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COUfJT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
ORIGINAL
W l IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS JUL 24 2015
FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
Abe! Acosta, Clerk
JESUS MARCIAL LUNA JR., Petitioner
Vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Respondant.
PETITIONER'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
On Petition for Discretionary Review from the Eighth Court of
Appeals in No. 08-13-00084-CR Affirming conviction in No. 20110-
D05260 from the 243rd Judicial District Court of El Paso County,
Texas..
FILED IN
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
JUL 24 2015
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
Abel Acosta, Clerk
Jesus Marcial Luna Jr.
TDCJ #01883000-Coffield unit
2661 FM 2054
Tennessee Colony, Texas, 75884
No Phone.
Pro se.
IDENTITY OF JUSTICES, JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL
JUSTICES: Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes,JJ. Opi
nion by Steven L. Hughes: 500 E. San Antonio Ave., Suite
1203., El Paso, Tx. 79901^2408.
TRIAL JUDGE: Honorable Luis Aguilar: District Court address-500
E. San Antonio, Ste. 103, El Paso, Tx. 79901.
PETITIONER-APPELLANT: Jesus Marcial Luna Jr.: see cover page.
TRIAL COUNSEL FOR PETITIONER: Mr. Francisco Macias: 100 N. Camp
bell St., El Paso, Tx. 79902.
APPELLATE COUNSEL FOR PETITIONER: Mr Louis E. Lopez: 416 N. Stan-
•":.- ton St., Suite 400, El Paso, Tx. 79901.
RESPONDANT-APPELLEE: The State of Texas.
DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF EL PASO COUNTY: Mr. Jaime Esparza: 500 E. 5--.
San Antonio, Room 200, El Paso, Tx. 79901.
TRIAL COUNSEL FOR THE STATE: Mr. Kyle Myers and Ms. Myrna Pages:
Assistanct District Attorney's: 500 E. San Antonio, Room 200
El Paso, Texas 79901.
APPELLATE COUNSEL FOR THE STATE: Mr. Tom Darnel: Assistant Dist-
:.:.' rict Attorney of El Paso County: 500 E. San Antonio Room 200
El Paso, Tx. 79901.
Luna v. State page n
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover i
Identity of Justices, Judge, Parties, and Counsel ii
Table of Contents iii
Index of Authorities v
Statement Regarding Oral Argument vi
Statement of the Case vii
Statement of Procedural History viii
Statement of Jurisdiction ix.
Questions for Review: (Pages 1-8); x
Is the Eighth District Court of Appeals' holding that
there was sufficient evidence to establish the use of a
knife as a deadly weapon erroneous, when there is a rea
sonable doubt that Petitioner had a knife, and does this
holding conflict with this Honorable Court's decision in
Brook v. State and Hart v. State?
Page 1
Was the Eighth District Court of Appeals' decision unrea
sonable for appling the Creten Liar's Theory in Goodman
v. State., when the evidence clearly establishes a reason-": -
able doubt that Petitioner even had a knife, and does this
misapplied holding conflict with this Honorable Court's
decision in Brook v. State?
Page 6
Prayer for Relief Page 9
Inmate Declaration Page 10
LUNA V. STATE in
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Proof of Mailing Page 11
Appendix: see motion affixed.
UONA V. STATE Iv
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
CASELAW:
Brook v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010)
Page x,1,2,5,6,8
Goodman v. State, 66 S.W.3d 283 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001)
• Page 6,8
Hart v. State, 89 S.W.3d 61 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002)
Page x,l,2
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, L.Ed.2d
560 (1979) Page 2
Luna v. State, No. 08-13-0084-CR, Slip Opinion (Tex.App.
--E1 Paso, April 29, 2015) Page viii
Tucker v. State, 274 S.W.3d 616 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)
Page 1
STATUTORY LAW:
Texas Penal Code, sec. 71.02(a) Page 2
Texas Penal Code, sec. 31.03(a) Page 2
Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure:
9.3(b) Page viii
66.3(a) Page ix,5,8
66.3(f) Page ix,8
OTHER:
El Paso Police Report #11303021 (VC1519):
taken by Robert Ontiveros'Jr. (#1924) on Nov. 1, 2011^
Page 4
-":?.'• taken by Andres Sanchez (#883) on Nov. 02, 2011: Page 4
LUNA V. STATE PAGE v
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Petitioner believes that oral argument will be benificial
to this Honorable Court of Criminal Appeals becuase of the ever
changing state of the case law, and do to the complexity of the
facts in Petitioner's case at hand.
LUNA V. STATE vi
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Th?. The Petitioner was charged in a single indictment: Count I,
Engaging in Organized Criminal Activity, and Count II, Aggravated
Assualt with a Deadly Weapon. (Clerk's Record, page 3-4) .On the
fifteenth day of March, 2013, the Petitioner proceededgtoo trial.
(RR2, pg. 1).
