No.PD-0578-15
siz-ts
. R i A t IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL ^_„n „__
ORIGINAL -PEALS OF TEXAS RECEIVED m
w s , COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
KENNETH CRAIG VICKERS » 1925934 JJJ^ 27 2015
petitioner
THE STATE OF TEXAS
respondent
On Appeal From The Court of Appeals For The
Sixth Appellate Judicial District of Texas
at Texarkana CO.A. no. 06-14-00072-CR
APPELLANT'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
KENNETH CRAIG VICKERS * 1925934
Telford Unit
3899 State Hwy 98
New Boston,TX.75570
Oral Argument Requested if This Court deems Neccessary FILED IN
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL
JUL 27 22^5
Abel Acosta, Clerk
Court CoP*\
IDENTITIES OF PARTIES
The parties are as follows:
Mr. Kenneth Craig Vickers, pro se petitioner
Telford Unit, 3899 State Hwy 98, New Boston, TX 75570
State of Texas, respondent
Mr. Will Ramsey, 8th Judicial District Attorney, PO Box 882, Sulphur Springs,
TX 75483-0882 and
Mr. Peter Morgan, 8th Judicial District Attorney, PO Box 882, Sulphur
Springs, TX 75483-0882
li
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Identies of Parties _..„.._. . . . . .^ . ... ......... v ii
Table of Contents. _........ . . . . . , iii
Index of Authorities,. „ - .-•-••-.- - - -
''m i
-111,1
Statement of the Case . 2
Statement of the Facts... ........... 1/2
Grounds For Review. Jaelow
1. The court of appeals erred by affirming the trial court's conviction
when proof of ineffective assistance of counsel exists in the record.
(R.R. vol.4 p.24, R.R. vol.4 p.74 )
2. The Petitioner's guilty plea was made involuntarily by failure to
notify the Petitioner that he was pleading to a offense with a deadly
weapon and coerced by trial counsel. (R.R. vol.3 p.15)
3. The Petitioner was denied a fair trial when trial judge sentenced
him according to judge's personal knowledge of co-defendant rather than
the evidence presented at trial. (R.R. vol.4 p.81)
Request Eor Oral Argument ....... ........ „ _ . i
Summary of The Argument... .... .. 3
Argument .....„....,,•..... ............ 4 J" 7•
Prayer For Relief . „. 7
n
Certificate of Service 8
Certificate of Compliance 7
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
ARIZONA V. FULMINATE,499 U.S. 279, 309-10; 111 S.Ct. 1246; 113 L.Ed. 2d
302 (1991)
Blount V. STATE,257 S.W. 3d 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).. . 5"
BOYKIN V. ALABAMA,395 U.S. 238, 244; 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712; 23 L.Ed. 2d 5
274 (1969) . ...... .
DAVISON V. STATE/405 S.W. 3d 682 at 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) _ 6
GENTRY V. STATE, No. 06-05-00237-CR, 2006 WL 932057 (Tex. App. 2006), .... '6
HERRING V. ESTELLE,491 F.2d 125 (5th Cir. 1987)
ill
HINES V. VILLALOBA/231 S.W. 3d 550 (Tex. App. Dallas 2007)_ . _ .5
LOPEZ V. SCULLY,58 F.3d 38 (CA2 1995) . 5
MENDEZ V. STATE, 138 S.W. 3d 334, 341 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).. 6
RICKMAN V. BELL>131 F.3d 1150 (CA6 1997).. . . . 5
U.S. ex rel. BARNARD V. LANE,819 F.2d 798 (7th Cir. 1987).. . <. A '
U.S. V. ALVARADO SALDIVAR,62 F.3d 697 (5th Cir. 1995) . , . . r5
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
The State charged petitioner by indictment with burglary of a habitation
with intent to commit the felony offense of aggravated assault or aggravated
kidnapping on June 17,2013. (C.R. p.4). On Febuary 13,2014, pursuant to ART.
26.13 T.C.C.P. admonishments, Petitioner entered a plea of guilty to
"Burglary Habitation Intend Other Felony," and the State agreed to allow the
court to decide punishment in exchange for art. 1.15 T.C.C.P. waivers. (C.
R. p.14-19; T.C.C.P. Art. 26.13;T.C.C.P. Art. 1.15). On April 17,2014, the
court sentenced Petitioner to fifty (50) years. An affirmative finding of
a deadly weapon was entered and Petitioner timely filed an appeal. On
April 27,2015, trial court's conviction was affirmed.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
The Petitioner was charged by indictment alleging, on about April 20,
2013, that he did, "intentionally and knowingly enter a habitation without
the effective consent of Jesse Ballentine, the owner thereof, and attempted
to commit or committed the felony offense of Aggravated Asault and Aggra
vated Kidnapping." (C.R. p.4). There is no mention of a deadly weapon in
the indictment. The written plea admonishments signed by Vickers, pleading
guilty on Febuary 13, 2014, also make no mention of a deadly weapon (C.R.
p.14-19 and R.R. vol.3 p.15) to which the court said "Mr. Vickers to the
first-degree offense of burglary of a habitation, what is your plea, sir?"
