PD-0870-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 7/28/2015 9:48:55 AM
Accepted 7/29/2015 11:00:04 AM
ABEL ACOSTA
PD-0870-15 CLERK
IN THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
_________________________________________________
STEPHEN GLEN LIMBAUGH
APPELLANT
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
APPELLEE
_________________________________________________
FROM THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
CAUSE NO. 05-13-01437-CR
APPEAL FROM CRIMINAL DISTRIST COURT NO. 2 OF
DALLAS COUNTY, TEXAS, CAUSE NO. F12-21347-I
_________________________________________________
APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR
DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
_________________________________________________
BRUCE ANTON SORRELS, UDASHEN & ANTON
State Bar No. 01274700 2311 Cedar Springs, Suite 250
ba@sualaw.com Dallas, Texas 75201
214-468-8100 (office)
BRETT ORDIWAY 214-468-8104 (fax)
State Bar No. 24079086
bordiway@sualaw.com Counsel for Appellant
July 29, 2015
Ground for Review
Whether Limbaugh’s trial counsel performed
deficiently in failing to object to the repeated
admission of prejudicial hearsay evidence.
2
Table of Contents
Ground for Review ...................................................................................... 2
Index of Authorities .................................................................................... 4
Identity of Parties and Counsel ................................................................. 5
Statement Regarding Oral Argument ....................................................... 6
Statement of the Case and Procedural History......................................... 7
Argument..................................................................................................... 9
Limbaugh’s trial counsel performed deficiently in failing to object to
the repeated admission of prejudicial hearsay evidence. ...................... 9
Prayer ........................................................................................................ 15
Certificate of Service ................................................................................. 17
Certificate of Compliance ......................................................................... 17
Appendix .................................................................................................... 18
3
Index of Authorities
Cases
Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ............... 14
Baldwin v. State, 668 S.W.2d 762, 764 (Tex. App. - Houston [14th Dist.]
1984, no pet.) ......................................................................................... 13
Crockett v. McCotter, 796 F.2d 787, 792 (5th Cir. 1986) ......................... 13
Crotts v. Smith, 73 F.3d 861 (9th Cir. 1986) ........................................... 12
Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) .......................... 12
Gochicoa v. Johnson, 118 F.3d 440, 447 (5th Cir. 1997) ......................... 13
Head v. State, 4 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) ........................ 9
Limbaugh v. State, No. 05-13-01437-CR, 2015 WL 3653350 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2015) ....................................................................................... 8, 11
Lyons v. McCotter, 770 F.2d 529 (5th Cir. 1985) ..................................... 13
Mares v. State, 52 S.W.3d 886 (Tex. App.-San Antonio, pet. ref’d) ........ 14
Mason v. Scully, 16 F.3d 88 (2nd Cir. 2000) ............................................ 12
Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592-93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ...... 11
Moore v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 586, 604 (5th Cir. 1999) ............................. 14
Proffitt v. Waldron, 831 F.2d 1245, 1248 (5th Cir. 1987) ....................... 14
Schaffer v. State, 777 S.W.2d 111, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) ............. 10
Strickland v. State, 747 S.W.2d 59, 60-61 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 1988,
no pet.) ................................................................................................... 14
United States v. Kissick, 69 F.3d 1048, 1056 (6th Cir. 1995) ................. 12
United States v. Williams, 358 F.3d 956, 964-965 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ....... 13
Westley v. Johnson, 83 F.3d 714, 723 (5th Cir. 1996) ............................. 13
Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 526 (2003) ............................................ 13
Statutes
TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.115 ..................................................... 7
TEX. PEN. CODE § 12.42(b)........................................................................... 7
TEX. PEN. CODE §30.02(c)(2)........................................................................ 7
4
Identity of Parties and Counsel
For Appellant Stephen Glen Limbaugh:
NELSON KNIGHT
Trial counsel of record
KNIGHT LAW OFFICE
3102 Maple Ave. 4th Floor
Dallas, TX 75201
BRUCE ANTON
BRETT ORDIWAY
Appellate counsel of record
SORRELS, UDASHEN & ANTON
2311 Cedar Springs Suite 250
Dallas, Texas 75201
For Appellee the State of Texas:
RONTEAR FARMER
FELICIA KERNEY
Trial counsel of record
DALLAS COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
133 N. Riverfront Boulevard
Dallas, Texas 75207
JOANNA H. KUBALAK
Appellate counsel of record
DALLAS COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Trial Court:
CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 2 OF DALLAS COUNTY, TEXAS
THE HONORABLE DON ADAMS PRESIDING
5
Statement Regarding Oral Argument
Limbaugh waives oral argument.