On March 20, 2013, a jury found the Petitioner guilty on
both counts. (CR, pgs 129-130). After affirmatively finding the
enhancement paragraphs true," the jury subsequently assessed a
punishment of 60 years of incarceration and a $5,000 fine. (CR,
pg. 144-145). The sentences are concurrently ran. (CR, pg 150).
LUNA V. STATE vii
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On April 29, 2015, the Eighth District Court of Appeals
Affrimied the Petitioner's convictions, handed down by Honorable
Justice Steven L. Hughes. See Luna v. State No;; 08-13-00084-CR,
Slip Opinion at page 14 (Tex.App. --E1 Paso, April 29, 2015.
The Petitioner did not file a motion for rehearing within
the Eighth District Court of Appeals, that Petitioner knows of.
The Petitioner sought for an Extention of time to file his
Petition for Discretionary review within this Honorable Court of
Criminal Appeals, and this Honorable Court granted the motion and
extended the deadline to July 28, 2015. See Luna v. State, No. '.'•'
PD-0618-15, postcard (Tex.Crim.App. May 22, 2015)(also granting
Petitioner's motion to suspend rule 9.3(b) of the Texas Rules of
Appellate Procedure).
The Petitioner files his Petition for Discretionary review
on or before July 28, 2015.
LUNA V. STATE viii
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION
Pursuant to the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, 66.3,
Petitioner conjures the following rules, but not limited to, for
this Honorable Court of Criminal Appeals-:to consider in It's
decision to grant this Petition infra:
1« Pursuant to rule 66.3(a), Petitioner believes that the
Eighth District Court of Appeals' holding is in conflict with the
other court of appeals, including this Honorable Courtis holdings
that needs to be resolved by this Honorable Court.
2* Pursuant to rule 66.3(f), Petitioner believes that the
Eighth District Court of Appeals unreasonably applied the facts •
of his case to the standing law that calls for this.Honorable
Court's exercise of It's power of supervision.
LUNA V. STATE ix
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
1* Is the Eighth District Court of Appeals' holding that
there was sufficient evidence to establish the use of a knife as
a deadly weapon erroneous, when there is a reasonable doubt that
Petitioner.had a knife, and does this holding conflict with this
Honorable Court's decision in Brook v. State and Hart v. State?
2* Was the Eighth District Court of Appeals' decision unrea
sonable for appling the Creten Liar's theory in Goodman v. State,
when the evidence clearly establishes a reasonable doubt that
Petitioner even had a knife, and does this misapplied holding
conflict with this Honorable Court's decision in Brook v. State?
LUNA V. STATE
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
QUESTION ONE RESTATED
Is the Eighth District Court of Appeals' holding that there
was sufficient evidence to establish the use of a knife as a
deadly weapon erroneous, when there is a reasonable doubt that
Petitioner had a knife, and does this holding conflict with this
Honorable Court's decision in Brook v. State and Hart v. State?
The Eighth District Court of Appeals concluded that a ra
tional jury could have found Petitioner commited aggravated as
sault with a deadly weapon with the intent to participate as a
member of Barrio Azteca, a criminal street gang. See Luna v. Str.v.
State, No. 08-13-00084-CR, pg 6 (Tex.App. --E1 Paso, April 29,
2015)(slip Opinion)(emphasis added).
The Eighth District Court of Appeals' rationale for this ho
lding is thatrGomes (the complainant) identified Petitioner as .;
the individual who confronted him in the restroom and twice stab
bed him and had shown his scars from multiple stab wounds. Id. at
9 (citing Tucker v. State, 274 S.W.3d 616, 619 (Tex.Crim.App. 19-
91)(a victim's injuries alone may be sufficient to find that a
deadly weapon was used)).
Because the Petitioner's counsel did not present an argument
or analysis regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, the Peti
tioner presents the following in his attempt to secure his consti
tutional rights infra:
In Brook v. State, this Honorable Court provided two avenues
to establishes a legal insufficiency within Texas: either (1) the
Eaiaa v. State page 1
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
record contains no evidence, or merely a "modicum" of evidence
probative of an element of the offense; or (2) the evidence con
clusively establishes a reasonable doubt. I_d. 323 S.W.3d 893,
895 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010)(referring to Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). Pertaining to
the Petitioner's indictment, and the decision held in Hart v.
State, this Honorable Court gave a two pronged mental state re
quirement to establish sufficient evidence to support an organiz
ed criminal activity. Id. 89 S.W.3d 61, 63-64 (Tex.Crim.App.
2002).
Because the Petitioner avers that the Eighth District Court
of Appeals failed to follow the first prong within Hart, the Pe
titioner shows only the first mental state requirement as: "One
mental state requirement in organized criminal activity is:inclu-
ded in the commission of one of the enumerated offenses (here in
this case it is aggravated assualt with a deadly weapon). Tex.
