In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00280-CR
TERESA AGUILERA, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 181st District Court
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court No. 65,099-B, Honorable John B. Board, Presiding
July 30, 2015
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Through three issues appellant Teresa Aguilera challenges her conviction for
possession of four grams or more but less than 200 grams of methamphetamine and
the resulting sentence of sixty years’ confinement in prison, enhanced.1 We will modify
1
See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(d) (West 2010). This is a
second degree felony which was enhanced to a first degree felony because of
appellant’s prior felony conviction for injury to a child. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
12.42(b) (West Supp. 2014).
the judgment to indicate appellant is not obligated to pay for court-appointed counsel
and, as modified, affirm the judgment.
Background
Appellant was a passenger in a vehicle stopped by police for a traffic violation. A
warrants check revealed outstanding warrants against the driver and he was arrested.
He possessed two pocket knives.
An officer spoke with appellant at the passenger side of the vehicle. She
appeared “very fidgety, nervous.” She stepped out of the vehicle and officers
conducted a consensual search of the vehicle and her pockets. A records check
revealed an outstanding warrant against appellant and she was arrested. When warned
of the consequences of bringing contraband into the county jail, appellant became
“visibly upset and started to cry.” She told officers she wished to surrender contraband
outside the sight of the driver because she was afraid of him and did not want him to
see her deliver it to officers. Officers accommodated her request and appellant
retrieved a cigarette pack hidden in her clothing. The package contained a marijuana
pipe, “raw marijuana” and burnt residue, and baggies containing a total of 4.11 grams of
methamphetamine.
According to appellant, when police executed the traffic stop the driver stuck a
knife “right there in the same place I have a previous mark right there.”2 Appellant
continued, the driver “bumped me with his elbow and . . . threw the pack of cigarettes
and something on me and everything. I didn’t want to do it.” She concealed the
2
It appears the location she indicated was that of a stab wound inflicted by a
former husband.
2
package in her clothing. She tried to exit the vehicle but appellant grabbed her “and just
pulled [her] back real ugly.”
Earlier in the evening appellant smoked methamphetamine provided by the
driver. Appellant denied knowingly or intentionally possessing the methamphetamine
found in the cigarette pack but seemed to admit such knowledge on cross-examination.
She testified the driver is a member of the Texas Syndicate gang, a claim he denied.
The officers to whom appellant surrendered the contraband and who transported her to
jail testified she did not mention the driver’s threat. The driver testified he did not
threaten appellant or possess the methamphetamine found on appellant in the cigarette
pack.
The evidence showed appellant and the driver had prior convictions, appellant for
marijuana possession, assault, driving while intoxicated, bail jumping, injury to a child,
theft, and possession of the marijuana pipe found in the cigarette pack. The driver was
previously convicted of evading arrest, forgery, burglary, organized crime, criminal
mischief, and failure to give identification as a fugitive. He denied drug dealing but
admitted smoking methamphetamine and marijuana.
Appellant agreed that occasionally she believes herself unable to differentiate
reality from dreaming. She acknowledged she had claimed her bail bondsman sexually
molested her and pointed a gun at her. In the State’s rebuttal, the bondsman denied
appellant’s claim.
The State’s rebuttal evidence showed that, in events after the charged offense,
appellant was convicted for misdemeanor possession of marijuana, possessed
3
marijuana when arrested by a bondsman for bond forfeiture, and at a traffic stop
produced marijuana concealed in her clothing.
Without objection, the charge contained the full statutory definitions of the mental
states intentionally and knowingly, as follows:
A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of her
conduct or to a result of her conduct when it is her conscious objective or
desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.
A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of
her conduct or to circumstances surrounding her conduct when she is
aware of the nature of her conduct or that the circumstances exist. A
person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of her
conduct when she is aware that her conduct is reasonably certain to
cause the result.
The application paragraph stated:
Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you find from the
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about 8th day of March,
2012, in Potter County, Texas, the defendant, TERESA AGUILERA, did
then and there intentionally or knowingly possess a controlled substance,
namely, methamphetamine, in an amount of four grams or more but less
than two hundred grams then you will find the defendant guilty of
possession of a controlled substance, as charged in the indictment and
say so by your verdict.
