICO” LAHOOD
Criminal District Attorney
NATHAN E. MOREY
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
State Bar No. 24074756
CRIMINAL DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Bexar County, Texas
101 West Nueva Street, Suite 370
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Voice: (210) 335-2414
Fax: (210) 335-2436
Email: nathan.morey@bexar.org
Attorneys for the State of Texas
HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES............................................................................................. iii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ...........................................................................................1
GROUNDS FOR REHEARING .........................................................................................2
ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................3
Ground One: The Court’s opinion contravenes a basic tenet of the
Fourth Amendment by relying on the officer’s subjective
intent............................................................................................3
Applicable Law: The Fourth Amendment and an Officer’s Subjective
Intent ...........................................................................................................3
Application of the Law to the Present Record .................................................4
Ground Two: The Court’s opinion implies an incorrect legal standard
for exigent circumstances. ..........................................................6
Applicable Law: McNeely ...............................................................................6
Application of the Law to the Present Record .................................................7
Conclusion .....................................................................................................8
PRAYER .......................................................................................................................9
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ..........................................................................................10
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ..................................................................................10
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INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Statutes:
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 18.02 ........................................................................8
TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b) ................................................................................1
Cases:
Aliff v. State,
627 S.W.2d 166 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982).................................7, 9
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd,
131 S. Ct. 2074 (2011).....................................................................................3
Brinegar v. United States,
338 U.S. 160 (1949).........................................................................................4
Cole v. State,
454 S.W.3d 89 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014),
pet. granted, No. PD-0077-15,
No. 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 508 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 22, 2015) ......6
Devenpeck v. Alford,
543 U.S. 146 (2004).....................................................................................3, 5
Heien v. North Carolina,
135 S. Ct. 530 (2014)...................................................................................4, 5
Hill v. California,
401 U.S. 797 (1971).....................................................................................4, 5
Huff v. State,
No. 04-13-00891-CR, ___ S.W.3d ___
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet. h.) ................................................1, 6
Kentucky v. King,
131 S. Ct. 1849 (2011).....................................................................................4
Mincey v. Arizona,
437 U.S. 385 (1978).........................................................................................4
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
Missouri v. McNeely,
133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013)........................................................................ 6, 7, 8, 9
Ryburn v. Huff,
132 S. Ct. 987 (2012).......................................................................................7
Schmerber v. Califorina,
384 U.S. 757 (1966).....................................................................................6, 9
Scott v. United States,
436 U.S. 128 (1978).........................................................................................3
United States v. Sharpe,
470 U.S. 675 (1985).....................................................................................7, 8
Whren v. United States,
517 U.S. 806 (1996).....................................................................................3, 5
Rules:
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(2)(B) ...............................................................................10
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(3) .....................................................................................10
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.5(b).........................................................................................10
TEX. R. APP. P. 49.1. .............................................................................................1
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TO THE HONORABLE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS:
NOW COMES the State of Texas, by and through Nicholas “Nico” LaHood,
criminal district attorney of Bexar County, Texas, and the undersigned assistant
criminal district attorney, with the filing of the following Motion for Rehearing.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Donald F. Huff, hereinafter referred to as Appellant, was charged by
indictment with murder (C.R. at 19). See TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02(b). This
Court reversed the trial courts judgment on the basis that evidence was admitted
during trial that was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Huff v. State,
No. 04-13-00891-CR, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet. h.).
The State now asks this Court to reconsider its previous judgment and opinion.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 49.1.
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
GROUNDS FOR REHEARING
Ground One: The Court’s opinion contravenes a basic tenet of the Fourth
Amendment by relying on the officer’s subjective intent.
Ground Two: The Court’s opinion implies an incorrect legal standard for exigent
circumstances.
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ARGUMENT
Ground One: The Court’s opinion contravenes a basic tenet of the Fourth
Amendment by relying on the officer’s subjective intent.
In deciding whether the instant blood draw was supported by exigent
circumstances, this Court relied almost entirely on the officer’s subjective intent.
This Court also relied on the trial court’s conclusion, which appears to have also
erroneously relied on the officer’s subjective intent. Huff, at *29–30. Because the
Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that an officer’s subjective intent does not
control a Fourth Amendment analysis, this Court should reconsider its original
opinion.