Pen. Code § 71.02(a). For example, if the enumerated offense is
theft, the state must prove that the appellant intended to dep:-::.
rive the owner of property as part of proving the underlying enu
merated offense. Tex Penal code § 31.03(a)." See Id. 89 S.W.3d at
63-64. Like Hart, the State failed to prove that the Petitioner
had a weapon, and the modicum of the evidence that does show that
Petitioner does exhibit a knife is highly contradicted with other
evidence, establishing a conclusive reasonable doubt that Peti
tioner exhibited the alleged knife.
XJUNA V. STATE : PAGE 2
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
Even though the jury is the sole judges of the facts and:
evidence presented at trial, Gomez's testimony reasonably contra
dicts itself, as a whole, that produces a conclusive reasonable
doubt that the aggravated assault even occurred. Gomes (the
Complainant), testified on direct that Petitioner pulled out a
knife, with the look that it had to be done, and stabbed him
twice (RR3, 221-222); nevertheless, the person that searched
everyone before entering the club, testified that Giant was the
one with a knife, and the Petitioner did not have a knife at all
(RR3, 111-113; 135-136). In fact, Mr. Perez testified that he
himself pushed the Petitioner outside while he was breaking up
the fight (RR3, 139). If the Petitioner had a knife in his pos
session during the fight, Mr. Perez would have testified (to the
jury) to the same. This contradiction alone rises to a conclu
sive reasonable doubt on it's own!
Gomez testified that he was just having a good time, and all
of a sudden Giant, Matt along with the Petitioner, started trou
ble with him becuase of his tattoo's and his false relation to
another gang.(RR3, 221-end). However, no other evidence at trial
supports this conclusory statement. Contrarily, Gomez also test
ified that he was the one that was starting the fights with a
bunch of people in the club (RR4, 22). Mr. Ebarguen corroborate,
this evidence and testified that Gomez has an argument at the bar
with Giant and Matt, but not with the Petitioner.
Further, other people in the club sworn in their testimonies
LUNA V. STATE PAGE 3
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
(to the police) to the same. Although Ms. Lorraine Fragoso and
Janice Soto never testified, their testimony in the police's
supplemental report is crucial to shine light on the evidence to
prove that Gomez had a knife and that Gomez was the aggressor:
• On Nov. 01 2011, Lorraine Fragoso sworn that "Giant walked
back from the restroom and came and hugged me. He sat down
at which time he saw that Matt was arguing with the guy -
across the bar. Matt looked overwhelmed and intimidated
so Giant looked at me and told me that he would be right
back. I saw that Giant walked over to Matt and the guy he
was arguing with, I saw that Giant was talking to the guy
with tattoos on his face with a calm' demeanor and with re
spect. This is when.I saw. that the guy with the tattoos on
his face grabbed a glass beer bottle and smashed it on
Giants face." See Report number 11303021 (VC1519) taken by
Robert Ontiveros Jr. PD#1924 (Nov.l, 2011).
• On Nov. 02, 2011, Janice Soto corroborates this evidence
when she asked Giant the following: "I asked him (Giant)
what had happened. "G" (Giant) told me that he had been
hit to the face with a bottle by some guy and that this
same guy also tried to stab him. "G" said he tried to take
the knife away form this guy and cut his hands." See Rer:
port Number 11303021 (VC1519) taken by Andres Sanchez.
Pd # 883 (Nov. 02, 2011).
A very good question to ask this Honorable Court is why did Gomez
LUNA V STATE PAGE 4
COMPENDIOUS, ARGUMENT
never mention that he had a knife when other people said he did,
and why would he never mention that he smashed the bottle over
Giant's head? Becuase Gomez lied to the jury and this Honorable
Court must infer that Gomez's testimony has way to many contra
dictions within his very own testimony. To support Gomez's test
imony would be calling the rest of the very witnesses, that was
there while the fight went down, a liar!
One of the most important pieces of evidence that was intro
duced at trial was Mr. Perez's testimony, when he honestly testi
fied that Petitioner only tried to puneh-ed and successfully
kicked Gomez along with everyone else (RR3, 116-117). Axiomly,
every other witness (except for Gomez) testified that it was
Giant that had the knife and Petitioner never did obtain one or
have one. In fact, the very knife that was admitted into the f--.'.:
evidence was never tested and was not linked to Petitioner at
all. The very knife was Giant's knife, not Petitioner's. As a
whole, the Eighth District Court of Appeals unreasonably con
cluded that the decision in Hart was satified, despite the show
ing that there is a conclusive reasonable doubt that Petitioner
committed an aggravated assault. See Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure 66.3(a); Brook v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex.Crim.
App. 2010).
The Petitioner implores this Honorable Court to view the
trial (without Gomez's conflicting testimony) and this court will
see clearly that the evidence establishes that Petitioner commit-
LUNA V. STATE PAGE 5
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
ted a simple assault with the intent to particapate as a gang
member.
Finally, the evidence at trial conclusively establishes a
reasonable doubt that Petitioner committed aggravated assault • .! .
with a deadly weapon with teh intent to participate as a member
of Barrio Aztaca. Brook v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex.Crim.