(R.R. vol.3 p.15). Mr. Vickers, the Petitioner, was never notified that a
finding of a deadly weapon was being sought.
The Petitioner acted with a co-defendant Royce "Jake" Sewell, who was
also charged with "Burglary of a Habitation Intend Other Felony," and whom
sentenced by the same judge Northcutt to twenty five (25) years in TDCJ
prior to Mr. Vicker's plea. (R.R. vol.3 p.21 and R.R. vol.4 p.76). However,
Mr. Sewell is eligible for parole this year, November 17, 2015, while Mr.
Vickers is not eligible for parole for 25 years for the same offense because
a deadly weapon was not affirmed nor sought.
Jake Sewell came to Mr. Vicker's home early in the morning of April 20th, N
2013, saying he had been robbed. (R.R. vol.4 p.54). He induced Mr. Vickers
to go with him to find "Cody," which was the person who had robbed him. Jake
Sewell took the Petitioner to some apartments and Petitioner knocked on the
door and entered when the door was opened to him. He said he was looking
for "Cody " and "Jamie " (R.R. vol.4 p.23,25). Petitioner had several guns
with him. Jesse Ballentine, Angelina Ballentine and their daughter were in
the apartment and were lead outside by Mr. Vickers to identify them by Mr.
Sewell who acknowledged that Jesse was not Cody or Jamie. They then all
went back into the apartment,including Jake, when Cody returned to the
apartment Mr. Sewell engaged him in a fight. Cody ran away and Mr. Vickers
and Jamie ( who testified to police that he went willingly ), got into the
Petitioner's truck which was driven by Jake to find him. Mr. Sewell was
dropped off by a friend Mr. Vickers, after they had exited the truck, and
Mr. Vickers and Jamie ( who was the son of Jesse and Angelina Ballentine)
were arrested a short time later when they approached an officer impounding
Petitioner's vehicle.
Prior to pronouncing sentence, Judge Northcutt stated " You know,
I'm in an unusual situation here in that I know Jake Sewellv(his name is
Royce but his friends call him Jake), and I've known him for a while. And
as you know, I sentenced him to twenty-five years and that was difficult
for me to do. Because while the thing to the defensive theory here has been
meth and Jake Sewell, I am absolutely convinced that Jake Sewell has always
been a folbwer. Jake Sewell couldn't lead himself to the bathroom. Jake
Sewell,bless his heart, just ain't a real bright guy and you are..."(R.R.
vol.4 p.76). Judge Northcutt then sentenced Petitioner to fifty years and
found that a deadly weapon was used or exhibited.(R.R. vol.4 p.81)
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
The petitioner was entitled to effective assistance of counsel secured
by the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The record proves
trial counsel deprived petitioner of effective representation by failing
to investigate a lesser included offense( such as the co-defendant received )
, lying about subpoenaed witnesses, failing to properly impeach the State's
witness, failing to inform the petitioner of the deadly weapon finding sought
by the State, failure to advise against the plea ( guilty) and to be sentenced
by the court. Trial counsel took advantage of petitioner's mental impair
ments to achieve the afore-mentioned acts.
Petitioner's guilty plea was not voluntary or understandingly made
because the written and oral plea admonishments failed to apprise him that
he was pleading guilty to a crime with a deadly weapon. Espeacially when
his co-defendant was found guilty of the same offense without a deadly
weapon finding. Fourteenth Amendment rights to Due Process require that a
defendant understand the ramifications of a guilty plea and must under
stand the consequences. The trial judge based sentence on his personal
knowledge of the co-defendant over a long period of time instead of the
evidence presented at trial, thereby depriving Petitioner of a fair trial.
ARGUMENT
1. The court of appeals erred by affirming the trial court's conviction
when proof of ineffective assistance of counsel exists in the record.
(R.R. vol.4 p.24 and R.R. vol.4 p.74)
The State's lead witness, Angelina Ballentine, testified under oath "He
[petitioner] came in saying, you know, you should know better than to open
your door and let a complete stranger come into your house."(R.R. vol.4 p.
24) and also stated under oath, "He was telling-yes,he was telling my dau
ghter that and me that." (R.R. vol.4 p.24). (1) This clearly proves that
the petitioner knocked on the door requesting entry and (2) that the door
was opened to him with an expectation of the request for entry being
granted (3) that expectation was validated by the testimony of Ms. Ballentine
saying he was'let in' (R.R. vol.4 p.24). Therefore the Petitioner could
not have committed Burglary of a Habitation as defined by Texas Penal Code
30.02 because he did not illegally enter the residence but instead had a
door opened to him from a resident of said habitation after knocking to
request entry. Furthurmore, Angelina Ballentine ( whom is an adult resident
of said location), did not testify that she requested he leave until
several moments after he had been let in and revealed a rifle.
