ACCEPTED
13-14-00692-CR
THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
6/15/2015 10:27:08 AM
CECILE FOY GSANGER
CLERK
No. 13-14-692-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FILED IN
13th COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS
AT CORPUS CHRISTI 6/15/2015 10:27:08 AM
CECILE FOY GSANGER
Clerk
JOHN KIRBY,
APPELLANT,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE.
ON APPEAL FROM THE 319TH DISTRICT COURT
NUECES COUNTY, TEXAS
BRIEF FOR THE STATE
Douglas K. Norman
State Bar No. 15078900
Assistant District Attorney
105th Judicial District of Texas
901 Leopard, Room 206
Corpus Christi, Texas 78401
(361) 888-0410
(361) 888-0399 (fax)
douglas.norman@co.nueces.tx.us
Attorney for Appellee
ORAL ARGUMENT IS REQUESTED
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES........................................................................... ii
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ............................................................. 1
ARGUMENT .................................................................................................. 2
Reply Point No 1
Kirby has failed to prove that his trial attorney rendered ineffective
assistance of counsel by misadvising him concerning the possibility of
probation, or that any such advice caused Kirby to plead guilty............. 2
I. Statement of Facts. .......................................................................... 2
A. Cause No. 13-CR-1711-G (Appellate # 13-14-00692-CR). .. 2
B. Cause No. 14-CR-2951-G (Appellate # 13-14-00691-CR). .. 3
C. Consolidated Plea Hearing. .................................................. 3
II. Ineffective Assistance on a Plea. ................................................... 4
A. Deficient Performance. .......................................................... 4
B. Prejudice. ............................................................................... 6
Reply Point No 2
Kirby has failed to prove a conflict of interest by virtue of his trial
attorney acting as his bondsman, nor has he raised a meritorious
constitutional challenge, under the Sixth Amendment right to effective
assistance of counsel, to the statute allowing his attorney to act as
bondsman. ...................................................................................................... 7
I. Statement of Facts. .......................................................................... 7
II. Failure to Adequately Brief the Issue. ......................................... 8
III. Waiver of Constitutional Challenge. .......................................... 9
IV. Ineffective Assistance Based on a Conflict of Interest. ............. 9
PRAYER ....................................................................................................... 11
RULE 9.4 (i) CERTIFICATION .................................................................. 11
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ..................................................................... 12
i
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
Akridge v. State, 13 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.)... 6, 9
State v. Allen, 865 S.W.2d 472 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). ............................... 5
Belton v. State, 900 S.W.2d 886 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, pet. ref'd). ....... 5
Blank v. State, 172 S.W.3d 673 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2005, no pet.). ...... 5
Brown v. State, 974 S.W.2d 289 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. ref'd). 10
Busby v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). .............................. 8
Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 100 S.Ct. 1708 (1980). .............................. 9
Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 106 S. Ct. 366 (1985). ................................ 4, 6
Jackson v. State, 424 S.W.3d 140 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d). 8
Karenev v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). .......................... 9
Linney v. State, 401 S.W.3d 764 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet.
ref’d). ............................................................................................................... 8
Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). .............................. 8
Monreal v. State, 947 S.W.2d 559 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). .......................... 9
Ex parte Morrow, 952 S.W.2d 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).......................... 9
Ex Parte Moussazadeh, 361 S.W.3d 684 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). ............... 4
Ex parte Niswanger, 335 S.W.3d 611 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). .................... 6
Pollan v. State, 612 S.W.2d 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). ............................. 5
Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). ............................ 4
ii
Statutes & Rules
Tex. R. App. P. 38.1........................................................................................ 8
42 Texas Practice, Criminal Practice And Procedure § 29:106 (3d ed.). ....... 9
iii
NO. 13-14-692-CR
JOHN KIRBY, § COURT OF APPEALS
Appellant, §
§
V. § FOR THE THIRTEENTH
§
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
Appellee. § DISTRICT OF TEXAS
BRIEF FOR THE STATE
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
First Issue – Kirby has failed to present any record evidence to show that his
trial attorney misadvised him concerning the range of punishment or that he chose
to plead guilty based on misadvice.