Based on her claim of duress, appellant argued her conduct was justified. The
trial court, accordingly, submitted instructions and an application paragraph regarding
the defense of duress.
Appellant was convicted and after the punishment phase the court imposed the
sentence noted.
4
Analysis
Appellant’s first two issues concern asserted error in the court’s charge. In her
first issue she asserts:
Possession of a controlled substance is both a “nature of conduct” and
“circumstances surrounding the conduct” offense. The appellant raised a
defense of duress–that she possessed the substance as a result of being
physically threatened with a knife to her neck. But the jury charge
permitted a guilty verdict based solely on the result of her conduct–that if
the result was possession, guilt was a proper verdict. Did the charge
cause egregious harm?
Appellant elaborates that even if jurors were not convinced of her justification defense,
the supporting testimony nevertheless should have caused them to question her
culpability given the circumstances surrounding her possession of the
methamphetamine. But, appellant continues, the charge “effectively negated” this
evidence by permitting a guilty verdict based solely on the result of her conduct, that is,
possession of methamphetamine.
“[A]ll alleged jury-charge error must be considered on appellate review
regardless of preservation in the trial court.” Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012). We first consider then whether the trial court committed charge error
as appellant asserts. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Should we find error, we then determine whether appellant was harmed to a degree
warranting reversal. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)
(op. on reh’g).
Health and Safety Code section 481.115(a) provides, “Except as authorized by
this chapter, a person commits an offense if the person knowingly or intentionally
5
possesses a controlled substance listed in Penalty Group 1, unless the person obtained
the substance directly from or under a valid prescription or order of a practitioner acting
in the course of professional practice.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(a)
(West 2010).
The element of an offense means the forbidden conduct, any required result, the
required culpability, and negation of any exception to the offense. TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 1.07(a)(22) (West Supp. 2014). The culpable mental states specified by the
Penal Code apply to three possible conduct elements of an offense; that is, the nature
of the conduct, the result of the conduct, and the circumstances surrounding the
conduct. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03 (West 2011); Robinson v. State, No. PD-0421-
14, 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 763, at *7 (Tex. Crim. App. July 1, 2015); McQueen v.
State, 781 S.W.2d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); Alvarado v. State, 704 S.W.2d 36,
38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). When an offense specifically delineates the type of conduct,
the trial court should limit the statutory definitions in the jury charge to the culpable
mental state required. Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994);
Murray v. State, 804 S.W.2d 279, 281 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1991, pet. refused); 43
George E. Dix & John M. Schmolesky, TEXAS PRACTICE SERIES: CRIMINAL PRACTICE &
PROCEDURE § 43:7 (3d ed. 2011). Appellant argues the court erred by including in the
charge definitions of the terms intentionally and knowingly that referred to a result of
conduct.
6
Our courts have not placed the offense of possession of a controlled substance
within a single category as a nature-, result- or circumstances-oriented offense.3 See
Harris v. State, No. 02-12-00091-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3930, at *6-8 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Apr. 10, 2014, pet. refused) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(noting possession of controlled substance not clearly categorized “as either result or
conduct oriented”); Garcia v. State, 790 S.W.2d 22, 25 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1990)
(“The mens rea requirement of a possessory offense is knowledge by a defendant that
his conduct or the circumstances surrounding his conduct constitutes possession of a
controlled substance”), abated, 840 S.W.2d 957 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc, per
curiam) (prior opinions withdrawn and appeal permanently abated on death of
appellant). See generally Huffman v. State, 267 S.W.3d 902, 905-07 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008) (describing categorization analyses). If an offense defies uniform categorization,
a trial court does not err by submitting a charge containing the complete statutory
definitions of the applicable culpable mental states because the statutory definitions
allow the jury to consider either the result or the nature of the defendant’s conduct. See
Harris, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3930, at *8; Murray, 804 S.W.2d at 281 (citing Saldivar v.
State, 783 S.W.2d 265, 267-68 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, no pet.)) (“when an
3
Appellant cites our opinion in Scott v. State, 253 S.W.3d 736, 742-43
(Tex.App.—Amarillo 2007, pet. refused) for the proposition that possession of a
controlled substance is a nature of conduct and circumstances surrounding the conduct
offense. We presume appellant relies on our quotation of the first sentence of Penal
Code section 6.03(b) (referring to nature of conduct and circumstances surrounding
conduct) in our egregious harm analysis in that case, and the fact we did not there also
quote the second sentence, which refers to result of conduct. Appellant reads too much
into the omission of the second sentence of section 6.03(b) at that location in Scott. In
the context, quotation of the second sentence was unnecessary. Our omission of that
sentence should not be taken as our expression of a holding that result of conduct has
no place in culpable mental state definitions in possession cases.