At that point, the instruction to leave after being let in would
instead construe criminal tresspass- not burglary. Trial counsel was in
fact ineffective for failing to investigate a lesser included offense as in
U.S. ex rel. Barnard v. Lane,819 F.2d 798 (7th Cir. 1987). In fact counsel
did no investigation because he had coerced petitioner to plead guilty or
had failed to advise him not to. see Herring v. Estelle,491 F.2d 125 (5th
Cir. 1974) ( Where counsel failed to advise client of acts not constituting
•gssmsmmmimp ••'
the alleged offense. State's witness also testified that the event lasted
"at least an hour or so."(R.R. vol.4 p.35) with them and neighbors going
in and outside smoking cigarettes and the small child played with afriend.
Thus contradicting the kidnapping allegation as well. Mrs. Ballentine
testified also "to make us feel better, Iguess, he unloaded the gun."
(R.R- vol.4 p.36). Furthurmore, it is proven on record that trial counsel
did not adequately seek probation for his client when counsel stated "let
me tell you what, if that had been me and my kids, Iwouldn't be - it
would be hard for me to say that."(R.R. vol.4 p.74) not asking for probation
but claiming only that the petitioner wanted probation. Thus not only putting
himself in the victim's shoes but failing to represent his own client and
violating the Texas Rules of Professional Conduct rules 1.01-3.01. Trial
counsel (attacked his client's charachter and painted abad picture of his
own client) as in RICKMAN V. BELL,131 F.3d 1150 (CA 6 1997) and LOPEZ V.
SCULL_Y,58 F.3d 38 (CA 21995). The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel
and denial of representation is clearly supported by the record and cannot
be considered as trial strategy. The burden- to the petitioner to show "that
it is actual error, that it is plain, and that it effects asubstantial right.
"aS ln U'S' V' ALVARADO SALDTVAR,62 F.3d 697 (5th Cir. 1995) has been
satisfied competently. The right to counsel is guaranteed by the Sixth Amend
ment of the U.S. Constitution and is fundamental in acriminal proceeding
" Fundamental error can be raised at any time." see HINES V. VILLALORA..^
S.W. 3d 550 (Tex. App. Dallas 2007), thus this error is not procedurally
barred and a reversal is warranted to secure justice.
2. The court's entry of a deadly weapon finding in the judgment was in
error as plea admonishments, both written and oral, to petitioner's
open plea of guilty failed to notify him that he was pleading to a
offense with a deadly weapon, thus making his plea involuntary and
hie Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process.
An allegation of a crime with use or exhibition of a weapon must give
adequate notice, see BLOUNT V. STATE,257 S.W. 3d 712 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008) -
The trial Judge specificaly asked the petitioner," Mr. Vickers to the first-
degree felony offense of burglary of a habitation, what is your plea, sir?"
(R.R. vol.3 p.15) there is no doubt that petitioner understood that he he
was pleading guilty to only burlary of a habitation ( as his co-defendant
had) without a deadly weapon finding being sought. An affirmative finding of
a deadly weapon was decided in petitioner's offense, though his co-defendant
did not have an affirmative finding when charged with the same offense and
tried by the same judge. A guilty plea is not constitutionally valid unless
the defendant understands both the charges against him and the consequences
of his plea, as in BOYKIN V. ALABAMA, 395 U.S., 238, 244; 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712
; 23 L.Ed. 2d 274 (1969) For a plea to be constitutionally valid a defendant
must have "a full understanding of what the plea connotes and of its con
sequences." as in DAVISON V. STATE, 405 S.W. 3d 682, 686 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013)
The Petitioner believed he was pleading to the exact same offense his
co-defendant plead to ( they were charged with the same offense)(R.R. vol.4
p.24), the Petitioner was never notified in writing or orally that he was
pleading to a crime with a deadly weapon as the record shows. Therefore the
Petitioner is entitled to a new trial with all the relevant information
required to decide whether to pled, proceed to jury trial...etc...
3. Petitioner was denied a fair trial and impartial judge when the
judge decided punishment based on his personal knowledge of Mr. Vickers'
co-defendant instead of the evidence presented at trial.
A defendant has a right to a trial before an impartial judge and deprivation
of this right is a structural defect which is not waived by failing to object,
see GENTRY V. STATE, No. 06-05-00237-CR, 2006 WL 932057 (Tex.App.Texarkana 2006)
and ARIZONA V. FULMINATE, 499 U.S. 279, 309-10; 111 S.Ct. 1246; 113 L.Ed. 2d 302
(1991) also MENDEZ V. STATE, 138 S.W. 3d 334, 341 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) The
judge should've recused himself when he said on record that " I know Jake
Sewell and I've known him for a while."(R.R. vol.4 p.76)
The judge's statement cannot be taken out of context, he was partial and
deprived the petitioner of his guaranteed fair and impartial trial, there
fore a new trial is warranted.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFOE the Petitioner prays this Honorable Court grant review of
this cause and set a precedent for justice being denied pro se petitioners
whom are appointed counsel who do not adequately represent their clients
and do stand up for them in front of blatantly partial judges.
Respecfully submitted,
Kenneth Craig Vickerst 1925934
Telford Unit
3899 State Hwy 98
New Boston,TX.75570
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I, Kenneth Vickers, the petitioner do hereby certify that this Petition
For Discretionary Review complies with Rule 9.4 and has less than 4,500
words and is less than 15 typewritten pages.