Second Issue – Kirby failed to adequately brief or prove his complaint
concerning an alleged conflict of interest based on his attorney’s supposed service
as his bondsman.
1
ARGUMENT
Reply Point No 1
Kirby has failed to prove that his trial attorney rendered ineffective
assistance of counsel by misadvising him concerning the possibility of
probation, or that any such advice caused Kirby to plead guilty.
I. Statement of Facts.
A. Cause No. 13-CR-1711-G (Appellate # 13-14-00692-CR).
Kirby was indicted for a DWI committed on May 18, 2013, enhanced to a
felony by two prior DWI convictions, and further enhanced to habitual felony
offender by two prior felony convictions. (692 CR p. 5)1
In his Judicial Confession and Stipulation, filed on November 10, 2014,
Kirby pled guilty and judicially confessed to the present DWI, but merely
acknowledged that the grand jury “presents that” he had been convicted of the
enhancing felonies. However, Kirby also stipulated to the truth of the facts
contained in attached exhibits, including the prior convictions in question. (692
CR p. 41)
The judgment reflects a guilty plea and pleas and findings of true to the
enhancing convictions. (692 CR p. 213)
1
References to the clerk’s records are designated “691” and “692” to distinguish
the two separate cases on appeal in Cause Nos. 13-14-00691-CR and 13-14-00692-
CR.
2
B. Cause No. 14-CR-2951-G (Appellate # 13-14-00691-CR).
Kirby was indicted for a DWI committed on February 1, 2014, enhanced to a
felony by two prior DWI convictions, and further enhanced to habitual felony
offender by two prior felony convictions. (691 CR p. 5)
In his Judicial Confession and Stipulation, filed on November 10, 2014,
Kirby pled guilty and judicially confessed to the present DWI, but merely
acknowledged that the grand jury “presents that” he had been convicted of the
enhancing felonies. However, Kirby also stipulated to the truth of the facts
contained in attached exhibits, including the prior convictions in question. (691
CR p. 38)
The judgment reflects a guilty plea and pleas and findings of true to the
enhancing convictions. (691 CR p. 152)
C. Consolidated Plea Hearing.
The trial court initially confirmed that Kirby understood the range of
punishment for the enhanced offenses as 25 years to life. (RR vol. 2, pp. 8-9)
Kirby then pled guilty to the present DWIs and true to the enhancing DWIs, which
raised the present DWI to a felony. (RR vol. 2, pp. 10, 12-13) However, with
regard to the punishment enhancements, for burglary and robbery, the trial court
mentioned the nature of those two convictions and then asked merely, “[a]nd then
3
you probably did two separate pen trips; is that correct?” to which Kirby answered,
“Yes, sir.” Kirby never formally pled true to these enhancements. (RR vol. 2, pp.
10-11) The judicial confessions and stipulations for both cases were then offered
and entered into evidence without objection. (RR vol. 2, p. 11) The State also
offered into evidence, without objection, copies of the enhancing convictions. (RR
vol. 2, pp. 14-16) After all of the evidence had been presented, Kirby’s attorney
argued for probation before the trial court made findings of true to the
enhancements in question. (RR vol. 2, pp. 35-36 & 39)
II. Ineffective Assistance on a Plea.
Counsel's advice can provide assistance so ineffective that it renders a guilty
plea involuntary. Ex Parte Moussazadeh, 361 S.W.3d 684, 688 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012) (Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56, 106 S. Ct. 366 (1985)).