6
Statement of the Case and Procedural History
On the morning of November 13, 2012, Haley French called 9-1-1
and reported that Limbaugh “broken into [her] house and attacked”
Amanda King, his child’s mother. (RR3: 19, 21; SX1). When the police
arrived, Limbaugh was gone, but King claimed that Limbaugh had
knocked on, and then opened, the unlocked front door, and then
proceeded to pull the her hair and shake her. (RR3: 53). The police
located and apprehended Limbaugh soon thereafter. (RR3: 84-85).
Though only the women’s testimony inculpated Limbaugh—there
was no physical evidence of a burglary or assault, and Limbaugh
confessed nothing—he was indicted for burglary of a habitation,
enhanced by a previous conviction for possessing a controlled substance.
(RR3: 68, 103; CR: 9); see TEX. PEN. CODE §§ 12.42(b) & 30.02(c)(2); TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.115. After rejecting a plea-bargain offer of
five years’ imprisonment and pleading not guilty, Limbaugh’s jury trial
commenced with voir dire on October 7, 2013. (RR2: 7, 16). The guilt
phase followed the next day, at the conclusion of which the jury found
Limbaugh guilty. (RR3: 139). After a one-day sentencing hearing on
7
October 14, 2013, the court sentenced Limbaugh to 10-years’
imprisonment. (RR4: 8). Limbaugh filed a notice of appeal that day.
(CR: 60).
On appeal to the Fifth Court of Appeals, Limbaugh argued in one
issue that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. See Limbaugh v.
State, No. 05-13-01437-CR, 2015 WL 3653350 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015).
Because the record was “silent as to counsel’s reasons for his actions,”
though, the court overruled Limbaugh’s issue and affirmed his
conviction. Id. at *3. No motion for rehearing was filed.
8
Argument
Limbaugh’s trial counsel performed deficiently in
failing to object to the repeated admission of
prejudicial hearsay evidence.
I
The only issue at Limbaugh’s trial was whether he entered
French’s apartment with or without consent. (RR3: 71-74, 96-98). To
prove the latter, the State repeatedly introduced evidence of, and
referred to, a protective order that King allegedly served on Limbaugh
the day prior to his arrest. (RR3: 41, 45, 84, 105, 133-135; SX1). No
protective order was ever introduced as evidence, however, and, due to
King’s failure to testify, the witnesses through whom the evidence was
elicited were uniformly ignorant as to whether any order actually
existed. They had simply been told that such an order existed.
This was inadmissible hearsay—an out-of-court statement need
not be directly quoted in order to run afoul of the hearsay rules. Head v.
State, 4 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Indirect reference to
the substance of a statement is still prohibited under Texas Rule of
Evidence 801 if the indirect reference leaves a strong inference of the
9
substance of the statement with the jury. Id. at 262. These indirect
references are improper if they lead to the inescapable conclusion that
the testimony was offered solely to prove the substance of the out-of-
court statement. Schaffer v. State, 777 S.W.2d 111, 115 (Tex. Crim. App.
1989). And counsel plainly sought to keep this hearsay out, as indicated
by his objections to the 9-1-1 call in which the protective order is first
referenced. (RR3: 7-8, 14). Yet, even though counsel objected to the
hearsay, it was his own cross-examination that opened the door further
to inadmissible hearsay. (RR3: 41).