7
offense is both a result and a nature of the conduct type of offense, with respect to the
intent or knowledge required, the trial court should submit complete statutory definitions
of intentional and knowingly so that the jury can consider both the result of the
offender’s conduct and the nature of his conduct” (internal quotation marks and
emphasis omitted)). Contrary to appellant’s assertion, the offense for which she was
tried may be result-oriented. Accordingly, the jury charge, which allowed the jury to
consider either conduct or the result, was not erroneous.
If for the sake of argument we assume the trial court erred by including the result-
of-conduct definition, the record does not demonstrate reversible error. Because
appellant did not raise at trial the objection to the charge she now urges on appeal, to
reverse the judgment we must determine that the resulting harm to appellant was
egregious. Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Egregious
harm results from charge error that affects the very basis of the case, deprives the
defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Stuhler v. State, 218
S.W.3d 706, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This is a difficult standard to meet and
requires the record disclose actual rather than theoretical harm. Nava v. State, 415
S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The analysis for egregious harm considers
the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence (including the contested issues and the
weight of probative evidence), and the arguments of counsel, as well as all other
relevant information shown by the record. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 298.
Appellant’s contention is that she was egregiously harmed because the charge’s
definitions undermined her defensive theory, the justification defense of duress. We
first note it is difficult to see how a defense of duress could be impaired by the
8
definitions included in this charge because the law requires a defendant asserting
duress to admit she engaged in the proscribed conduct, including its required culpable
mental state. Ramirez v. State, 336 S.W.3d 846, 851 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet.
refused) (citing Giesberg v. State, 984 S.W.2d 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Timms v.
State, No. 07-09-0001-CR, 2009 Tex.App. LEXIS 10042, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
April 22, 2009, pet. refused)); see Whitworth v. State, No. 11-12-00114-CR, 2014 Tex.
App. LEXIS 5864, at *9 (Tex. App.—Eastland May 30, 2014, pet. refused) (mem. op.,
not designated for publication) (“The doctrine of confession and avoidance applies to
the defense of duress and the defense of necessity. Thus, to be entitled to an
instruction on the defense of duress, [a defendant] must point to defensive evidence
that shows that he admits to every element of the offense, including the culpable mental
state” (citing, inter alia, Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(describing operation of justification defense))).
As noted, appellant further contends the charge’s inclusion of the result-oriented
definitions impaired the chance the jury would accept an argument she lacked the
intention or knowledge to possess the methamphetamine, even if the jury rejected her
duress defense. But appellant does not explain how, if at all, drug possession
illuminated by the nature of her intentional conduct would differ from possession shown
by her intention to achieve that result. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(a) (West
2011) (person acts with intent when it is her conscious objective or desire to engage in
the conduct or cause the result); Joseph v. State, 897 S.W.2d 374, 376 (Tex. Crim. App.
1995) (conviction of possession of controlled substance requires proof defendant
exercised control, management or care over substance and knew the matter possessed
9
was contraband). Appellant’s argument the record demonstrates egregious harm is not
persuasive.
The jury charge defined “possession” as “actual care, custody, control or
management of an item.” Its application paragraph required the jury to find appellant
did, at the requisite time and place, “intentionally or knowingly possess a controlled
substance, namely, methamphetamine . . . .” The application paragraph thus told the
jury it must find appellant intentionally or knowingly engaged in the conduct of
possession, not that she intentionally or knowingly accomplished a particular result. To
any degree that focus on a result of conduct is improper in a drug possession case,
therefore, the jury here was properly focused on the nature of appellant’s conduct. For
that reason also, we find any error in the abstract definitions of the culpable mental
states was not calculated to injure appellant’s rights or deprive her of a fair and impartial
trial. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.19 (West 2006); see Medina v. State, 7
S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“Where the application paragraph correctly
instructs the jury, an error in the abstract instruction is not egregious”); Harris, 2014 Tex.