The defendant must show that his trial counsel's advice with respect to a plea
did not fall within the wide range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal
cases, and that, but for his attorney's deficiencies, he would not have accepted the
offer but would have insisted on going to trial. Ex parte Reedy, 282 S.W.3d 492,
500 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
A. Deficient Performance.
Kirby has failed to offer any proof in the present record that his trial attorney
misadvised him concerning the plea or the range of punishment. Affidavits
4
attached to the appellant’s brief do not constitute a part of the appellate record, and
the reviewing court is precluded from considering them. Pollan v. State, 612
S.W.2d 594, 596 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); Blank v. State, 172 S.W.3d 673, 675 n. 1
(Tex. App.-San Antonio 2005, no pet.) (op. on reh'g); Belton v. State, 900 S.W.2d
886, 893 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, pet. ref'd). Accordingly, Kirby fails to show
even the first prong of the test for ineffective assistance of counsel.
However, even if it could be inferred that counsel advised Kirby that he
might receive probation, such advice was not necessarily erroneous or inaccurate
before the trial court made a finding of true on the punishment enhancements in
question.
The Court of Criminal Appeals has stated as follows concerning repeat and
habitual felony punishments:
Once a finding of true as to the enhancement paragraphs has been made, the
“punishment is absolutely fixed” by law. Thus, in the instant case, upon
finding the two felony enhancement paragraphs of the indictment to be true,
the mandatory punishment provisions of Section 12.42(d) came into
operation.
State v. Allen, 865 S.W.2d 472, 474 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citations omitted).
In the present case, Kirby did not actually plead true to the enhancements,
but did stipulate to evidence of the prior convictions. Moreover, whether he pled
true to them or not, until the trial court actually made findings of true, it was within
the court’s power to refuse to make such findings and to punish Kirby only for
5
third-degree felonies, including the possibility of probation. Accordingly, trial
counsel’s argument, and any inferences about his advice that might flow from that
argument, may well have reflected a legally possible outcome and a reasonable
trial strategy to seek leniency.
B. Prejudice.
For ineffective assistance claims related to the entering of a guilty plea, the
defendant satisfies the prejudice prong by showing a “reasonable probability that,
but for counsel's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted
on going to trial.” Ex parte Niswanger, 335 S.W.3d 611, 615 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58–59, 106 S.Ct. 366 (1985)).
Accordingly, the defendant must present evidence that, but for counsel's deficient
advice, he would not have pled guilty but would have insisted on going to trial.
See Akridge v. State, 13 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.).
As with the first prong, there is no record proof that Kirby’s decision to
plead guilty was influenced in any way by his trial attorney’s advice concerning
probation.
Kirby’s first issue on appeal should be overruled.
6
Reply Point No 2
Kirby has failed to prove a conflict of interest by virtue of his trial
attorney acting as his bondsman, nor has he raised a meritorious
constitutional challenge, under the Sixth Amendment right to effective
assistance of counsel, to the statute allowing his attorney to act as bondsman.
I. Statement of Facts.
In Cause No. 13-CR-1711-G (13-14-692-CR), on March 12, 2014, a few
days the indictment was filed, attorney Stephen Giovannini filed a Motion to
Substitute Counsel, asserting that both he and attorney J. Esequiel (Zeke) Ramos,
Jr., had been employed to represent Kirby, and asking that they be substituted in as
counsel of record. (692 CR p. 10) The trial court granted the motion by order
signed on March 19, 2014. (692 CR p. 12)
In Cause No. 14-CR-2951-G (13-14-691-CR), on September 29, 2014, a
little over one month after the indictment was filed, J.E. Ramos, Jr., filed an
appearance as counsel of record for Kirby. (691 CR p. 21)
There is no mention in the clerk’s record in either case concerning who
actually bonded Kirby out of jail.
At the consolidated plea hearing, attorney Ramos appeared for Kirby on
both cases. (RR vol. 2, p. 4) During his discussions with Kirby, the trial court
stated, “you have counsel with you today, and I assume that's probably because he
7
bonded you out,” (RR vol. 2, p. 8), but this was neither confirmed nor denied by
Kirby or his attorney, Mr. Ramos.