Accordingly, on appeal to the Fifth Court of Appeals, Limbaugh
argued that counsel’s inability to accomplish his strategy constitutes a
deficient performance. Limbaugh acknowledged that direct appeal is
usually an “inadequate vehicle” for raising a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. But where the challenged conduct was “so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it,” an
appellate court should nonetheless reverse on direct appeal. Menefield
v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592-93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). And this is just
such a case.
10
The court of appeals disagreed. Pointing to the boilerplate, the
court concluded that because Limbaugh “did not file a motion for new
trial,” and “[t]he record is therefore silent as to counsel's reasons for his
actions,” it “must presume counsel had a plausible reason for his actions
and decisions.” Limbaugh v. State, No. 05-13-01437-CR, 2015 WL
3653350, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015) (citing Johnson v. State, 432
S.W.3d 552, 557 (Tex. App.––Texarkana 2014, pet. ref'd) (citing Tong v.
State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 713–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000))). The court
speculated that “counsel may have believed that the protective order
had little bearing on the central issue in the case, which was whether
appellant entered French's apartment without her effective consent.”
Id. Alternatively, “[c]ounsel may have also realized that the State did
not need proof of motive to show an absence of consent.” Id. Accordingly,
the court determined “counsel's actions could have been strategically
motivated, and without a record demonstrating otherwise, we cannot
find that counsel's decision constituted deficient performance.” Id.
II
The court of appeals’s resolution of the issue ignores the record. As
11
noted above, counsel plainly wished to prevent the admission of
evidence of a protective order that King allegedly served on Limbaugh
the day prior to his arrest. That’s why he objected to the 9-1-1 call in
which the protective order is first referenced. (RR3: 7-8, 14). This isn’t a
case where the court of appeals can’t be certain what counsel wanted,
then. It’s a case where that much is plain, and equally so that counsel
failed in his attempt to achieve it.
As to that circumstance, the trial attorney must have a firm
command of the facts of the case as well as the governing law before he
can render reasonably assistance. Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1983). The failure to properly challenge evidence is a solid
demonstration of ineffectiveness. United States v. Kissick, 69 F.3d 1048,
1056 (6th Cir. 1995); Mason v. Scully, 16 F.3d 88 (2nd Cir. 2000). The
failure to make a proper objection to inadmissible evidence i for relief.
Crotts v. Smith, 73 F.3d 861 (9th Cir. 1986).
Courts across all jurisdictions have held that the failure to make
proper evidentiary objections because of a misunderstanding or
ignorance of the rules satisfies the first prong of the Strickland test.
12
United States v. Williams, 358 F.3d 956, 964-965 (D.C. Cir. 2004);
Gochicoa v. Johnson, 118 F.3d 440, 447 (5th Cir. 1997); Westley v.
Johnson, 83 F.3d 714, 723 (5th Cir. 1996); Crockett v. McCotter, 796
F.2d 787, 792 (5th Cir. 1986). No professional norms justify an
inadequately researched objection. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510,
526 (2003) (finding counsel's conduct unreasonable when it “resulted
from inattention, not reasoned strategic judgment”). In Baldwin v.
State, 668 S.W.2d 762, 764 (Tex. App. - Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no
pet.), the court found ineffective assistance of counsel when the attorney
permitted the eliciting of inadmissible and incriminating hearsay. And
in Lyons v. McCotter, 770 F.2d 529 (5th Cir. 1985), the court held that
passing over admission of prejudicial and arguably inadmissible
evidence may be a strategic decision by trial counsel, while passing over
admission of prejudicial and clearly inadmissible evidence has no
strategic value and may constitute ineffective assistance. Also, in
Strickland v. State, 747 S.W.2d 59, 60-61 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 1988,
no pet.), the court found ineffective assistance for counsel’s failure to
object to four inadmissible extraneous offenses. See also Mares v. State,
13
52 S.W.3d 886 (Tex. App.-San Antonio, pet. ref’d) (holding failure to
make objection in this case cannot be considered reasonable trial
strategy); Moore v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 586, 604 (5th Cir. 1999); Proffitt
v. Waldron, 831 F.2d 1245, 1248 (5th Cir. 1987) (holding tactical
decisions that give no advantage to a defendant are not reasonable and
court will not engage in presumption of reasonableness under these
circumstances). Therefore, if counsel intended to object, but failed to do
so because of the lack of awareness of the legal requirements for a
proper objection or proffer, he performed deficiently. The court of
appeals was wrong to conclude otherwise.
