M.C. v. Super. Ct.

Filed 9/29/16
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

M.C.,
Petitioner,
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF DEL A148627
NORTE COUNTY,
(Del Norte County
Respondent; Super. Ct. Nos. JVSQ15-6161 &
DEL NORTE COUNTY DEPARTMENT JVSQ15-6162)
OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,
Real Party in Interest.

M.C. (Mother) seeks writ relief from orders terminating her reunification services
at the six-month review hearing and setting the matter for a Welfare and Institutions Code
section 366.26 hearing.1 C.C. and K.C. were removed from Mother when the children
were five and 11 years old, respectively, based on Mother’s substance abuse issues,
criminal activity, and the condition of her home. Mother contends she was statutorily
entitled to 12 months of services and that period could be shortened only on the filing of
a section 388 petition. We conclude Mother was entitled to 12 months of services except
under the circumstances specified in section 361.5, subdivision (a)(2). The juvenile court
did not terminate services in accordance with these statutory provisions. We therefore
grant Mother’s writ petition.

1
All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
 BACKGROUND
The Del Norte County Department of Health and Human Services (Department)
received a referral from law enforcement after officers searched Mother’s residence and
found mushrooms, meth pipes, marijuana paraphernalia, concentrated cannabis, brass
knuckles and butterfly knives. It also appeared the occupants were hoarders, as there
were large piles of items. Some of the piles were over seven feet tall, presenting a hazard
to the children. Mother was arrested for possession of a controlled substance, possession
of drug paraphernalia, possession of marijuana over 28.5 grams, possession for sale,
receiving stolen property, and carrying a dirk or dagger. Two days later, Mother tested
positive for methamphetamine, benzodiazepines, and marijuana. K.C. and C.C. were
immediately removed from her custody.
The Department filed a juvenile dependency petition alleging failure to protect the
children, leaving them without support, and abuse of a sibling under section 300. The
petition further alleged Mother has a substance abuse problem that impairs her ability to
adequately supervise and care for the children, and she engages in criminal activity that
places the children at substantial risk of physical and/or emotional harm. The court
ordered K.C. and C.C. detained, and ordered that Mother receive parenting education,
random drug screening, substance abuse assessment and any recommended treatment.
The court also ordered supervised visitation.
In subsequent reports, the Department noted Mother’s substance abuse was
“causing clouded judgment as to what is an appropriate environment and care for her
children.” Despite her admitted daily marijuana and occasional methamphetamine use,
Mother continued to deny she had a substance abuse problem stating she “only uses meth
to do yard work.”
Prior to the six-month review hearing, the Department filed a report stating
Mother had not “involved herself in any of the services” offered, apparently because she
was a “medical” marijuana user and thus was not eligible for substance abuse treatment.
Nor did Mother apparently think these programs would help her address a
methamphetamine habit. The report further advised Mother had just accepted a plea deal

2
to resolve charges based on her “keeping a drug house,” whereby she would be sentenced
to eight months in state prison and thereafter be on probation, subject to drug testing.
The Department expressed hope that, having been required to participate in drug
treatment in prison, she would comply with testing and program requirements on
probation. Mother also had agreed to complete a mental health assessment and to attend
parenting classes. The Department therefore recommended that services be continued.
About two weeks later, the Department filed an addendum. The Department
newly recommended services be terminated because Mother had, in fact, been sentenced
to 18 months in state prison and it was “unknown what services would be available or
offered” while she is incarcerated. The Department “cannot recommend an additional six
months of services” if Mother “is to be unable to comply with her case plan
requirements.”
At the contested six-month review hearing, Mother’s counsel advised the court
Mother had actually been sentenced to 16 months in state prison. The Department, in
turn, explained it would have recommended continued services if Mother was going to be
released prior to the end of the “review period,” but that was no longer the case. At that
point, the juvenile court stated it was obvious the Department’s “witness is incorrect.”
On a 16-month sentence, said the court, Mother would “do eight months,” plus she had
credits for time already served. It was apparent none of the participants at the hearing
knew exactly how long Mother would be incarcerated, or what programs would be
available to her in prison. The court commented, “. . . I think [state prisons] have
services. But what I’ve seen, generally, have not been particularly good services and
don’t—frankly, aren’t as good as what’s available here.”
Ultimately, the juvenile court made numerous findings, including: adequate
services were provided, mother had “simply not engaged in services,” there was an
“extremely low” likelihood of reunification prior to the 12-month dependency hearing,
Mother had not provided a safe and secure home, the services that would be available to
her in prison would be inadequate to overcome her many serious problems, and the