<
Kenneth Craig Vickers #1925934
Telford Unit |
3899 State Hwy 98
New Boston,TX. 75570
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
Ido hereby certify that atrue and correct copy of tjie above-foregoing
petition for discretionary review was served by placing the same in the
U,S, Mail addressed to: Will Ramsey, 8th Judicial District Attorney, PO Box
882, Sulphur Springs, TX. 75483-0882 on this 21. day of July, 2015..
Kenneth Vickers # 1925934
Telford Unit
3899 State Hwy 98
New Boston,TX.75570
In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-14-00072-CR
KENNETH CRAIG VICKERS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 8th District Court
Hopkins County, Texas
Trial Court No. 1323383
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
Opinion by Justice Burgess
OPINION
Kenneth Craig Vickers was indicted for burglary of a habitation with intent to commit
aggravated assault and aggravated kidnapping. After entering an open plea of guilty to the indicted
offense, Vickers elected to have the trial court decide punishment. After hearing the evidence, the
trial court found Vickers guilty, entered a finding that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon, and
sentenced him to fifty years' imprisonment. On appeal, Vickers contends (1) that his plea was
involuntary because the written and oral admonishments failed to put him on notice that he was
pleading guilty to an offense involving a deadly weapon and (2) that he did not receive a fair trial
because the trial court failed to base its ruling solely upon the evidence adduced at trial. We affirm
the trial court's judgment.
I. Factual Background
Around 4:30 a.m. on April 20, 2013, Jake Sewell arrived at Kenneth Craig Vickers' home
and claimed that Cody Ramsey had robbed him. Sewell had learned that Ramsey was staying at
Angelina Vallentine's apartment in Sulphur Springs, Texas, with Angelina's son, Jamie Lindsey.
Accordingly, Sewell and Vickers travelled to Vallentine's apartment to find Ramsey. When they
arrived, Sewell stayed in the car while Vickers went to the apartment, even though Vickers did not
know Ramsey. Vickers knocked on the door, and when Angelina's four-year-old daughter, Sierra,
opened it, Vickers brushed past her into the apartment and chastised her for allowing a complete
strangerto enter her home. Once inside, Vickers pulled a "big gun" from inside his coat, yelled at
Angelina's husband, Jesse, and put the gun against Jesse's head.
Vickers then took Jesse, Angelina, and Sierra to the parking lot to speak with Sewell, at
which point the two men realized that none of them were Ramsey. All five of them then went
back into the apartment and waited for Ramsey to return. A short time later, Ramsey arrived
together with Jamie Lindsey. When Ramsey and Jamie entered the apartment and saw Sewell,
Ramsey ran away, Sewell chased him, and the two men fought. When Ramsey broke free from
Sewell and ran away again, Vickers and Sewell left in their vehicle to find Ramsey, taking Jamie
with them.1 Vickers and Sewell were arrested soon thereafter.
At trial, Vickers admitted that he "had been high for days" when Sewell arrived at his house
that morning and that the drugs had put him "in a rage of some kind." He argued that drugs were
the root of his problem and that he used methamphetamines so he could "forget about all the
hardships" in his life. He also testified that using methamphetamines made him "feel powerful,
like nothing [could] hurt [him]." He did not deny the events of the day in question, and even
though he claimed he did not remember everything that happened, he admitted to doing "horrible
things" and apologized to the Vallentines. He admitted going with Sewell to Angelina's
apartment, but claimed he only intended to scare Ramsey. He also testified that he "never meant
to hurt anybody."
Vickers' mother testified that when he was using drugs, his behavior "terrified" her. She
testified that she could not "see him doing that under normal circumstances," but admitted it was
possible if he was "on drugs and knowing the way it changes his attitude." She also testified that
Vickers had suffered a serious fall as a child that caused him to have a lazy eye. As a result, he
'Jamie made a statement to policethat he was not forced to go, but witnesses said he was.
3
endured bullying when he was in grade school. Vickers began drinking alcohol when he was six
years old and began taking drugs when he was a teenager. Vickers has a long history of using
methamphetamine,2 and his drug use has cost him much—his parental rights to his two children
were terminated, and both children have since been adopted.3
II. Were Vickers' Pleas Voluntary?
In his first point of error, Vickers argues that his guilty pleas were not made knowingly and
voluntarily because the oral and written plea admonishments failed to put him on notice that he
was pleading guilty to an offense involving a deadly weapon.4 Vickers relies on Boykin v.
Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 244 (1969), which holds that to support a conviction based on a guilty
plea, the record must affirmatively disclose that the defendant entered his plea knowingly and
voluntarily. Id. at 243; Davison v. State, 405 S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In
determining whether a guilty plea was entered knowingly and voluntarily, we consider the totality
of the circumstances viewed it] light of the entire record. Griffin v. State, 703 S.W.2d 193, 196—
97 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Fluellen v. State, 443 S.W.3d 365, 368 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014,
no pet.); Ybarra v. State, 93 S.W3d 922, 925 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.).