Moreover, even if counsel did determine that the evidence wasn’t
worth excluding, he was absolutely wrong. And just as “[t]here can be
no reasonable trial strategy in failing to correct [a] false impression that
was harmful,” nor can there be any reasonable strategy in failing to
object to inadmissible evidence that was harmful. Andrews v. State, 159
S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Counsel’s failure allowed the
prosecution to establish, entirely through hearsay, that Limbaugh had
violated a protective order. (RR3: 134). This gave the State a motive for
14
Limbaugh to come to King’s location and confront her. In the absence of
motive, Limbaugh’s entry into the apartment uninvited is more difficult
to prove. Indeed, the State argued as much at closing:
And how do you know that? Because you have the in-car.
And in that in-car, you have his mother saying that she
heard him on the phone, and he was talking to someone. And
he said, you have a VPO? Do what you've got to do.
So Stephen Limbaugh went over to Amanda King's house, or
Haley French’s house where Amanda King was staying,
knowing there was a VPO, a violation of a protective order.
And he went over there because she was not answering his
calls, and he felt entitled to see his son, even though he had
no right to be there.
(RR3: 133-134). Accordingly, regardless of whether counsel failed to
exclude the evidence as he’d hoped, or just didn’t care if it came in, he
performed deficiently. The court of appeals was wrong to conclude
otherwise.
Prayer
Accordingly, Limbaugh respectfully requests this Court to grant
this petition so that it may reverse the court of appeals’s judgment and
remand this case to that court to consider whether counsel’s failure was
prejudicial.
15
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Bruce Anton
BRUCE ANTON
Bar Card No. 01274700
ba@sualaw.com
/s/ Brett Ordiway
BRETT ORDIWAY
Bar Card No. 24079086
bordiway@sualaw.com
SORRELS, UDASHEN & ANTON
2311 Cedar Springs Road
Suite 250
Dallas, Texas 75201
(214)-468-8100 (office)
(214)-468-8104 (fax)
Attorneys for Appellant
16
Certificate of Service
I, the undersigned, hereby certify that a true and correct copy of
the foregoing Appellant’s Petition for Discretionary Review was
electronically served to the Dallas County District Attorney’s Office and
State Prosecuting Attorney on July 28, 2015.
/s/ Bruce Anton
Bruce Anton
Certificate of Compliance
Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(3), undersigned counsel certifies
that this brief complies with:
1.! the type-volume limitation of TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(2)(D) because
this brief contains 1,349 words, excluding the parts of the brief
exempted by TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(1).
2.! the typeface requirements of TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(e) and the type
style requirements of TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(e) because this brief has
been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using Microsoft
Word 2011 in 14-point Century Schoolbook.
/s/ Bruce Anton
Bruce Anton
17
Appendix
18
AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed June 12, 2015.
S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-13-01437-CR
STEPHEN GLEN LIMBAUGH, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 2
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F12-21347-I
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Wright, Justice Myers, and Justice Evans
Opinion by Justice Myers
Appellant Stephen Glen Limbaugh was indicted for burglary of a habitation enhanced by
a previous conviction for possession of a controlled substance. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
12.42(b); 30.02(c)(2). He pleaded not guilty, and the case was tried before a jury, which
convicted appellant of the offense. After accepting appellant’s plea of true to the enhancement
paragraph and finding it true, the trial court assessed appellant’s punishment at ten years in
prison. In one issue, appellant contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We
affirm.
BACKGROUND
The evidence showed that Amanda King was appellant’s former girlfriend and the mother
of his child. On the morning of November 13, 2012, King was at her friend Haley French’s
apartment, where she had spent the night. French testified that appellant had made numerous,
unanswered calls to the women’s cell phones throughout the night. That morning, as they were
getting ready for work, the women heard a loud knocking on the front door. The door, which
was unlocked, then flew open, and appellant entered the apartment. Disregarding the women’s
repeated demands to leave, appellant approached King, who was holding the child in her arms.