II. Failure to Adequately Brief the Issue.
Appellant's brief must “must contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” Tex.
R. App. P. 38.1(i). When the appellant's brief contains no argument or citation to
any authority that might support an argument, the point of error is inadequately
briefed and presents nothing for review. Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 896 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); see also Jackson v. State, 424 S.W.3d 140, 155 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d); Linney v. State, 401 S.W.3d 764, 783 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). The reviewing court has no obligation to
construct and compose a party's issues, facts, and arguments with appropriate
citations to authorities and to the record. Lucio, 351 S.W.3d at 896; Busby v. State, 253
S.W.3d 661, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Kirby has cited no cases at all to flesh out the nature of his constitutional or
other challenge under this point. He merely asserts a conflict and assumes a
constitutional or ineffective assistance issue, without briefing the matter or making
a complete argument to show error in the judgment. For this reason alone, his
issue should be overruled.
8
III. Waiver of Constitutional Challenge.
A defendant may not raise for the first time on appeal a facial challenge to
the constitutionality of a statute. Karenev v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). Accordingly, any constitutional challenge to the statute
allowing his attorney to serve as his bondsman as well has not been preserved for
review.
IV. Ineffective Assistance Based on a Conflict of Interest.
In order for a defendant to demonstrate a violation of his right to the
reasonably effective assistance of counsel based on a conflict of interest, he must
show (1) that defense counsel was actively representing conflicting interests, and
(2) that the conflict had an adverse effect on specific instances of counsel's
performance. Ex parte Morrow, 952 S.W.2d 530, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)
(citing Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 100 S.Ct. 1708 (1980)); Akridge v. State,
13 S.W.3d 808, 809 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.).
An actual conflict of interest exists when counsel must choose between
advancing his client's interest or advancing other interests, including his own, to
the disadvantage of the client. Monreal v. State, 947 S.W.2d 559, 564 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997). Acting as surety on an appearance bond does not create a per se
conflict of interest between the attorney and his client. Akridge, 13 S.W.3d at 810;
see also 42 Texas Practice, Criminal Practice And Procedure § 29:106 (3d ed.)
9
(“The fact that counsel acted as the defendant's surety on his pretrial bond, for
example, did not show a conflict between counsel's interest as bondsman and the
defendant's interest in a fair trial.”).
Moreover, even if an actual conflict is established, the defendant must still
prove prejudice to establish ineffective assistance of counsel. Brown v. State, 974
S.W.2d 289, 292 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. ref'd).
As mentioned above with regard to the first issue on appeal, affidavits
attached to the appellant’s brief do not constitute a part of the appellate record, and
the reviewing court is precluded from considering them. Accordingly, aside from
the bare speculation of the trial court at the plea hearing, Kirby has failed to show
even that his attorney was his bondsman, much less that any such arrangement
caused an actual conflict of interest or prejudice.
Kirby’s second issue on appeal should be overruled.
10
PRAYER
For the foregoing reasons, the State respectfully requests that the judgment
of the trial court be affirmed.
Respectfully submitted,
Douglas K. Norman
/s/
___________________
Douglas K. Norman
State Bar No. 15078900
Assistant District Attorney
105th Judicial District of Texas
901 Leopard, Room 206
Corpus Christi, Texas 78401
(361) 888-0410
(361) 888-0399 (fax)
douglas.norman@co.nueces.tx.us
RULE 9.4 (i) CERTIFICATION
In compliance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3), I certify
that the number of words in this brief, excluding those matters listed in Rule
9.4(i)(1), is 1,988.
Douglas K. Norman
/s/
___________________
Douglas K. Norman
11
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
This is to certify that a copy of this brief was e-mailed on June 15, 2015, to
Appellant’s attorney, Mr. Travis Berry, travisberrylaw@gmail.com.
/s/Douglas K. Norman
___________________
Douglas K. Norman
12