2To her knowledge, the longest Vickers ever spent drug-free was approximately two years.
3Vickers testified, "[M]y relationship with mychildren was good. I didn't have a case against mefor [Child Protective
Services] to take them. My- my children's mother did. I was around the wrong people while I was going through
the case. ... I failed a [drug] test. . . . "
4The deadly-weapon finding ismaterial because under Section 3g(a)(2) ofArticle 42.12 ofthe Texas Code ofCriminal
Procedure, ifthejudgment contains a deadly-weapon finding, thedefendant is noteligible for parole until the "actual
calendar timeserved, without consideration of good conduct time,equals one-halfof thesentence or 30calendar years,
whichever is less." Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 508.145(d)(1) (West Supp. 2014).
4
Here, the indictment alleged that Vickers "intentionally and knowingly enter [sic] a
habitation without the effective consent of Jesse Ballentine,[5] the owner thereof, and attempted to
commit or committed the felony offense[s] of Aggravated Assault and Aggravated Kidnapping."
At the plea hearing, the trial court advised Vickers that he was charged with "burglary of a
habitation with intent to commit an aggravated assault." The trial court explained that "[w]ith a
plea of guilty, the Court can do anything from defer adjudicating you, known as deferred
adjudication community supervision ~ the Court can find you guilty, sentence you to as little as
5 years in the penitentiary all the way up to 99 years or a term of life." Vickers indicated that he
understood, stated that he had discussed the issue with his mother and his attorney, and expressed
his intent to waive his right to a jury and enter an open plea of guilty to the charged offense. The
"deadly weapon" issue was not discussed during the plea hearing.
The written plea admonishments state that Vickers was charged with "burglary habitation
intend other felony" and that Vickers faced punishment for a first degree felony, having a range
from five years to ninety-nine years or life. In his judicial confession, Vickers admitted that he
was "guilty of each and every act as alleged in the charging instrument." On appeal, Vickers
contends that the admonishments failed to provide him with notice of the possibility of a deadly-
weapon finding in his case.
When the State seeks a deadly-weapon finding against a defendant, it must provide notice
of that fact to the defendant before trial. Exparte Beck, 769 S.W.2d 525, 527 (Tex. Crim. App.
5The apartment owner's name isspelled "Ballentine" intheindictment, while it isspelled "Vallentine" inthereporter's
record.
5
1989) (citing Ex parte Patterson, 740 S.W.2d 766 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)).6 However, under
certain circumstances, a defendant may receive adequate notice of a deadly-weapon issue based
simply on the offense charged. Blount, 257 S.W.3d 712.
In Blount, a jury found the defendant guilty of committing or attempting to commit
aggravated assault in connection with the burglary of a habitation. Id. at 713. Blount was also
found to have used a deadly weapon. Id. On appeal, he argued that he was not given adequate
notice of the State's intent to seek a deadly-weapon finding. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals
held that because a deadly weapon is '"anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is
capable of causing death or serious bodily injury,'" and because aggravated assault can only be
committed by either using a deadly weapon or by causing serious bodily injury, then "an allegation
that a defendant committed [or attempted to commit] aggravated assault gives him notice that the
deadly nature of the weapon alleged in the indictment would be an issue at trial and that the State
6InPatterson, the court held that the "applicant was entitled to notice that the State would pursuean affirmative[deadly
weapon] finding as authorized by Article 42.12, § 3g(a)(2)." Patterson, 740 S.W.2dat 775. Although the court went
on to discuss how notice should be provided, with one judge contending that the State was not required to plead it in
the indictment and three other judges contending that it was, Patterson failed to resolve that issue. See Blountv. State,
257 S.W.3d 712, 713, n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Then, in Beck, the court held that where the indictment charges
death or serious bodily injury as the result of a weapon, the notice required by Patterson has been satisfied; yet, the
jury must still make an affirmative finding thata deadly weapon was used. Beck, 769 S.W.2d at 528. Thecourt also
cleared up the confusion created by Patterson over whether the deadly-weapon issue had to be pled in the indictment,
holding that it did not. Id. (Clinton, J., concurring). Later, in Crumpton v. State, 301 S.W.3d 663,664-65 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009), the court overruled Beck's conclusion that a verdict finding a defendant guilty as charged does not
constitute an affirmative deadly-weapon finding. Thus, even though the court has continued to develop the type and
amount of notice required by Article 42.12, Section 3g(a)(2) in the years since Patterson, it has never retreated from
Patterson's initial requirement thatthe State must provide a defendant withsome notice of its intent to seeka deadly-
weapon finding and that notice must be provided before trial.
may seek an affirmative finding on the use of the weapon." Id. at 714;7 Crumpton, 301 S.W.3d at
664.
In the present case, the State alleged that Vickers did "intentionally and knowingly enter a
habitation without the effective consent of Jesse Ballentine, the owner thereof, and attempted to
commit or committed the felony offensefs] of Aggravated Assault and Aggravated Kidnapping."