App. 2010). Therefore, Petitioner implores this Honorable Court
to grant this question for review and relief.
QUESTION TWO RESTATED
Was the Eighth District Court of Appeals' decision unreason
able for appliing the Creten Liar's Theory in Goodman v. State
[66 S.W.3d 283, 286 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001)], when the evidence ?:.-:.
clearly establishes a reasonable doubt that Petitioner even had a
knife, and does this misapplied holding conflict with this Honor
able' Court's decision in Brook v. State [323 S.W.3d 893 -(Tex.Crim
App. 2010)]?
The Eighth District Court of Appeals held that Gomez testi
fied to direct evidence that Defendant stabbed him twice. See
Luna v. State, No. 08-13-0084-CR, Pg 11 (Tex.App. El Paso, April
29, 2015)(slip Opinion).
Under the Creten Liar's Theory it is true that direct evi
dence of "X" fact is always legally sufficient to support a find
ing of "X" fact. Goodman v. State, 66 S.W.3d 283, 286 (Tex.Crim.
App. 2001). But what happens to the direct evidence -svi^eftcc if
LUNA V. STATE PAGE 6
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
it becomes false? Would the Creten Liar's Theory be applied to
support the convictions of Petitioner's case? Axiomly it would
not.
Mr Gomez' direct testimony produced a conclusive reasonable
doubt that the Petitioner stabbed him becuase, throughout his en
tire testimony, Gomez highly contradicted his very own testimony
as shown in question one surpa. Not only was Gomez' testimony
contradicting wifehin itself, but the other evidence at trial
solely supports the main fact that it was Giant that had a knife,
and Petitioner (at not one moment) had possession of a knife.
This very inference could be doubted, only if, one other witness
contradicted Gomez' theory about the possession of a knife.
Instead, when every witness (in the club that night) testi
fied at trial, and in their sworn police statements, showing this
Honorable Court that Petitioner never had a knife casts serious
doubt that Petitioner stabbed Gomez at all. Should the Peti^i::
tioner be punished behind Giant's very actions that everyone else
had witnessed to? Not at all! Could the State procludc any other
evidence showing that Petitioner had a knife? No! One's contra
dicting testimony is not enough to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that Petitioner had a knife, when all the other evidence
proves this to be a lie.
Again, the State's Exhibit has shown that the knife did not
have Petitioner's finger prints on it. If the Petitioner used
the knife, why would it not have Petitioner's finger prints on
LUNA V. STATE PAGE 7
COMPENDIOUS ARGUMENT
the exhibited knife at trial? Because Petitioner never had pos
session of a knife at any moment that night and this is plain
from the record.
Another grave doubt in Gomez' testimony, is that Gomez him
self told the jury that he voluntarily ingested some illegal drug
(with his beer out of many) to get high. RR4, pg 4-9. Truly r
everyone knows that an illegal drug with alcohol highly dimin
ishes one's ability to recollect the:facts of what is going on
around them. While it is true that Gomez, suffered from multiple
stab wounds, this Ingenuous Court should not ignore everyone -.
else's testimony (including Giant himself) that proves it was
Giant that caused the multiple stab wounds to Gomez. Due to this
confusion of Gomez being high, drunk, and not able to reasonably
recollect his facts costed Petitioner to be falsely imprisoned.
In this case, the call for justice is not served, when there
strongly stands a conclusive reasonable doubt that Petitioner p."
even had a weapon at all! Therefore, is, the Eighth District
Court of Appeala' holding in conflict with this Honorable Court's
holding in Brook, v. State [323 S..W.3d 893 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010)],
and was the Creten Liar's theory in.Goodman [v. State, 66 S.W.3d
283, 286 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001)], unreasonablly applied to the true
facts of this case at hand? See Tex.R.App.Proc. 66.3(a),(f).
Finally, Petitioner implores this Honorable Court to grant
this question for review and relief.
LUMA V. STATE PAGE 8
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
Petitioner prays that this Honorable Court will grant his
Pitition for discretionary review for review and for:relief.
Luna, Jesus Marcial /jr.
TDCJ No. 01883000
Coffield unit
2661.FM 2054
Tenn.Colony, Tx. 75884
Pro se.
LUNA V. STATE PAGE 9
INMATE DECLARATION
I, Jesus Luna Marcial Jr., TDCJ #1883000, being incarcerated
in the TDCJ-CID Coffield unit in Anderson County, Texas, declares
that the foregoing is true and correct under the penalty of per
jury.
EXECUTED THIS DAY OF JULY (jp , 2015.
JNA, Jesus Marcial Jjt
TDCJ No. 1883000
Coffield unit
2661 FM 2054
Tenn.Colony, Tx. 75884
Pro se.
