In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
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NO. 09-15-00192-CR
NO. 09-15-00193-CR
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IN RE THE STATE OF TEXAS
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Original Proceeding
253rd District Court of Liberty County, Texas
Trial Cause Nos. CR31353 and CR31427
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
In two related proceedings,1 the State of Texas requests that we grant
mandamus relief and order the judge of the 253rd District Court of Liberty County
to set aside a pre-trial discovery order that requires the State to produce a copy of a
recording made by a confidential informant and a transcript of that recording to
defense counsel for Cedrick Jerome Bass. In Cause Number CR31427, Bass is
charged with possession of a controlled substance, cocaine, in an amount of 400
1
The proceedings commenced as appeals but we are treating them as
mandamus proceedings at the State’s request in response to Bass’s motion to
dismiss the appeals for lack of appellate jurisdiction. See Houlihan v. State, 579
S.W.2d 213, 216-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).
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grams or more. In Cause Number CR31353, Bass is charged with possession of a
usable quantity of marijuana weighing 50 pounds or less but more than five
pounds. Bass filed a pre-trial motion to compel the State to produce a recording of
a drug transaction of a confidential informant (CI). The drug transaction by the CI
is referenced in the probable cause affidavit which was used for the issuance of the
warrant to search Bass’s premises. The contraband referred to in the indictments
was seized incident to the search of the premises.
The State contends that the recording in question is protected by the Identity
of Informer privilege set forth in Texas Rule of Evidence 508(a), and that the State
does not have an adequate remedy at law. Bass concedes the trial court was
performing a ministerial, non-discretionary act when it ordered the State to
produce the recording to defense counsel. Bass contends the production is required
by article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 39.14 (West Supp. 2014). He suggests the mandatory provisions of
article 39.14 require the court to order the State to produce the recording to the
defense so that defense counsel may determine whether it contains exculpatory
evidence.
Article 39. 14 provides in part, as follows:
(a) Subject to the restrictions provided by Section 264.408,
Family Code, and Article 39.15 of this code, as soon as practicable
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after receiving a timely request from the defendant the state shall
produce and permit the inspection and the electronic duplication,
copying, and photographing, by or on behalf of the defendant, of any
offense reports, any designated documents, papers, written or
recorded statements of the defendant or a witness, including witness
statements of law enforcement officers but not including the work
product of counsel for the state in the case and their investigators and
their notes or report, or any designated books, accounts, letters,
photographs, or objects or other tangible things not otherwise
privileged that constitute or contain evidence material to any matter
involved in the action and that are in the possession, custody, or
control of the state or any person under contract with the state. The
state may provide to the defendant electronic duplicates of any
documents or other information described by this article. The rights
granted to the defendant under this article do not extend to written
communications between the state and an agent, representative, or
employee of the state. This article does not authorize the removal of
the documents, items, or information from the possession of the state,
and any inspection shall be in the presence of a representative of the
state.
Id. (emphasis added). Article 39.14 requires production of things that are “not
otherwise privileged[;]” therefore, the trial court must determine whether an
asserted privilege applies before it may compel the State to produce a recording to
the defense. See id.
As a general rule, the State “has a privilege to refuse to disclose a person’s
identity if . . . the person has furnished information to a law enforcement
officer . . . in an investigation of a possible violation of law[] and . . . the
information relates to or assists in the investigation.” See Tex. R. Evid. 508(a).
Nevertheless, there are exceptions to the privilege outlined in Rule 508, including
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voluntary disclosure by a privilege holder or the informer’s own action, when the
informer appears as a witness for the State, and in a criminal case, if the court finds
a reasonable probability exists that the informer can give testimony necessary to a
fair determination of guilt or innocence. Id. 508(c). If it appears that an informer
may be able to give the type of testimony required to invoke this exception and the
State claims the privilege, the court must give the State an opportunity to show in
camera facts relevant to determining whether this exception is met. Id.
508(c)(2)(C). The court may order the State to disclose an informer’s identity if
information from the informer is relied on to establish the legality of the means by
which evidence was obtained and the court is not satisfied that the information was
received from an informer reasonably believed to be reliable or credible. Id.
508(c)(3)(A). On the State’s request, the court must order the disclosure be made
in camera. Id. 508(c)(3)(B)(i). No counsel or parties may attend the in camera
disclosure. Id. 508(c)(3)(B)(ii).
The State invoked the informer’s identity privilege during the hearing on
Bass’s motion to compel production. Bass has not yet filed a Franks2 motion in the
2
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978) (“where the defendant
makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and
intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in
the warrant affidavit, and if the alleged false statement is necessary to the finding
of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held at the
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trial court and he asserts to this Court that he is not seeking the informant’s
identity. The undisputed record demonstrates that as to the recording of the
transaction by the confidential informant the State invoked a Rule 508 privilege
and Bass neither presented an exception to the privilege nor invoked the procedure
for determining whether an exception to the privilege applies. See Tex. R. Evid.
508(c).3
Bass argues that article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
requires that the State produce “recorded statements of the defendant”
notwithstanding the privilege set forth in Texas Rule of Evidence 508. Compare
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 39.14(a), with Tex. R. Evid. 508. We disagree.
Article 39.14 requires the State to produce discovery “not otherwise privileged[.]”
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 39.14(a). If a privilege applies, article 39.14(a)
does not apply and discovery will only be required if the recording is exculpatory.
See id. art. 39.14(h); see also Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d 647, 670 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012) (evidentiary privileges do not extend to exculpatory material). Bass
defendant’s request”). The defendant bears the burden by a preponderance of the
evidence at a Franks hearing. Id.
3
Although the procedure for resolving a claim of privilege under Rule 508
was not invoked here, an in camera showing under Rule 508 would provide an
opportunity for the trial court to determine whether information withholding or
redaction is justified under the discovery statute. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 39.14(c); see also Tex. R. Evid. 508(c)(2)(C), (3)(B).
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further suggests that the recording is exculpatory if it contradicts the officer’s
search warrant affidavit. Bass made no attempt to establish the exculpatory nature
of the recording in the hearing before the trial court, and absent a proffer and
examination of the recording in camera by the trial court the record before us does
not support a finding that the recording contains exculpatory evidence.
An appeal from a final judgment will not protect relator from having to
produce discovery that is otherwise privileged. See Dickens v. Court of Appeals for
Second Supreme Judicial Dist. of Texas, 727 S.W.2d 542, 548-50 (Tex. Crim. App.
1987) (orig. proceeding) (“an appeal may become an inadequate remedy from
pretrial discovery orders if a relator could not receive relief on appeal”); State ex
rel. Wade v. Stephens, 724 S.W.2d 141, 144 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, orig.
proceeding). We conclude that issuance of the discovery order was an abuse of the
trial court’s discretion for which the State lacks an adequate remedy by appeal.
Because the trial court ordered the State to produce the recording after the State
invoked the Rule 508 privilege and before the defendant established any exception,
and without first examining the recording in camera and determining whether an
exception to the privilege applies, we conditionally grant mandamus relief.
Accordingly, we conditionally grant the State’s petitions for writ of
mandamus. See Tex. R. App. P. 52.8(c). The writ will issue only if the trial court
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fails to vacate, in accordance with this opinion, its May 7, 2015 order to produce
discovery.
PETITIONS CONDITIONALLY GRANTED.
PER CURIAM
Submitted on October 27, 2015
Opinion Delivered November 25, 2015
Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.
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