3
minors’ need for permanency. The court ordered services terminated and set the matter
for a permanency hearing under section 366.26.
DISCUSSION
Applicable Welfare and Institutions Code Provisions
Section 361.5, subdivision (a)(1), provides that where a detained child is three
years of age or older, 12 months of reunification services “shall be provided” to the
parent. (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(1)(A).) Subdivision (a)(2) provides the framework for
terminating services prior to the end of the 12-month period. It states in relevant part:
“Any motion to terminate court-ordered reunification services prior to the hearing set
pursuant to subdivision (f) of Section 366.21 [the permanency hearing, which is to be
held no later than 12 months after the child enters foster care] for a child described by
subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) [a child three years of age or older] . . . shall be made
pursuant to the requirements set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 388.” (§ 361.5,
subd. (a)(2).) It further states that such a motion “shall not be required” for the court to
terminate services prior to the permanency hearing if, at the six-month review hearing,
the court “finds by clear and convincing evidence one of the following: [¶] (A) That the
child was removed initially under subdivision (g) of Section 300 and the whereabouts of
the parent are still unknown. [¶] (B) That the parent has failed to contact and visit the
child. [¶] (C) That the parent has been convicted of a felony indicating parental
unfitness.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2)(A), (B), (C); see generally In re J.P. (2014)
229 Cal.App.4th 108, 121–122 (J.P.).)
Subdivision (c) of section 388, in turn, provides, in relevant part: “Any party,
including a child who is a dependent of the juvenile court, may petition the court, prior to
the [dependency] hearing . . . to terminate court-ordered reunification services provided
under subdivision (a) of Section 361.5 only if one of the following conditions exists:
[¶] (A) It appears that a change of circumstance or new evidence exists that satisfies a
condition set forth in subdivision (b) or (e) of Section 361.5 justifying termination of
court-ordered reunification services. [¶] (B) The action or inaction of the parent or
guardian creates a substantial likelihood that reunification will not occur, including, but

4
not limited to, the parent’s or guardian’s failure to visit the child, or the failure of the
parent or guardian to participate regularly and make substantive progress in a court-
ordered treatment plan.” (§ 388, subd. (c)(1)(A), (B).) The court can terminate services
only if it finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that reasonable services have been
offered and one of these two conditions exist. (§ 388, subd. (c)(3); see J.P., supra,
229 Cal.App.4th at p. 122.)
“Disentitlement Doctrine”
The Department advances three arguments in support of the juvenile court’s
orders. It first maintains Mother is foreclosed from seeking writ relief under the
“disentitlement” doctrine. While it is true, “[a] reviewing court has inherent power to
dismiss an appeal when the appealing party has refused to comply with the orders of the
trial court[,] [citation] . . . [i]n dependency cases, the doctrine has been applied only in
cases of the most egregious conduct by appellant that frustrates the purpose of
dependency law and makes it impossible for the court to protect the child or act in the
child’s best interests. (See In re Kamelia S. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1224 [father
absconded with minor]; Guardianship of Melissa W. (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 1293
[grandparents absconded with minor]; Adoption of Jacob C. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 617
[mother abducted child].)” (In re Z.K. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 51, 63.)
This is not such a case. Mother made some, albeit minimal, attempt to comply
with her case plan. She contacted mental health services and made some effort to visit
the children. The Department, itself, observed Mother seemingly loved her children and
exhibited some motivation in progressing with her plan, and it initially recommended that
services be continued. It subsequently recommended termination because Mother faced a
prison sentence. In short, Mother’s conduct does not rise to the level of “flagrant
disobedience and contempt” that would justify disentitlement to pursue her appellate
remedies. (In re Z.K., supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at p. 64.)
Discretion to Terminate Services
The Department secondly maintains juvenile courts have inherent discretion to
terminate services at any time, whether or not a section 388 petition has been filed. The