LTMA V. STATE PAGE 10
PROOF OF MAILING
I, Jesus Marcial Luna Jr., TDCJ #1883000, being incarcerated
in the TDCJ-CID Coffield unit in Anderson County, have placed his
Petition for Discretionary Review into the internal mailing
system on July J>P , 2015.
This is true under the penalty of perjury. Executed on this
day of July 0,0 , 2015..
- * =3^
Jesus iVIarcial Luna, Jy*/
TDCJ No. 1883000
Coffield unit
2661 FM 2054
Tenn.Colony, Tx. 75884
Pro se.
LUNA V. STATE PAGE 11
COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
JESUS MARCIAL LUNA, JR.,
No. 08-13-00084-CR
Appellant,
Appeal from the
v.
243rd District Court
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
of El Paso County, Texas
Appellee. §
(TC#20110D05260)
§
OPINION
Appellant Jesus Marcial Lunawas charged with engaging in organized criminal activity as
a member of a criminal street gang (Count I) and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count
II). On appeal, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for each
offense and complains the trial court erroneously failed to submit assault as a lesser-included
offense of aggravated assault. We conclude the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's
verdict on both counts, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to submit
assault as a lesser-included offense. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
BACKGROUND
This case arises from the stabbing and shooting of Jesus Gomez by members of the Barrio
Azteca gang ata bar known as "Shooters." Jesus Gomez had once been a member ofthe Surenos
gang and Mexican Mafia gang. Gomez, whose face is heavily tattooed, testified he is often
identified as an active gang member. On October 30, 2011, he went to Shooters to have a drink
with a co-worker. When Gomez was in the restroom, Appellant and Juan "Giant" Villegas - both
of whom were identified as Barrio Azteca gang members - blocked the door and informed
Appellant he was on "their land.", Gomez denied he was a Sureno and was allowed to leave the
restroom.
Later that evening, Appellant, "Giant," and others, some with knives, approached Gomez.
Gomez saw Appellant was holding a knife and asked Appellant whether he was going to "shank"
him. Gomez testified Appellant stabbed him twice, and when everyone began fighting, he felt
himself being stabbed again. Gomez began "throwing punches," and felt something trip him; he
fell "sitting down," and then grabbed someone's knife, which sliced his fingers, and began
"hacking away." He remembered being punched and kicked before blacking out. Emergency
medical personnel and police were dispatched to the bar, and Appellant, "Giant," and another
Barrio Azteca member, Matthew Barajas, were arrested for the attack on Gomez.
Appellant was charged in a two-count indictment. Count I alleged Appellant, with the
intent to participate as a member of the Barrio Azteca criminal street gang, committed aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon, a knife. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 71.02(a)(l)(West Supp.
2014). Count II alleged Appellant committed aggravated assault with a deadly weapon by
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing bodily injury to Gomez by stabbing him with a
knife.1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(l)(West 2011). The jury found Appellant guilty
on both counts.
1The indictment also alleged aggravated assault by use of a firearm. That charge was notsubmitted to thejury.
2
DISCUSSION
Sufficiency of the Evidence of Engaging in Organized Criminal Activity
In Issue One, Appellant contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support his
conviction for engaging in organized criminal activity because the State failed to prove that he
collaborated with a group in a continuing course of criminal activity. Appellant concedes the
evidence proved he committed a single act of assault with others "who happen to belong to the
same streetgang." But, he contends the evidence failed to establish he andthe others conspired to
commitother crimestogetherin a continuing courseof criminal activity. Appellant's argument is
misplaced.
A person commits the offense of engaging in organized criminal activity "if, withthe intent
to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination or in the profits of a combination or as a
member of a criminal street gang, the person commits or conspires to commit" one or more
specified criminal acts. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.02(a). Appellant's contention that the
State was required to prove a continuing course of criminal activity is based on the statutory term
"combination." Section 71.01(a) defines a "combination" as three or more persons who
collaborate in carrying on criminal activities. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 71.01(a)(West 2011).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has construed this language to require proof of a "continuing
course of criminal activities." Nguyen v. State, 1 S.W.3d 694, 697 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). It
involves more than the intent to merely commit an enumerated offense, a plan to commit a single
act, or proof ofworking jointly to commit a single crime—it requires proof ofcontinuity. Hart v.
State, 89 S.W.3d 61, 63-64 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002); Nguyen, 1 S.W.3d at 696-97.
The State, however, did not charge Appellant with participating "in a combination or in the
3
profits of a combination." Rather, the State's indictment alleged that Appellant, "as a member of
a criminal street gang," committed aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Participating "in a
combination" or "as a member of a criminal street gang" are alternative ways of proving the
offense of engaging in organized criminal activity. Under the plain language of Section 71.02,
the State can establish a defendant engaged in organized criminal activity if it proves the defendant
committed the underlying criminal offense with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate (1)
in a combination, or (2) in the profits of a combination, or (3) as a member of a criminal street
gang. Curiel v. State, 243 S.W.3d 10, 15 (Tex.App - Houston [1st Dist] 2007, pet. ref d).