Unlike the indictment in Blount, the indictment here does not charge Vickers with aggravated
assault, but with burglary of a habitation with the intent to commit aggravated assault and
aggravated kidnapping. Moreover, burglary of a habitation and aggravated kidnapping can be
committed without the use of a deadly weapon or without using "anything that in the manner of
its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury." Id. Thus, Vickers
To fully understand why an allegation ofaggravated assault places a defendant on notice that the State seeks a deadly-
weapon finding, one must review the statutory definitions of assault, aggravated assault, and deadly weapon. Under
Section 22.01 of the Texas Penal Code, assault can be committed in one of three ways: (1) causing bodily injury to
another person; (2) threatening another person with imminent bodily injury; or (3) causing offensive or provocative
contact with another person. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(lH3) (West Supp. 2014). Under Section 22.02, an
assault is aggravated in one of two ways: (1) the assault causes serious bodily injury, or (2) the defendant exhibits or
uses a deadly weapon in committing the assault. TEX. PENAL CODE Ann. § 22.02(a)(l)-(2) (West 2011).
Under Section 1.07, an object is a "deadly weapon" if (A) it is "a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or
adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury" or (B) it "is capable of causing death or serious
bodily injury" in the manner in which it was used or intended to be used. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1 07(a)(17)(A>-
(B) (West Supp. 2014). Therefore, an object defined by Section 1.07(a)(17)(A) is a deadly weapon per se, whereas
an object defined by Section 1 07(a)(17)(B) becomes a deadlyweaponby the manner of its use or intended use.
When these statutory definitions are combined, a personcan commitan aggravated assault in only one of three ways:
(1) using any object to cause serious bodily injury; (2) using a per se deadly weapon to threaten someone with
imminent bodily injury; or (3) using a per se deadly weaponto offensively or provocatively contact someone. Tex.
Penal Code Ann. §§22.01(a)(l)-(3), 22.02(a)(l)-{2). If an indictment alleges the firstmethod of aggravated assault,
a deadly weapon is alleged because whatever object the defendant used became a deadly weapon when it caused
serious bodily injury. If an indictment alleges the second or third method of aggravated assault, a deadly weapon is
alleged because thedefendant used a perse deadly weapon. Thus, no matter which method of committing aggravated
assault the State alleges, it will necessarily involve the use of a deadly weapon. Consequently, when an indictment
charges aggravated assault, thedefendant is, legally speaking, on notice thatthe State seeks a deadly-weapon finding.
7
argues that Blount is inapplicable and that the indictment cannot provide the required deadly-
weapon notice.
Nevertheless, Vickers received a copy ofthe indictment at his arraignment. The indictment
charges him with burglary of a habitation with intent to commit aggravated assault and aggravated
kidnapping. At his plea hearing, the trial court told him that he was charged with "burglary of a
habitation with intent to commit an aggravated assault." Vickers pled guilty to the charge pending
against him in this case, which was burglary of a habitation with intent to commit aggravated
assault and aggravated kidnapping. Because the charge to which he pled guilty included both
theories and because the first theory cannot be committed without either using a deadly weapon or
causing serious bodily injury, then Blount applies and Vickers was on notice that the State would
seeka deadly-weapon finding in this case.8
8Itis true that where an indictment alleges the different methods ofcommitting the offense in the conjunctive, the jury
may be charged in the disjunctive. Vasquez v. State, 665 S.W.2d 484,486-87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Zanghetti v.
State, 618 S.W.2d 383, 387-88 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op] 1981). It is also true that where alternate theories of
committing the same offense are submitted to the jury in the disjunctive, it is appropriate for the jury to return a general
verdict if the evidence is sufficient to support a finding under any of the theories submitted. Aguirre v. State, Til
S.W.2d 320, 326 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (pp. on reh'g); Bailey v. State, 532 S.W.2d 316, 322-23 (Tex. Crim. App.
1976); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 1(a) (West Supp. 2014); Kitchens v. State, 823 S.W.2d
256, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Thus, it is conceivable that an indictment may allege different methods of
committing the offense, one of which is sufficient to provide notice of the State's intent to seek a deadly-weapon
finding and one which is not. If a defendant were to be convicted on a general verdict in such a case and challenged
the sufficiency of the deadly-weapon notice, the appellate court might then have to determine whether sufficient
evidence supportedthe theory whichprovided the deadly-weapon notice. Nevertheless, we are not required to decide
the question in this case because Vickers pled guilty to both theories.
8
III. Did the Trial Court Base its Ruling upon Information Other Than the Evidence
Adduced at Trial?
In his second point of error, Vickers contends that he did not receive a fair trial before an
impartial judge because the trial court based its punishment ruling on information other than the
evidence adduced at trial.
"The parties have a right to a fair trial." Dockstader v. State, 233 S.W.3d 98, 108 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. refd). "One of the most fundamental components of a fair
trial is a neutral and detached judge." Id. Absent clear evidence of bias or partiality found within
theappellate record, we presume the trial judge acted as a neutral and detached officer. See Brumit
v. State, 206 S.W.3d 639, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing Thompson v. State, 641 S.W.2d 920,
921 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982), disagreed-with on other grounds by Estep v. State, 901 S.W.2d 491
(Tex. Crim. App. 1995)); Fielding v. State, 719 S.W.2d 361, 366 (Tex. App—Dallas 1986, pet.
refd).
