United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
January 5, 2006
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 05-30221
Summary Calendar
KELLI SCHEXNAYDER, ET AL,
Plaintiffs,
KELLI SCHEXNAYDER,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DANIEL J. BONFIGLIO; ET AL,
Defendants,
JANI-KARE JANITORIAL SERVICE, INC.,
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Louisiana
No. 3:02-CV-1147
______________________________
Before BARKSDALE, STEWART, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
1
PER CURIAM:*
In this Title VII sexual discrimination case, defendant-appellant Jani-Kare Janitorial Service,
Inc. (“Jani-Kare”), appeals from a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff-appellee Kelli Schexnayder. In
November 2002, Schexnayder sued Jani-Kare and its managers in state court.1 Subsequently, the
defendants removed the case to federal court, and all co-defendants but Jani-Kare were dismissed.
Following a jury trial in January 2005, Schexnayder was awarded $200,000 in compensatory and
punitive damages for sexual discrimination suffered during her employment at Jani-Kare, based on
evidence of physical and verbal harassment by both Jani-Kare’s President/Owner and Operations
Manager. Jani-Kare appeals from the district court verdict on several grounds. We affirm the
judgment below.
I. Jani-Kare’s Assignments of Error
A. Compensatory Damages
For the first time on appeal, Jani-Kare argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the
jury verdict both as to the company’s liability and the size of the damages award. Since, at trial, Jani-
Kare did not move for a judgment as a matter of law, “our inquiry is limited to ‘whether there was
any evidence to support the jury’s verdict, irrespective of its sufficiency . . . .” MacArthur v. Univ.
of Tex. Health Ctr. at Tyler, 45 F.3d 890, 896 n.8 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing Coughlin v. Capitol Cement
Co., 571 F.2d 290, 297 (5th Cir. 1978)). See also McKenzie v. Lee, 259 F.3d 372, 374 (5th Cir.
2001).
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and
is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
1
Three co-plaintiffs sued along with Schexnayder. None of the co-plaintiffs prevailed at trial, and
none join the instant appeal.
2
A review of the record reveals evidence to support the jury verdict. Over the course of two
days, Jani-Kare’s upper management subjected Schexnayder to repeated improper sexual advances,
which she asked they stop. On one occasion, the President/Owner and Operations Manager of the
company tried to elicit from Schexnayder her favorite sexual position. Later the same day, both
managers independently grabbed her inappropriately. Schexnayder asked both managers never to
touch her again. The next day, when Schexnayder went to the Operations Manager’s office to
retrieve an employee handbook to review the company’s sexual harassment policies, the Operations
Manager—as Schexnayder bent over to get the handbook off the floor—grabbed her again and said
“you never told me how you like to have sex.”2 We conclude that, under the proper standard of
review, the jury’s verdict is supported by the evidence.
Jani-Kare also challenges the size of the compensatory damages award. For similar reasons,
Jani-Kare’s argument fails. Again, in the absence of an objection at trial, an appellant’s challenge in
the nature of the sufficiency of the evidence will be denied if any evidence supports the verdict. See
MacArthur, 45 F.3d at 896 n.8. The jury awarded Schexnayder $25,000 for pain and suffering
caused by the hostile work environment and $5,000 for pain and suffering caused by the constructive
discharge. During the course of the trial, the jury heard evidence regarding Jani-Kare’s conduct that
supports the verdict. The size of an award is within the province of the jury, so long as the award
is not impermissibly affected by “passion or prejudice.” See Green v. Adm’rs of Tulane Educ. Fund,
2
Jani-Kare attempts to accentuate the time duration element of a Title VII claim, arguing that the
plaintiff did not suffer discrimination over a sufficiently extensive period of time as to qualify for a
Title VII claim. However, the frequency of the discriminatory conduct is only one element in
assessing whether the plaintiff has met the requirements of a Title VII claim; other factors include the
severity and type of discriminatory conduct and its impact on the plaintiff’s work performance. See
Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116 (2002).
3
284 F.3d 642, 660–61 (5th Cir. 2002) (“[I]t would be improper to speculate about the nature of the
jury deliberations, especially in light of the fact that there was no reason to suspect that the jury acted
out of passion or prejudice.”).
The facts here do not reveal impermissible “passion or prejudice.” See id. Jani-Kare prevailed
at trial against several of Schexnayder’s co-plaintiffs. Moreover, the discrete categorization of
compensatory damages and the separat e punitive damages award indicate that the jury carefully
considered the evidence in arriving at its damages determination. Jani-Kare has shown no basis by
which to warrant disturbing the jury award.
B. Punitive Damages
(1) Pleading Requirements
Jani-Kare argues that the district court erred in instructing the jury o n the availability of
punitive damages, noting that Schexnayder did not specially plead those damages pursuant to FED.
R. CIV. PROC. 9(g).3 Jani-Kare preserved the issue by objecting to the jury instruction at trial. We
review for abuse of discretion special interrogatories and jury charges that were properly challenged
in the district court. Broad. Satellite Int’l, Inc. v. Nat’l Digital Television Ctr., Inc., 323 F.3d 339,
342 (5th Cir. 2003).