King attempted to call 911, but appellant grabbed her by her hair, pulled her to the floor, and
snatched the phone from her hand. King managed to get up and run out of the apartment with
appellant following closely behind. French, meanwhile, called 911. King returned to the
apartment moments later and spoke to the 911 dispatcher.
Duncanville Police Officer Brent Hand saw appellant driving away from the area of
French’s apartment complex and pursued him with overhead lights activated to his mother’s
house. Appellant attempted to go inside the house, but his mother refused to let him in. Officer
Hand placed appellant under arrest. Neither appellant nor King testified at trial.
DISCUSSION
In his issue, appellant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he did not
object “to the repeated admission of hearsay evidence” that King filed a protective order against
appellant on the day before his arrest.
Prior to the start of testimony, the trial court held a hearing outside the presence of the
jury on the admissibility of French’s 911 call. Defense counsel objected to the portion of the call
in which King spoke to the dispatcher, arguing King’s statements were inadmissible hearsay
since she was not present to testify. The trial court overruled the objection. The 911 call was
played for the jury, over defense counsel’s renewed objection, during the State’s direct
examination of French. During the 911 call, French told the dispatcher, referring to King and
appellant, that “she went and filed a protective order against him yesterday.”
The issue of the protective order arose on several occasions during the trial. During his
–2–
cross-examination, defense counsel questioned French about her knowledge of the protective
order:
Q. Okay. And you-all filed a protective order that––or she did, the day before?
A. I wasn’t there when she filed it, but I was told she filed one.
Q. Told by her?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Okay. And that was on the day before this happened?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. So according to you, there was a––there was a valid in-force protective order
when this happened?
A. As far as I was told.
Q. By [King]?
A. Yes. Yeah.
French also testified that, the day after the burglary, the police “serve[d] a protective order
against [appellant] on [her] premises.”
The next mention of the protective order occurred during Officer Hand’s testimony.
During direct examination, the prosecutor asked Officer Hand what offense he was arresting
appellant for when he took appellant into custody at his mother’s house:
Q. Okay. What was––what did you believe you were arresting him for at that
time? Or what had you decided to arrest him for at that time?
A. The violation of [a] protective order is what I was––is what had come over the
radio at that point.
Q. Okay.
A. And then as I was getting information from the victim––well, not from the
victim, but from the other officer stating that it was possibly a burglary. So at that
point, that was what it was.
Q. Okay.
A. And he also had, you know, a suspended license.
–3–
Q. Okay.
A. And he was operating a vehicle on a suspended license.
The prosecutor revisited the subject of the protective order while questioning the officer, on
redirect examination, about the facts that gave him probable cause to arrest appellant:
Q. And then you also have the defendant––a violation of a protective order or a
VPO out there; is that correct?
A. Yes, ma’am.
Q. And you have the defendant’s mom, or who we believe to be his mom, on the
tape saying that the defendant said, do what [you] got to do, in reference to a
VPO; is that correct? 1
A. That’s correct.
To be entitled to a new trial based on the ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must
show by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the
deficiency prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Ex parte
Lane, 303 S.W.3d 702, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The first prong requires the appellant to
show counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. 687–88; Lane, 303 S.W.3d at 707. The second prong
requires the appellant to show there is a reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 694; Lane,
303 S.W.3d at 707. An appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong negates a court’s need to consider
the other prong. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697; Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009).
In determining whether an appellant has met his burden, we consider the totality of
representation and the particular circumstances of each case. Lane, 303 S.W.3d at 707. We
1
Counsel is presumably referring to the video from Hand’s in-car video camera, which was admitted into evidence. In that video,
appellant’s mother can be heard (although not seen) talking to Officer Hand after he placed appellant under arrest and put him in the back of the
patrol car.
–4–
strongly presume counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance, and we do not judge counsel’s actions in hindsight. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689;
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The fact that another attorney
might have pursued a different strategy at trial is not sufficient to prove counsel was ineffective.