5
Department relies on In re Aryanna C. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 1234 (Aryanna C.) and In
re Derrick S. (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 436 (Derrick S.).
In Aryanna C., the father appealed from an order terminating his parental rights to
an infant. At the three-month review hearing, the juvenile court terminated reunification
services and set the matter for a section 366.26 hearing. (Aryanna C., supra,
132 Cal.App.4th at p. 1238.) Since the child was under three, a six-month, rather than a
12-month, period of reunification services applied. (Id. at pp. 1239–1240.) On appeal,
the father maintained he was entitled to a full six months of services and the only way
that period could be shortened was by way of a section 388 petition. (Aryanna C., at
p. 1239.) The Court of Appeal affirmed the early termination of services. It declined to
read section 361.5 as setting forth mandatory time periods, stating the statutes governing
reunification services must be considered “in light of the juvenile dependency system as a
whole” and the “overall objective of that system is the protection of abused or neglected
children.” (Aryanna C., at p. 1241.) Thus, “[r]eading sections 361.5, subdivision (a), and
366.21, subdivision (e), together,” the court concluded “the juvenile court has the
discretion to terminate the reunification services of a parent at any time after it has
ordered them, depending on the circumstances.” (Id. at p. 1242.)
This conclusion was supported, said the Aryanna C. court, by the language of
section 361.5, subdivision (a)(2), which at that time stated, with respect to a child under
three, that “services ‘may not exceed’ ” six months. This established a maximum time
period, not a minimum entitlement. (Aryanna C., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 1242.)
The court also pointed to section 366.21, subdivision (e), which provides if the child is
not returned to the parent at the six-month review hearing, the juvenile court “shall” order
that services “be initiated, continued or terminated.” (§ 366.21 subd. (e)(8).) The court
observed a six-month review hearing may, in fact, be held earlier than six months after
the initial dispositional hearing. (Aryanna C., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1240–1241.)
The Aryanna C. court recognized the importance of reunification services “cannot
be gainsaid” and the “law favors reunification whenever possible.” (Aryanna C., supra,
132 Cal.App.4th at p. 1242) However, “reunification services constitute a benefit; there

6
is no constitutional ‘ “entitlement” ’ to those services.” (Ibid.) It, therefore, “remains
within the discretion of the juvenile court to determine whether continued services are in
the best interests of the minor, or whether those services should be ended at some point”
before the statutory period has elapsed. (Id. at p. 1243.)
In Derrick S., a child over the age of three appealed from a six-month review
hearing order denying his request to terminate services for his mother and to set a section
366.26 hearing. Following the reasoning of Aryanna C., the Court of Appeal concluded
juvenile courts also have discretion in cases involving children over the age of three to
terminate services prior to the 12-month hearing. (Derrick S., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at
p. 439.) The court called the periods set forth in section 361.5, “default” periods. “This
statutory language establishes a dual-track approach based on the dependent minor’s age.
If the child is under three, the default position is six months of reunification services. If
the child is over three, the default position is 12 months. For both categories, the outer
limit is 18 months.” (Derrick S., at pp. 444–445.) “But none of these time periods,” said
the court, “is immutable.” (Id. at p. 445.) There is “no absolute right to receive the
maximum amount of statutorily fixed services in any and all circumstances”—made clear
by the “no fewer than 15 situations in which the juvenile court is not required to order
any reunification services.” (Ibid.) “ ‘Nowhere,’ ” observed the court, “ ‘is it provided
that a minimum of 12 months of services is required.’ ” (Ibid., quoting In re David H.
(1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 368, 388.) And since 2000, “it has been established that a motion
pursuant to section 388” may be used to ask the juvenile court to terminate services
earlier. (Ibid.)
The Derrick S. court pointed out the language of section 361.5 provided, in
connection with a child three or over, that reunification services “shall not exceed”
12 months, and section 366.21, subdivision (e) provided if a child was not returned to a
parent at the six-month hearing, the court was to determine whether reasonable services
had been provided, and either commence, continue or terminate services. (Derrick S.,
supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 448.) “These seemingly conflicting directives are
harmonized by the Aryanna C. formula: 12 months of services will ordinarily be provided