App. LEXIS 3930, at *8-9. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
By her second issue, appellant argues that because in the abstract the court
gave each Penal Code definition of intentional and knowing, the jury was erroneously
relieved of the obligation to render a unanimous verdict, causing her egregious harm.
Appellant, citing our opinion in Scott, 253 S.W.3d at 742-43, bases her argument again
on the notion that result of conduct has no part in possession offenses. We have
explained that we did not hold as much in Scott, and the assertion is not consistent with
10
the opinions of other courts of appeals. See, e.g., Harris, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3930,
at *6-8. For that reason, appellant’s second issue is overruled.
Through her third issue, appellant contends she was required to repay court-
appointed attorney’s fees when she was at all times indigent. The clerk’s record
indicates appellant received court-appointed trial counsel and appellate counsel
because of indigence. The judgment signed on August 13, 2013, and a judgment nunc
pro tunc signed on August 20, 2013, require that appellant repay court costs “as per
attached Bill of Cost.” Elsewhere, these judgments order “upon release from
confinement, Defendant proceed immediately to the Potter County District Clerk. Once
there, the Court ORDERS Defendant to pay, or make arrangements to pay, any
remaining unpaid fines, court costs, and restitution as ordered by the Court as per
attached Bill of Cost.” Neither the bill of costs following the August 13 judgment nor the
bill of costs following the August 20 judgment nunc pro tunc contain an amount of
attorney’s fees.
A supplemental clerk’s record filed on June 25, 2014, contains a bill of costs
dated February 26, 2014 which includes an attorney’s fees balance of $2,800, and a
June 25, 2014, “amended” bill of costs which omits any amount of attorney’s fees. The
June 25 amended bill of costs, although included in the supplemental clerk’s record,
was not signed and does not bear a file stamp. Each signed bill of costs in the record
contains the printed statement: “Please note–other fees may be applied at a later date:
Upon this office reviewing the Judgment, Probation Order, Order Deferring and Order to
Pay Court Appointed Attorney (by statute) other fees may apply.”
11
A trial court has authority to order reimbursement of the fees of court-appointed
counsel if the court determines that a defendant has financial resources enabling her to
offset, in part or in whole, the costs of the legal services provided. TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 26.05(g) (West Supp. 2014); Mayer v. State, 274 S.W.3d 898, 901 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 2008), aff’d, 309 S.W.3d 552 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). But “[a] defendant
who is determined by the court to be indigent is presumed to remain indigent for the
remainder of the proceedings in the case unless a material change in the defendant’s
financial circumstances occurs.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04(p) (West 2014).
“[T]he defendant’s financial resources and ability to pay are explicit critical elements in
the trial court’s determination of the propriety of ordering reimbursement of costs and
fees.” Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at 556. Accordingly, the record must supply a factual basis
supporting a determination the defendant is capable of repaying the attorney’s fees
levied. Barrera v. State, 291 S.W.3d 515, 518 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, no pet.) (per
curiam).
Here, the record does not show the trial court reconsidered its determination of
indigency, the occurrence of a material change in appellant’s financial circumstances, or
her ability to offset the cost of legal services provided. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
26.04(p) and art. 26.05(g) (West Supp. 2014). As noted, after imposition of sentence
the trial court appointed appellate counsel for appellant and ordered a free record based
on appellant’s indigence. We agree with appellant there is no evidence she is able to
repay attorney’s fees expended on her behalf. While it appears intended that appellant
not bear the repayment obligation of her court-appointed attorney’s fees, the broad
language of the judgment nunc pro tunc, the inclusion in the February 26, 2014 bill of
12
costs of an amount of attorney’s fees, and the clerk’s written admonition of the possible
future addition of fees cast doubt on that outcome.
We therefore sustain appellant’s third issue and modify the judgment nunc pro
tunc to preclude the recovery of court-appointed attorney’s fees as a court cost.
Conclusion
We make the following modification to the August 20, 2013 “nunc pro tunc
judgment of conviction by jury.” At page 2, beneath the heading “Furthermore, the
following special findings or orders apply:” there is added, “As used in this judgment, the
term ‘court costs’ does not include court-appointed attorney’s fees.”
As modified, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b).
James T. Campbell
Justice
Do not publish.
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