Applicable Law: The Fourth Amendment and an Officer’s Subjective Intent
It is axiomatic that the subjective intent of the officer is irrelevant to the
lawfulness of a search or seizure. Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2080
(2011); Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 154–55 (2004); Bond v. United States,
529 U.S. 334, 339 n.2 (2000); Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996).
A court must decide whether “the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify the
challenged action.” Ashcroft, 131 S. Ct. at 2080 (quoting Scott v. United States,
436 U.S. 128, 138 (1978) (alterations omitted)). Consistent with this principle, the
Supreme Court has stated that police may conduct a warrantless search “when the
exigencies of the situation make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that a
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.”
Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849, 1856 (2011) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437
U.S. 385, 394 (1978) (emphasis added, internal quotes and alterations omitted)).
Along this same line is the equally axiomatic rule that an officer does not
have to be right so long as he is reasonable. See Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797,
804 (1971) (officer’s factual mistake was reasonable and did not invalidate search
and seizure). “To be reasonable is not to be perfect, and so the Fourth Amendment
allows for some mistakes on the part of government officials, giving them ‘fair
leeway for enforcing the law in the community’s protection.’” Heien v. North
Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530, 536 (2014) (quoting Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S.
160, 176 (1949)).
Application of the Law to the Present Record
The question in the present case should not tunr on Officer Peeler’s opinion.
Rather, the question should be whether an objective assessment of the facts support
a finding of exigent circumstances. Contrary to the trial court’s ruling and this
Court’s opinion, the record supports such a finding.
Peeler initially had to block off traffic when he arrived at the scene of a
major accident (V R.R. at 10). Then his supervisor asked him to handle the DWI
portion of the accident investigation (V R.R. at 10). Once Peeler asked Appellant
to perform standardized field sobriety tests, he requested EMS treatment (V R.R. at
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
12). Peeler was unable to request a blood specimen from Appellant until 10:53 PM
(V R.R. at 15). In addition, there was no expedited process to obtain a blood-
warrant in 2009 (V R.R. at 14, 15). The blood was ultimately drawn by a nurse at
the hospital at 11:36 PM (V R.R. at 15). This Court should have analyzed these
facts from an objective perspective. Instead, this Court and the trial court rested its
ruling and opinion on the officer’s conclusory response to Appellant’s leading
question: “Where there any exigent circumstances that prevented you from getting
a warrant?” “No, sir.” (V R.R. at 19). But the officer testified to more.
The Fourth Amendment does not require Peeler to subjectively believe that
exigent circumstances were present, see Devenpeck, 543 U.S. at 154–55; Whren,
517 U.S. at 813, nor does it require him to be factually correct as to the sufficiency
of exigent circumstances, see Heien, 135 S. Ct. at 536; Hill, 401 U.S. at 804. This
Court’s exigency analysis contains no reference to any objective facts and relies
solely on Peeler’s subjective belief (supported by a single response to a leading
question). See Huff, at *29–32. The State respectfully asks this Court to reissue its
opinion with an exigency analysis based on objective facts and consistent with the
above cited precedent.
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Ground Two: The Court’s opinion implies an incorrect legal standard for exigent
circumstances.
This Court and the trial court concluded that there were no exigent
circumstances because “the officer never thought of obtaining a warrant because it
was not standard procedure.” Huff, at *31. This conclusion is inconsistent with
McNeely’s holding.
Applicable Law: McNeely
In Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013), the Supreme Court
reaffirmed its previous holding in Schmerber v. Califorina, 384 U.S. 757 (1966).
In that case the Court concluded that a warrantless blood draw was administered
under exigent circumstances after a suspect was transported to a hospital following
a car crash. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1559–60 (citing Schmerber). The McNeely
Court referred to the crash circumstances in Schmerber as “special facts” and
distinguished Schmerber’s car crash scenario from McNeely’s run-of-the-mill DWI
arrest. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1559–61. The question, according to McNeely, is
not whether the officer can obtain a warrant. The question is whether police can
obtain a warrant “without significantly undermining the efficacy of the search.”
Id. at 1561.1 The McNeely plurality warned reviewing courts not to view an
1
The Court of Criminal Appeals recently granted the State’s petition for discretionary
review of the Texarkana Court of Appeals decision in Cole v. State, 454 S.W.3d 89 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2014), pet. granted, No. PD-0077-15, No. 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 508 (Tex.
Crim. App. Apr. 22, 2015). The first ground presented in the Cole PDR is: “Did the Court of
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
officer’s action with “the 20/20 vision of hindsight” when answering this question.