Accordingly, the State was required to prove only that Appellant committed aggravated
assault with the intent to participate as a member of a criminal street gang; it was not required to
prove that Appellant intended to act in a combination or in the profits of a combination. See id.
(State was required to show appellant had the intent to establish, maintain, or participate as
member of a criminal street gang, but was not required to show appellant intended to act in a
combination, or in the profits of a combination, because those are alternative ways of proving the
offense of engaging in organized criminal activity). It follows that the State also was not required
to prove that Appellantcollaborated with others in a continuing course of criminal activity.
Appellant presents no argument or analysis regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to
supporthis conviction of engagingin organized criminal activity "as a memberof a criminal street
gang." The State argues Issue One is inadequately briefed, presents nothing for our review, and
has been waived. The State correctly asserts that we are barred from crafting Appellant's legal
arguments for him. Forpurposes of this decision, however, we will assume the issue hasnot been
waived, and will proceed to examine the sufficiency of the evidence to support Appellant's
conviction for engaging in organized criminal activity as a member of a criminal street gang, as
indicted.
Standard ofReview
In conducting our legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences
therefrom, a rational juror could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011) (citing Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). We recognize that "our
role is not to become a thirteenth juror. This Court may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility
of the record evidence and thereby substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder." Isassi v.
State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) (quoting Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740
(Tex.Crim.App. 1999)). Rather, we deferto the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve
conflicts intestimony, to weigh the evidence, andto draw reasonable inferences from basicfacts to
ultimate facts. Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. This same standard applies equally to circumstantial
and direct evidence. Id.; Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517-18 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). "Our
role on appeal is restricted to guarding against the rare occurrence when a factfinder does not act
rationally[.]" Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 517; see Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. We will uphold the
verdict unless a rational fact finder must have had reasonable doubt as to any essential element.
Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 517-18.
Analysis
We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge.2 Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex.Crim.App.
2009) (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997)). Under a
hypothetically correct jury charge, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
Appellant committed aggravated assault3 with a deadly weapon,4 a knife, "with the intent5 to
establish, maintain, or participate ... as a member of a criminal street gang." See Tex. Penal
Code Ann. § 71.02(a); Curiel, 243 S.W.3d at 16. Based on the evidence and the reasonable
inferences therefrom, we conclude a rational jury could have found Appellant committed
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon with the intent to participate as a member of Barrio
Azteca, a criminal street gang.
First, the evidence was sufficient to show that Barrio Azteca was a criminal street gang.
The Texas Penal Code defines "criminal street gang" as three or more persons having a common
identifying sign or symbol or an identifiable leadership who continuously or regularly associate in
2 A hypothetically correct jury charge accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not
unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and
adequately describes the particular offense for which thedefendant was tried. Villarreal, 286 S.W.3d at 327. The
law, as authorized bytheindictment, means the statutory elements of thecharged offense as modified bythe charging
instrument. See Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 404 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000).
Aggravated assault is one of the enumerated offenses that can form the basis of engaging in organized criminal
activity. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 71.02(a)(l)(West Supp. 2014). A person commits aggravated assault if the
person commits assault as defined in Section 22.01 and: (1) causes serious bodily injury to another, or (2) uses or
exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault. Id at § 22.02(a)(l),(2)(West 2011). A person
commits assault if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another. Id. at §
22.01(a)(l)(West Supp. 2014). "Bodily injury" is defined as "physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical
condition." Id. at § 1.07(a)(8)(West Supp. 2014). "Serious bodily injury" is defined as "bodily injury that creates a
substantial risk of deathor that causesdeath,seriouspermanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the
function of any bodily member or organ." Id. at § 1.07(a)(46).
4 A "deadly weapon" means "anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or
serious bodily injury." Id. at § 1.07(a)(17)(B).
5 Neither the indictment nor the jury charge required proofof intent to participate as a member of a criminal street
gang. In our review ofthe sufficiency ofthe evidence, however, we will determine whether the evidence is legally
sufficient to prove intent. See Fisher v. State, 887 S.W.2d 49, 55-58 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994), overruled on other
grounds, Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) (where indictment and jury charge are similarly
defective, hypothetically correct jury charge should allege all elements as set forth in the controlling penal statute in
order notto unconstitutionally broaden basis on which State may obtain conviction).
6
the commission of criminal activities. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.01(d).
Detective Andres Sanchez, a 25-year veteran of the El Paso Police Department, who had
been embedded in the gang unit for more than 12 years at the time of trial, testified that Barrio
Azteca is the primary gang he investigates. He described the history of the Barrio Azteca gang,
which was created in 1985 as a prison gang and now has street operations, and explained its ties to
El Paso, where the gang is also known as "El Chuco" and whose members refer to themselves as
"Indios." The gang has a constitution as well as a command structure consisting of captains,
lieutenants, sergeants, soldiers, prospects, and "esquinas," who are persons who assist the gang.