7
for a parent of a dependent child over the age of three, but services may be discontinued
in the rare case when ‘the likelihood of reunification is,’ for whatever reason, ‘extremely
low.’ ” (Ibid.)
The Derrick S. court was also of the opinion the Legislature could not have
intended, “much less commanded,” that services be provided where, by all indicators, it
would be futile, as in the case before it, where the parent was on the run from law
enforcement. (Derrick S., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 448.) “[I]t would ill serve the
needs of the dependent child to be hostage to a fugitive parent, particularly one with an
‘ “abysmal record of failure at reunification.’ ” (Id. at p. 449, quoting Aryanna C., supra,
132 Cal.App.4th at p. 1241.)
However, the year after Derrick S. was decided, the Legislature amended
sections 361.5 and 388. The Assembly Committee on Human Services report explained
the author’s intent was to afford parents “a minimum (emphasis added) of 6 months of
reunification services for children under three and 12 months of reunification services for
children over the age of three.” (Assem. Com. on Human Services, Analysis of Assem.
Bill No. 2341 (2007–2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended Mar. 28, 2008, p. 2 [italics and
parenthetical in original].) It further explained, “recent appellate cases allowing
termination of reunification services prior to the end of these timeframes (see analysis of
cases below) circumvent due process requirements and are inappropriate.” (Ibid.) The
report went on to specifically identify Aryanna C. and Derrick S. as holding the statutory
time periods were not minimum periods, but rather set an “outside limit” on services and
the court “could terminate those services any time after it ordered them.” (Assem. Com.
on Human Services, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2341 (2007–2008 Reg. Sess.) as
amended Mar. 28, 2008 at p. 3.) “By contrast, prior appellate court decisions had
characterized the 6 and 12-month timeframes as ‘minimum’ periods of time during which
parents were ‘entitled’ to reunification services.” (Ibid.) The report also observed that
another court, prior to Aryanna C. and Derrick S., had held the statutory time periods
could properly be cut short by way of a section 388 petition. (Assem. Com. on Human

8
Services, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2341 (2007–2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended Mar. 28,
2008 at p. 3; see Shelia S. v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 872, 877–879.)
The report stated that, “[a]s amended, this bill would continue to allow courts to
change, modify or set aside initial orders for reunification services, but would narrow the
instances in which the court could use this discretion to those in which changed
circumstances or new evidence, if available at the time of the disposition hearing, could
have lead the court to bypass reunification services.” (Assem. Com. on Human Services,
Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2341 (2007–2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended Mar. 28, 2008 at
p. 4.)
The report also noted that the argument in opposition to the legislation was that
services would have to be provided “ ‘whether or not the parent has shown any progress
in reunification,’ and the ‘practical ramification of having mandatory times for
reunification’ ” would be a delay in permanency for children. (Assem. Com. on Human
Services, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2341 (2007–2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended Mar. 28,
2008 at p. 4.) In other words, the opposition voiced the same policy reasons that drove
the courts in Aryanna C. and Derrick S. to conclude the then-existing statutory language
did not establish mandatory reunification time periods and juvenile courts retained
inherent discretion to terminate services prior to the statutorily designated periods.
There can be no question, then, that the 2008 amendments reined in Aryanna C.
and Derrick S. and eliminated the broad discretion to terminate services at any time those
cases had recognized. (See Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2341
(2007–2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended Apr. 16, 2008, pp. 3–6; Sen. Rules Com., Off. of
Sen. Floor Analyses, 3d reading analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2341 (2007–2008 Reg.
Sess.) as amended Aug. 18, 2008, pp. 4–5; Seiser & Kumli, Cal. Juvenile Courts Practice
and Procedure (2016) § 2.129[1] at p. 2-454 [2008 amendments making reunification

9
periods mandatory and limiting judicial discretion to terminate earlier “resulted in a
major policy change for California”].2)
The language of section 361.5 was, thus, changed from providing that
reunification services are “not to exceed” either six or 12 months, to specifying that
services “shall be provided” for either a six- or 12-month period. (§ 361.5,
subd. (a)(1)(A), (B).)
Section 361.5 also now specifies that “[a]ny motion to terminate court-ordered
reunification services prior to” the six-month hearing for a child under three or the
twelve-month hearing for a child over three “shall be made pursuant to the requirements
set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 388.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2).) However, such a
motion “shall not be required” for the court to terminate services at the six-month review
hearing if the court “finds by clear and convincing evidence one of the following:
[¶] (A) That the child was removed initially under subdivision (g) of Section 300 and the
whereabouts of the parent are still unknown. [¶] (B) That the parent has failed to contact

2
In In re Katelynn Y. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 871, the court stated: “By
amending sections 361.5 and 388, subdivision (c), the Legislature codified existing case
law that had allowed the court to terminate reunification services before the prescribed
time period expired (In re Aryanna C., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th 1234; In re Derrick S.
(2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 436, 448–449; Sheila S. v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th
872.), and provided the vehicle by which a party could seek to have services terminated
early. (See §§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2), 388, subd. (c); Stats. 2008, ch. 457, §§ 1.5, 2.)” (Id. at
pp. 878–879.) The court then added: “At the same time, the amended statute limited the
court’s discretion to terminate services early by requiring a hearing and a finding by clear
and convincing evidence that certain circumstances exist, including the substantial
likelihood reunification will not occur with a parent. (§ 388, subd. (c)(1)(B), (3).)” (Id.
at p. 879.) While we do not agree the Legislature “codified” Aryanna C. and Derrick S.,
we do agree the Legislature limited the courts’ discretion to terminate services early. We
also agree with Katelynn Y.’s holding that a juvenile court, in ruling on a section 388
petition, may terminate services as to one parent without immediately setting a section
366.26 hearing, thus allowing the other parent to continue receiving services.