Scheanette v. State, 144 S.W.3d 503, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). “[U]nless there is a record
sufficient to demonstrate that counsel’s conduct was not the product of strategic or tactical
decision, a reviewing court should presume that trial counsel’s performance was constitutionally
adequate ‘unless the challenged conduct was so outrageous that no competent attorney would
have engaged in it.’” State v. Morales, 253 S.W.3d 686, 696–97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)
(quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).
When there is no proper evidentiary hearing on a motion for new trial, it is extremely
difficult to show counsel’s performance was deficient. See Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The court of criminal appeals has stated that it should be a rare case in
which an appellate court finds ineffective assistance on a record that is silent as to counsel’s trial
strategy. See Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Faced with a silent
record, we “should not find deficient performance unless the challenged conduct was ‘so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’” Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at
392 (quoting Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). We do not speculate
on what counsel’s strategy may have been with regard to the alleged error. Scott v. State, 392
S.W.3d 684, 687 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.).
In this case, appellant acknowledges his trial counsel’s hearsay objections to the 911 call,
but faults counsel for opening the door further to “inadmissible hearsay” regarding the protective
order during his cross-examination of French. Appellant argues the protective order provided the
State with the motive for appellant to come to King’s location and confront her, and that in the
–5–
absence of such evidence, appellant’s uninvited entry into the apartment was “more
problematic.”
Appellant, however, did not file a motion for new trial. The record is therefore silent as
to counsel’s reasons for his actions. In the face of a silent record, we must presume counsel had
a plausible reason for his actions and decisions. See Johnson v. State, 432 S.W.3d 552, 557
(Tex. App.––Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d) (citing Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 713–14 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000)). Trial counsel may have believed that the protective order had little bearing
on the central issue in the case, which was whether appellant entered French’s apartment without
her effective consent. Counsel may have also realized that the State did not need proof of motive
to show an absence of consent. Although French could not say whether appellant opened the
door himself or the door opened on its own, she testified unequivocally that she did not give
appellant consent to enter her apartment, and that she told him to leave. French’s testimony
alone was sufficient to establish the absence of effective consent. See Ellett v. State, 607 S.W.2d
545, 550 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (building owner’s testimony that he had not given defendant
permission to enter building sufficient to establish absence of effective consent for purposes of
proving commission of burglary, even if door was open at time defendant entered building);
Lagunas v. State, 187 S.W.3d 503, 521 (Tex. App.––Austin 2005, pet. ref’d) (court found legally
sufficient evidence, based on testimony at trial, to support inference that appellant did not have
permission or effective consent to enter the house); Simmons v. State, No. 07–07–0282–CR,
2009 WL 2341921, at *4 (Tex. App.––Amarillo July 30, 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (apartment owner’s testimony that Simmons lacked permission to
enter apartment was sufficient to support the absence of effective consent); Hardy v. State, No.
05–06–00549–CR, 2007 WL 1585741, *2 (Tex. App.––Dallas June 4, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication) (finding evidence factually sufficient to support burglary
–6–
conviction when owner of the house testified that she did not invite appellant into her house on
the day of the incident). Thus, counsel’s actions could have been strategically motivated, and
without a record demonstrating otherwise, we cannot find that counsel’s decision constituted
deficient performance. Cf. Alberts v. State, 302 S.W.3d 495, 506 n. 7 (Tex. App.––Texarkana
2009, no pet.) (concluding that counsel’s decision to withhold objection to testimony concerning
victim’s truthfulness may have been a tactical decision to avoid calling jury’s attention to
objectionable testimony).
Accordingly, we conclude that appellant has not rebutted the presumption that counsel’s
conduct fell within the range of reasonable professional assistance. See Lopez v. State, 343
S.W.3d 137, 143–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814. We overrule
appellant’s issue.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/ Lana Myers/
LANA MYERS
JUSTICE
Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
131437F.U05
–7–
S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
STEPHEN GLEN LIMBAUGH, Appellant On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
No. 2, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-13-01437-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. F12-21347-I.
Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. Chief
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Justice Wright and Justice Evans
participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 12th day of June, 2015.
–8–