In 1993, the Texas Department of Corrections designated BarrioAztecaas a "true prison gang or a
security threat group." Detective Sanchez testified that the members of Barrio Azteca are active
indrug trafficking, extortion, and money laundering. Barrio Azteca members commonly use and
are identified by Aztec symbols such asAztec gods, goddesses, and headpieces, the sun, pyramids,
feathers, and the number "21" (representing the letters "B" for "Barrio," and "A" for "Azteca"),
which are evident in imagery found in their homes and on their persons, often in the form of
tattoos.
This evidence was sufficient to establish that Barrio Azteca is a criminal street gang. See
Gomez v. State, No. 08-12-00001-CR, 2014 WL 3408382, at *11 (Tex.App. - El Paso July 11,
2014, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (noting that "the FBI considers [Barrio Azteca] the
most problematic gang in the El Paso region").
Second the evidence was sufficient to allow the jury to reasonably infer that Appellant
intended to participate as a member of Barrio Azteca in assaulting Gomez. Detective Sanchez
discussed the criteria by which an individual may be identified as belonging to a criminal street
gang and, based on that criteria, identified Appellant, Juan "Giant" Villegas, and Matthew Barajas,
as Barrio Azteca gang members. Detective Sanchez specifically determined Appellant was a
member of the Barrio Azteca gang based on: Appellant's non-judicial admission that he is a
member of a criminal street gang; his identification as a member of a criminal street gang by
another reliable individual; evidence that he has on five separate occasions frequented a
documented area of a criminal street gang and associated with known criminal street gang
members; his use of hand signals in more than an incidental manner; his relevant tattoos; and that
Appellant has four times been arrested or taken into custody with known gang members.
Among the many photographsthe jury had before it were photographs of Appellant using a
Barrio Azteca "21" hand sign and of his tattoos bearing Barrio Azteca imagery. The jury also
heard circumstantial evidence that Appellant had been housed with other Barrio Azteca gang
members after he was booked into the El Paso County Detention Facility.
Detective Sanchez also opined that the assault on Gomez was gang related because there
were "three confirmed Barrio Azteca members associating with one another during the incident,"
and there were "derogatory comments against the Sureno gang, which . . . [considering] the
amount of violence that took place ... is very [conclusive] of what Barrio Azteca does and what
they're about." Sanchez explained that incidents between Barrio Azteca and Surenos have been
ongoing since 2008. Further, Gomez, whose face is heavily tattooed, testified he is often
misidentified as an active gang member, and that when Appellant initially confronted him,
Appellant told him he was in Barrio Azteca "territory." Gomez testified that protection of a
gang's territory is vital to a gang's ability "to succeed and make money," and explained that to
protect its territory a gang may kill, extort, or kidnap to intimidate members of another gang.
This evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to reasonably infer that Appellant was a
member, and acted with the intent to participate as a member, of the Barrio Azteca criminal street
gang in assaulting Gomez. See Hart v. State, 89 S.W.3d 61, 64 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002)(direct
evidence of intent not required as jury may infer intent to commit aggravated assault as member of
criminal street gang from facts that tend to prove its existence, including acts, words, conduct, and
method of committing offense); Curiel, 243 S.W.3d at 17.
Third, the evidence was sufficient to show that Appellant committed aggravated assault
with a deadly weapon. During his testimony, Gomez identified Appellant as the individual who
confronted him in the restroom and twice stabbed him with a knife, and stated that the attack left
him with permanent scars. The State presented evidence that Gomez suffered multiple stab
wounds to his abdomen, evisceration of the bowel, a stab wound to his right thigh, multiple
lacerations to his head and face, a laceration to his hand, as well as other injuries. Photographs of
Gomez's wounds were admitted into evidence, and Gomez also testified that he suffered nine stab
wounds and had 12 inches of his intestines removed.
Although a knife is nota deadly weaponeer se, it can be a deadly weapon if the manner of
its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 1.07(a)(17)(B)(West Supp. 2014); see Thomas v. State, 821 S.W.2d 616, 619
(Tex.Crim.App. 1991)(knife is not a deadly weapon per se); Tucker v. State, 21A S.W.3d 688,
691-92 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008)(a victim's injuries alone may be sufficient to find that a deadly
weapon was used). Here, Gomez's testimony that Appellant stabbed him, coupled with the
evidence of Gomez's injuries, were sufficient for the jury to find Appellant used the knife as a
deadly weapon.
Having measured the evidence by the elements of the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge, we conclude the evidence is sufficient and permitted the jury to
reasonably find that Appellant, with the requisite intent and as a member of Barrio Azteca a
criminal street gang, committed aggravated assault on Jesus Gomez with a deadly weapon, a knife,
and used the knife in a manner capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. Issue One is
overruled.