10
and visit the child. [¶] (C) That the parent has been convicted of a felony indicating
parental unfitness.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2) (A), (B), (C); see § 366.21, subd. (e)(5).)3
We recognize that while the Legislature amended sections 361.5, subdivision (a)
and 388 in response to Aryanna C. and Derrick S., it did not also amend section 366.21,
subdivision (e)(8), which provides that if a child is not returned to the parent at the six-
month review hearing, the juvenile court shall determine whether reasonable services
have been provided and the court “shall order that those services be initiated, continued,
or terminated.” (§ 366.21, subd. (e)(8).) As we have discussed, in Aryanna C. and
Derrick S. the appellate courts pointed to this statutory provision as additional support for
their conclusion that juvenile courts had discretion to terminate services before the end of
the statutory periods prescribed by the then language of section 361.5, subdivision (a).

3
The latter provision largely (but not precisely) correlates with section 366.21,
subdivision (e)(5), which provides that the juvenile court can, at the six-month review
hearing, schedule a 366.26 hearing within 120 days if (a) the child was removed under
section 300, subdivision (g), and the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the
parent’s whereabouts are “still unknown” or the parent has “failed to contact and visit the
child”; or (b) if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that “the parent has been
convicted of a felony indicating parental unfitness.” (§ 366.21, subd. (e)(5).)
Subdivision (e)(3) of section 366.21 also allows a juvenile court at the six-month
review hearing to set a 366.26 hearing within 120 days if the child is under the age of
three or is under the age of three and part of a sibling group and if the court finds by clear
and convincing evidence that the parent “failed to participate regularly and make
substantive progress in a court-ordered treatment plan.” (§ 366.21, subd. (e)(3).) This
provision, allowing for the setting of a 366.26 hearing on a finding of failure to
participate in and make progress in a treatment plan, is not inconsistent with the
Legislature’s intent in amending section 361.5 or, specifically, with the language of
subdivision (a)(2). Section 361.5 provides for only six months of services if the child is
under three or for an entire sibling group if one of the group is under three. (§ 361.5,
subds. (a)(1)(B) [child under three], (C) [entire sibling group].) Accordingly, under the
statutory scheme, the specified six-month period of services will not be “terminated” at
the six-month hearing on the setting of a 366.26 hearing; rather, the specified period of
time for services will simply have ended. Thus, the six-month hearing termination
provisions set forth in section 361.5, subdivision (a)(2), can be harmonized with the
provisions of section 366.26, subdivision (e), allowing for the setting of a section 366.26
hearing at the six-month hearing.

11
 However, section 366.21, subdivision (e)(8), must be read in light of the
Legislature’s subsequent amendments to 361.5, subdivision (a), and section 388,
subdivision (a)(2). These newer provisions implement the Legislature’s explicit intent to
overrule Aryanna C. and Derrick S., in part, and to make the time periods in
section 361.5, subdivision (a)(1) mandatory, subject to early termination only through a
section 388 petition or at the six-month review hearing as expressly provided for in
section 361.5, subdivision (a)(2)(A), (B) and (C). (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2); see generally
J.P., supra, 229 Cal.App.4th at pp. 121–122, 123–124.) Our principal task in reading
statutory provisions is to heed the Legislature’s intent, and we have no doubt as to its
intent in enacting the 2008 amendments to sections 361.5 and 388. (See Smith v.
Superior Court (2006) 39 Cal.4th 77, 83; Benson v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2009)
170 Cal.App.4th 1535, 1543.) These later enacted and more specific statutory provisions
are controlling. (See State Dept. of Public Health v. Superior Court (2015) 60 Cal.4th
940, 960–961.)
We therefore do not agree with the Department that the juvenile court had the
broad discretion to terminate services recognized in Aryanna C. and Derrick S. The 2008
amendments vitiated the most significant holdings of these two cases and make it clear
the six- and 12-month reunification periods in section 361.5, subdivision (a)(1), are
mandatory and can only be cut short through the procedure set forth in section 388 or at
the six-month review hearing if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence one of
three circumstances exists.4 (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(1), (2).)
Harmless Error
The Department lastly maintains any error by the juvenile court in terminating
reunification services in the absence of a section 388 petition was harmless. While it may

4
Indeed, the intent of the Legislature is so clear we must express concern that,
some eight years after these statutes were amended, the Department continues to rely on
Aryanna C. and Derrick S. for the proposition that juvenile courts have inherent
discretion to terminate reunification services at any time. We are equally concerned that,
in the trial court, Mother’s counsel never took issue with the Department’s erroneous
view of the law.