Id. at 1564 (plurality op.) (quoting Ryburn v. Huff, 132 S. Ct. 987, 992 (2012)). It
is always important that courts review an officer’s conduct for objective
reasonableness and not whether he took the most reasonable course of action
amongst a set of reasonable alternatives. United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675,
686–87 (1985).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has previously concluded that exigent
circumstances existed in a case similar to both Schmerber and the present case.
See Aliff v. State, 627 S.W.2d 166, 168–70 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982)
(blood draw of manslaughter suspect in hospital who was not under arrest did not
violate Fourth Amendment).
Application of the Law to the Present Record
In the present case, Officer Peeler followed Appellant to the hospital, but
was not able to speak with him and ask him for a consensual blood test until 10:53
PM—nearly three hours after the initial crash (V R.R. at 12–15). The blood was
ultimately drawn pursuant to the mandatory law at 11:36 PM (V R.R. at 15). Had
Peeler sought a warrant at that point, without the current “no refusal procedures” in
Appeals conduct an incorrect exigent circumstances analysis when it required proof of a ‘now or
never’ level of urgency?” See Court of Criminal Appeals’ Issues Page at
http://www.txcourts.gov/media/914405/issues04292015.pdf. The Court is also reviewing other
McNeely issues involving car crashes in the cases of Douds v. State, No. PD-0857-14, and
Weems v. State, No. PD-0635-14.
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
place, he would have compromised “the efficacy of the search,” i.e., the probative
value of the blood. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1561. Accordingly, Peeler’s actions
were consistent with McNeely and Schmerber.
Of course, this Court could second guess Peeler and conclude that he should
have applied for a warrant based on his initial observations at the scene—
specifically, the odor on Appellant’s breath, the clues observed during the HGN
test, and the fact that Appellant lost control of his motorcycle. However, a
magistrate need not ever issue a warrant. He may issue a warrant if he is
convinced that the officer has probable cause. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art.
18.02. And a magistrate would be acting well within the law to decline to issue the
warrant if the officer had not first requested a voluntary breath specimen or
obtained a refusal. This Court should not fault Peeler for first attempting to obtain
Appellant’s consent or refusal because a refusal to voluntarily submit a blood or
breath specimen has probative value in a DWI investigation. McNeely, 133 S. Ct.
at 1564 (plurality op.); Sharpe, 470 U.S. at 686–87. By the time Appellant
refused, too much time had already passed and Peeler was reasonable to proceed
without a warrant.
Conclusion
This Court’s exigency analysis turns on Officer’s Peeler’s subjective intent
and ignores the objective facts and whether, based on those facts, obtaining a
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
search warrant would have significantly undermined the “efficacy of the search.”
McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1561. Regardless of whether the mandatory blood draw
provision of the Transportation Code is by itself is a reasonable alternative to a
search warrant (a question still pending), Officer Peeler’s conduct was reasonable
in light of general Fourth Amendment principles and precedent from both the
Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals. See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at
766–71; Aliff, 627 S.W.2d at 168–70.
PRAYER
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellee State prays this
reconsider its judgment and opinion of April 8, 2015, and issue a new judgment
and opinion affirming the trial court’s judgment of conviction and sentence.
Respectfully submitted,
NICHOLAS “NICO” LAHOOD
Criminal District Attorney
Bexar County, Texas
/s/ Nathan E. Morey
NATHAN E. MOREY
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
State Bar No. 24074756
101 West Nueva, Suite 370
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Voice: (210) 335-2414
Fax: (210) 335-2436
Email: nathan.morey@bexar.org
Attorneys for Appellant State of Texas
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HUFF v. STATE, No. 04-13-00891-CR – State’s Motion for Rehearing
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, Nathan E. Morey, hereby certify that, pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 9.5(b), a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing brief was
emailed to Dayna Jones on Thursday, May 7, 2015.
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I, Nathan E. Morey, certify that, pursuant to Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure 9.4(i)(2)(B) and 9.4(i)(3), the above and foregoing Motion for
Rehearing contains 2,324 words according to the “word count” feature of
Microsoft Office.
/s/ Nathan E. Morey
NATHAN E. MOREY
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
State Bar No. 24074756
101 West Nueva, Suite 370
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Voice: (210) 335-2414
Fax: (210) 335-2436
Email: nathan.morey@bexar.org
Attorney for Appellant State
cc: DAYNA L. JONES
Attorney at Law
State Bar No. 24049450
206 East Locust Street
San Antonio, Texas 78212
Voice: (210) 255-8525
Fax: (210) 249-0116
Email: daynaj33@gmail.com
Attorney for Appellant
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