Initially, we note that Rule 9(g) does not mention punitive damages, nor does it define the
“special damages” for which special pleading is required. Jani-Kare cites no Fifth Circuit (nor any
circuit) precedent to support its position that punitive damages must be pled with specificity.4
3
“Special Damage. When items of special damage are claimed, they shall be specifically stated.” FED.
R. CIV. P. 9(g).
4
On the other hand, in her brief, Schexnayder cites two district court cases in this circuit that address
the issue directly. In response to a pre-trial motion in Southern Pacific Transportation Co. v.
4
Regardless, as the district court noted, Jani-Kare received ample actual notice before trial that
Schexnayder was seeking punitive damages. Jani-Kare also implicitly recognized the possibility of
punitive damages in its notice of removal to federal district court. There, Jani-Kare noted that
Schexnayder asserted a Title VII claim; at the time of removal, punitive damages were a permissible
statutory remedy for Title VII claims. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981a(a)(1), (b)(1). The district court did
not abuse its discretion by including the punitive damages component in the jury interrogatories.
(2) Sufficiency of the Evidence
Jani-Kare argues that the evidence is insufficient to support punitive damages. At trial, Jani-
Kare did not object to the sufficiency of the evidence to support punitive damages by filing a motion
under FED. R. CIV. P. 50(a) or (b). Nor was Jani-Kare’s objection to the jury interrogatory related
to the sufficiency of the evidence. See Scottish Heritable Trust, PLC v. Peat Marwick Main & Co.,
81 F.3d 606, 611 (5th Cir. 1996) (holding that an issue was preserved because a party’s “objections
to the jury charge adequately addressed the sufficiency of the evidence issues which it now seeks to
appeal”). Accordingly, we will not overturn the jury verdict on punitive damages if any evidence
supports the verdict. Lincoln v. Case, 340 F.3d 283, 290 (5th Cir. 2003).
Principally, Jani-Kare argues that its managers’ actions did not meet the standard of egregious
conduct required for punitive damages. However, under Kolstad v. American Dental Ass’n, Title
VII “does not require a showing of egregious or outrageous discrimination independent of the
employer’s state of mind.” 527 U.S. 526, 535 (1999). Rather, a jury may award punitive damages
Builders Transport, Inc., No. 90-3177, 1993 WL 232058, at *4 (E.D. La. June 22, 1993), the district
court ruled that punitive damages do not fall within the special pleading requirements of Rule 9(g).
That opinion was cited and followed by a magistrate judge in St. Pierre v. Maingot, No. 01-2281,
2002 WL 31655355, at *2 (E.D. La. Nov. 21, 2002).
5
pursuant to Title VII merely if the employer knew it may have been violating the law. Id. at 536
(“[A]n employer must at least discriminate in the face of a perceived risk that its actions will violate
federal law to be liable in punitive damages.”). Here, the evidence of Jani-Kare’s conduct presented
at trial supports the jury’s verdict.
(3) Constitutional Challenge
Jani-Kare also argues that the punitive damages award is constitutionally excessive in light
of BMW v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 574–75 (1996). Normally, we review de novo a constitutional
challenge to the size of a punitive damages award. Lincoln, 340 F.3d at 290. However, Jani-Kare
never moved for a new trial or remittitur in the district court, thereby depriving the district court of
the opportunity to correct any alleged imperfections in the jury award. Therefore, Jani-Kare did not
preserve the issue for appeal. See Carlton v. H.C. Price Co., 640 F.2d 573, 577 (5th Cir. 1981) (“We
have held that ‘there can be no appellate review (of allegedly excessive or inadequate damages) if the
trial court was not given an opportunity to exercise its discretion on a motion for new trial.”) (quoting
Baker v. Dillon, 389 F.2d 57, 58 (5th Cir. 1968)). See also Hardeman v. City of Albuquerque, 377
F.3d 1106, 1122 (10th Cir. 2004) (holding that “the defendants failed to preserve their constitutional
challenge to the size of the punitive damages award” because they did not raise the issue in post-trial
motions before the district court).5 Because Jani-Kare did not preserve this issue, we do not reach
5
Were we to consider the constitutional issue, Jani-Kare’s argument would fail. Assuming arguendo
that Gore applies, here not only are the punitive damages relatively low but also they do not reflect
an excessive multiple of the compensatory damages award, which Gore guarded against. See Gore,
517 U.S. at 583 (“In most cases, the ratio will be within a constitutionally acceptable range, and
remittitur will not be justified on this basis. When the ratio is a breathtaking 500 to 1, however, the
award must surely raise a suspicious judicial eyebrow.”) (internal citation omitted). Further, in
contrast to Gore’s unbounded discretionary verdict, the punitive damages award here was controlled
by a relatively modest federal statutory cap, see 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3), which provided Jani-Kare
proper notice of the consequences of its illegal conduct. See Gore, 517 U.S. at 574 (“Elementary
6
it.
II. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
notions of fairness enshrined in our constitutional jurisprudence dictate that a person receive fair
notice not only of the conduct that will subject him to punishment, but also of the severity of the
penalty that a State may impose.”).
7