12
be that in some cases failure to comply with section 361.5, subdivision (a)(1) and (2),
may be harmless, that is not the case here. The juvenile court was laboring under a
misapprehension as to the proper legal standard and neither acted pursuant to a
section 388 petition nor made any finding, let alone by clear and convincing evidence,
required to terminate services at a six-month review hearing under section 361.5,
subdivision (a)(2).
We have already summarized the report and addendum prepared by the
Department for the six-month review hearing. After the Department’s witness and
Mother testified, the deputy county counsel representing the Department told the juvenile
court the applicable standard to terminate services at the six-month hearing was whether
there was a “substantial probability that the children could be returned to their parent in
the next six months.” The court then observed that points and authorities it had received
“indicated that the Court at any time can terminate services previously ordered upon a
finding that the likelihood of reunification is extremely low” and that was “the standard
that the department” was asking the court “to look at.”
However, as we have discussed, that view of the juvenile court’s discretion is
simply not the law. The 2008 amendments to sections 361.5 and 388 significantly
narrowed the court’s discretion to terminate reunification services prior to the end of the
six- and 12-month periods specified by section 361.5, subdivision (a)(1)(A) and (B).
Subdivision (a)(2) of section 361.5 allows for the early termination of services in two
ways, by way of a section 388 petition, or at the six-month review hearing, without a
section 388 petition, if the court “finds by clear and convincing evidence one of the
following: [¶] (A) That the child was removed initially under subdivision (g) of
Section 300 and the whereabouts of the parent are still unknown. [¶] (B) That the parent
has failed to contact and visit the child. [¶] (C) That the parent has been convicted of a
felony indicating parental unfitness.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2) (A), (B), (C).)
Here, the juvenile court denied services, ultimately, because it was of the view it
had the discretion to do so and, specifically, because, as of the six-month hearing, Mother
had done next to nothing towards meeting her case plan. When the court and Mother’s

13
counsel discussed the fact Mother was now looking at a prison sentence, counsel directed
the court’s attention to section 361.5, subdivision (e)(1), which provides that reasonable
services must be offered to an incarcerated parent unless the court determines, by clear
and convincing evidence, the services would be detrimental to the minor. (§ 361.5,
subd. (e)(1); see generally Seiser & Kumli, Cal. Juvenile Courts Practice and Procedure,
supra, § 2.129[5] at pp. 2-481–2-484.) The court responded: “Do you think that section
trumps all the other sections? So if somebody—I was going to cut out—. . . and then she
commits a crime, goes to prison, then I have to offer services that I wasn’t going to offer
anyway?” It seems apparent that Mother’s incarceration was not pivotal to the juvenile
court’s termination of services. Rather, what was most important was that Mother had
done precious little for the first six months of services and the court believed it had the
inherent discretion, in such circumstances, to immediately terminate services.
As we have recounted, the court made numerous findings in connection with
terminating services and setting a section 366.26 hearing. However, the court made no
finding that any of the three situations set forth in section 361.5, subdivision (a)(2)(A),
applied—i.e., “that the child was removed initially under subdivision (g) of Section 300
and the whereabouts of the parent are still unknown” or “that the parent has failed to
contact and visit the child” or “that the parent has been convicted of a felony indicating
parental unfitness.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(2)(A), (B), (C).) It is possible the last of these
situations may apply here. But that is not a finding we can or should make in the first
instance, particularly given the heightened clear and convincing standard.
DISPOSITION
The petition is granted. Let a writ of mandate issue directing the juvenile court to
vacate its orders terminating reunifications services and setting the case for a 366.26
hearing. This opinion is final in this court on filing. (Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.452(i),
8.490(b)(2)(A).)

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 _________________________
Banke, J.

We concur:

_________________________
Humes, P. J.

_________________________
Dondero, J.

A148627, M.C. v. Del Norte County Superior Court

15
Trial Court: Del Norte County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Hon. William H. Follett

Counsel:

Law Offices of Jennifer Savoy, Jennifer Savoy for Petitioner.

No appearance for Respondent.

Elizabeth Cable, County Counsel; Sean Collins, Deputy County Counsel, for Real Party
in Interest.

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