In this case, at the punishment hearing, the court considered the presentence investigation
report, a substance abuse evaluation of Vickers, and the testimony of Angelina, Vickers, and
Vickers' mother. After the presentation of evidence and after closing arguments, but before the
pronouncement of sentence, the trial court made several remarks, to-wit:
You know, I'm in an unusual situation here in that I know Jake Sewell and
I've known him for a while. And as you know, I sentenced him to twenty-five
years and that was difficult for me to do. Because while the thing to the defensive
theory here has been meth and Jake Sewell, I am absolutely convinced that Jake
Sewell has always been a follower. Jake Sewell couldn't lead himself to the
bathroom. Jake Sewell, bless his heart, just ain't a real bright guy and you are and
he probably did express some frustration.
I, too, believe like your mother that everybody is salvageable. But even
your mother said, she can't guarantee what someone will do. And salvageable -
there's a difference to me when I sentence a guy like Jake Sewell, under the
circumstances that were unique to his case and the circumstances that are unique to
your case, some of them are the same. Some of them are vastly different. To some
degree I feel like I need to protect Jake Sewell from Jake Sewell, because he just
will not stop being a knucklehead.
And there's a difference between a knucklehead and I hear - I hear the
things that - look - look that day on that April 20, 2013, that wasn't me, that was a
monster and I'll never be that monster again. I have not much confidence that that's
the case ....
I think the issues, since I've worked in mental health some time ~ for quite
a long time. Majored in psychology, minored in counseling. Sometimes people
use drugs to mask mental illness. It's call [sic] self-medicating. Sometimes the
despondency that you've sunk into, in my mind, is a result of the fact that you are
an extremely intelligent person, who unlike a guy like Jake Sewell just doesn't get
it. You get it. You understand how bad it is right now.
The trial court then sentenced Vickers to fifty years' imprisonment, as recommended by the State.
Vickers contends that the court's comments regarding Sewell establish that he did not receive a
fair trial before an impartial judge. For Vickers to prevail on this point of error, the record must
clearly demonstrate bias or partiality.9
'Vickers concedes that he failed to raise this due process issue in the trial court, but, citing our unpublished opinion in
Gentry v. State, No. 06-05-00237-CR, 2006 WL 932057 (Tex. App.—TexarkanaApr. 12, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.,
not designated for publication), he claims that there is no requirement to object to the neutrality of the trial court at
the time of the hearing. In Gentry, we held that the defendantdid not need to preserve his due process claim that he
failed to receive a fair trial and impartial judge. Id. at *2. A few monthsafter our unpublished opinionin Gentry, the
Court of Criminal Appeals declined to address whether this issue must be preserved, and instead, the courtexamined
the record for clearevidence of judicial bias. Brumit, 206 S.W.3d at 644-45. In Brumit, just priorto sentencing, the
trial judge reflected on a case he had prosecuted before he became a judge, concluding, "'That case made me think
that anybody that ever harmed a child should be put to death.'" Id. at 640. Findingthat the trial judge's comments
failed to reflect bias,partiality, or that thejudge failed to consider the full range of punishment as would be necessary
to find a due process violation, the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed Brumit's sentence. Id. at 645. Accordingly,
we do not decide whether this issue mustbe preserved, but will reviewthe record for clearevidence ofjudicial bias.
10
In Gentry, a Marion County constable, Dreesen, had received reports oftwo men "'walking
in and out of traffic or in and out of pastures and things north of Jefferson,'" Texas. Gentry, 2006
WL 932057, at *1. When he saw Gentry and his companion walking down the side of a highway,
Dreesen stopped them, conducted a pat-down search of Gentry, and found a switchblade knife and
some marihuana. Id. Dreesen arrested Gentry, and Gentry was charged with possession of a
prohibited weapon. Id. Gentry moved to suppress the knife, and in denying that motion, the trial
court stated,
"You can stop. Because I'm going to be honest with you, I remember this day. I
live on that road. This Motion is going to be denied because I'm one of them that
almost hit them. I'm going to deny this Motion to Suppress. I'm not so sure that I
wasn't one of them who called Officer Dreesen to be honest with you. I remember
this day and I remember the situation. I'm going to deny the Defendant's Motion
today; it's not going to be granted.
Like I say, I've got firsthand knowledge ofthe situation ... and I believe he has the
right to do this [search the defendant].
To be honest with you, my decision is based on what I saw that day."
Id. When the trial judge refused to recuse himself, Gentry entered into a plea agreement wherein
he was placed on misdemeanor deferred adjudication community supervision for ninety days and
fined $150.00. Id. On appeal, this Court noted that "the trial judge stated clearly that he was
makinghis determination and ruling based,not on the evidence adduced at the hearing, but on his
personal knowledge of the event." Id. at *3. We held that the judge's actions were void and that
11
he was disqualified "because of his stated inability to rule based solely on the evidence adduced at
the trial." Id.
Comparing the facts of this case to those of Gentry, Vickers argues that the trial court here
"made [its] determination of the respective culpability of the two co-defendants based on [its]
personal knowledge of [Vickers'] co-defendant rather than on the evidence adduced at trial."10
Yet, Gentry is distinguishable because the record here does not establish that the trial judge was a
witness to the events in question. See id. at *3. More relevant to the present case is Roman v.
State, 145 S.W.3d 316 (Tex. App—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. refd), where the defendant
sought the trial judge's recusal based on his comments prior to trial.''
In Roman, when the defendant informed the trial court that he wanted the court to decide
punishment, the court told him that (1) "under a similar first-degree felony drug case, he gave the
defendant life in prison," (2) "he would have given a longer sentence to [Roman's] co-defendant
than the jury assessed," and (3) "a jury—and not he—should assess punishment, because he was
likely to impose a higher punishment than a jury." Id. at 318. Roman moved to recuse the judge,
arguing that thejudge's statements reflected bias which eliminated Roman's option to waive a jury
10Vickers does not argue that his sentence is outside the range of punishment.
"It is truethata trial court cannot take judicial notice of the testimony from a previous trial unless a transcript of that
testimony is admitted in the later trial. Davis v. State, 293 S.W.3d 794, 797 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, no pet.).
Nevertheless, "a court may take judicial notice of the existence of the testimony in a co-defendant's trial ... [solong
as the] court [does] not take judicial notice of the truth of the factual content of that testimony because its accuracy
canreasonably bequestioned." Id. (citing Resendez v. State, 256 S.W.3d 315, 324 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist]
2007, pet. granted)). InRoman, as inthis case, the trial court was not taking judicial notice of prior testimony from a
separate case to resolve disputed facts in the case before it, but simply comparing the culpability of the two co-
defendants based upon hisobservations of theevidence presented inboth trials. Bycontrast, in Gentry, thetrial judge
was resolving disputed factual issues inthe defendant's suppression hearing based upon his personal observations of
the events in question. Thus, Gentry is distinguishable from Roman and from the presentcase.
12
and go to the trial court on punishment. Id. Roman's motion to recuse was denied, the case went
to trial, and a jury assessed Roman's punishment at forty years' imprisonment and a $50,000 fine.
Id. at 318-19. Roman argued that the administrative judge erred in failing to recuse the trial judge.
Mat 319.
Roman argued that the trial judge's comments showed extrajudicial bias. Id. at 321. The
court of appeals first noted that Black's Law Dictionary defines "extrajudicial" as "something
taking place '[o]utside court' or 'outside the functioning of the court system'" and that it defines
"out-of-court" as '"[n]ot done or made as a part of a judicial proceeding,' as a synonym to the
word extrajudicial.'" Id. The court of appeals went on to find that the judge's comments did not
stem from an extrajudicial source because they represented '"opinions formed ... on the basis of
facts ... or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior proceedings.'"
Id. at 321-22 (quoting Andrade v. Chojnacki, 338 F.3d 448, 462 (5th Cir. 2003)). Accordingly,
the court affirmed the trial court's judgment.12 Id. at 322.
Here, the trial court heard all the evidence and the arguments of both sides before making
its comments regarding the co-defendant, Sewell. The trial court noted that it had previously
presided over the State's case against Sewell for the events in question. Pursuant to Roman, to the
extent that the judge's knowledge of Sewell was gained in a previous proceeding, it is not
extrajudicial. See id. at 321-22.
12Although Roman involved thedenial of a motion to recuse the trial judge, whereas the present case involves alleged
extrajudicial bias by thejudge in sentencing, the issue is the same: whether the trialjudge is biased by hispossession
of information obtained outside of the case before him. Thus, Roman is applicable to this case.
13
Yet, even if the information had come from an extrajudicial source, it would not change
the outcome of this case because the judge's comments about Sewell identified mitigating factors
that justified a lesser sentence for Sewell, not aggravating factors justifying a higher sentence for
Vickers. In fact, the aggravating factors relied upon by the court in imposing Sewell's higher
sentence—that (a) Vickers was "an extremely intelligent person," (b) as opposed to the simple
thefts or burglaries usually related to drug addiction, this was a "horrific home invasion"
perpetrated by Vickers, and (c) Vickers held the Vallentine family, including a four-year-old child,
at gunpoint as part of a "well calculated and planned effort"—were all derived from the evidence
presented in Vickers' case.13 Thus, the trial court based its ruling on the evidence before it, and
the aggravating factors identified by the trial judge justified Vickers' fifty-year sentence.
Consequently, Vickers has failed to establish that he did not receive a fair trial before an impartial
judge. Accordingly, we overrule this point of error.
We affirm the trial court's judgment.
Ralph K. Burgess
Justice
Date Submitted: March 4,2015
Date Decided: April 27, 2015
Publish
13Even when the trial judge referred to his prior training and experience in psychology and counseling, his ultimate
conclusion was thatVickers was"anextremely intelligent person," which was supported by the evidence presented at
trial.
14
Vickers, Kenneth Craig
Combined Opinion