Sufficiency of the Evidence of Aggravated Assault
In Issue Two, Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon because the State failed to prove he acted as a party to the
stabbing of Jesus Gomez. Appellant supports his assertion with evidence that witness Perez
testified he searched Appellant when he arrived at Shooter's and did not find or see Appellant with
a knife, and evidence that witness Ebarguen testified he saw nothing in Appellant's hands at the
time of the attack. We understand Appellant to be arguing that he cannot be held directly
responsible for the stabbing because the two witnesses testified they did not observe Appellant in
possession of a knife, and that he cannot be held criminally responsible for the conduct of another
because the evidence is insufficient to show he acted with the intent to promote or assist the
stabbing by soliciting, encouraging, directing, aiding, or attempting to aid another person in the
commission of the offense.6 But, in addition to the evidence noted by Appellant, the State
presented other evidence that supports the jury's finding that Appellant himself stabbed Gomez.
6 The charge instructed the jury that a person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is
committed by hisown conduct, bytheconduct of another forwhich he iscriminally responsible, or byboth. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01(a)(West 2011). It further instructed thejury thateach party to an offense may be charged
with the commission of the offense, and that a person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the
conduct of another if, acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he encourages, directs,
aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2)(West 2011).
The charge also instructed that mere presence at the scene of an offense will not make a person a party to anoffense.
10
Gomez testified that Appellant was among the persons who initially accosted him in the restroom,
and stated that he later observed Appellant holding a knife when he was again confronted.
Gomez testified that after he asked Appellant whether he was going to "shank" him, Appellant
stabbed him twice. This is direct evidence from which the jury could have reasonably concluded
that Appellant, by his own conduct, committed the criminal offense of aggravated assault with a
deadly weapon as alleged in Count II of the indictment. Direct evidence of a fact is always legally
sufficient to support a finding of the fact. Goodman v. State, 66 S.W.3d 283, 286 (Tex.Crim.App.
2001). Because this evidence supports the jury's finding that Appellant's own conduct
constituted aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, we need not address Appellant's challengeto
the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction as a party criminally responsible for the
conduct of another. Issue Two is overruled.
Assault as a Lesser-Included Offense
Appellant requested the trial court charge thejury on "simple" assault as a lesser-included
offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon as alleged in Count II of the indictment. In
Issue Three, Appellant contends the trial court erroneously denied his request. We conclude the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the request, because the conduct constituting
simple assault was not the same as the conduct alleged in the indictment for aggravated assault.
Standard ofReview
We conduct a two-step Aguilar/Rousseau analysis to determine whether the trial court
should have given the jury a lesser-included offense instruction. State v. Meru, 414 S.W.3d 159,
162 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013); Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 382 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012). First,
we must determine as a matter of law whetherthe requested instruction is indeed a lesser-included
11
offense of the offense charged. Meru, 414 S.W.3d at 162; Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 382; Hall v.
State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). To do this, we compare the elements of the
offense as alleged in the indictment with those of the requested lesser offense. Meru, 414 S.W.3d
at 162. Second, before the lesser offense should be submitted, there must be some evidence in the
record that would permit a jury to rationally find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of
the lesser offense. See Meru, 414 S.W.3d at 162-163 (citing Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536); Guzmanv.
State, 188 S.W.3d 185, 188-89 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006).
Analysis
The Court of Criminal Appeals has made clear that simple assault7 is not necessarily a
lesser-included offense of aggravated assault.8 While simple assault may be a lesser-included
offense of aggravated assault in some cases, to constitute a lesser-included offense of aggravated
assault, the conduct constituting the assault must be the same as the conduct alleged in the
indictment for the aggravated assault. Irving v. State, 176 S.W.3d 842, 845-46 (Tex.Crim.App.
2005); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc Ann. art. 37.09 (West 2006) ("An offense is a lesser included
offense if... it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the
commission of the offense charged[.]"). For instance, in Irving the Court held a simple assault
stemming from grabbing the victim and eventually falling on top of her, was not a lesser-included
offense of the alleged aggravated assault of attacking the victim and causing serious bodily injury
by hitting her with a baseball bat. Irving, 176 S.W.3d at 845^16.
7A person commits the offense of "simple" or misdemeanor assault if he, among other things, "intentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse[.]" TEX. Penal CODE ANN. §
22.01(a)(1).
8 Aperson commits aggravated assault if he commits assault and "causes serious bodily injury to another, including
the person's spouse" or"uses orexhibits a deadly weapon during the commission ofthe assault." TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. §22.02(a)(l,2).
12
Here, like the appellant in Irving, Appellant is asking for a lesser-included offense
instruction based on facts not required to establish the commission of aggravated assault as
charged. That is, Appellant requested an instruction based on conduct different from the conduct
alleged in the indictment for aggravated assault. The relevant portion of the indictment for
aggravated assault alleged Appellant committed aggravated assault against Gomez by "stabbing
him about the body with a knife" and by causing Gomez serious bodily injury by stabbing him
with a knife. Here, Appellant is asking for an instruction for simple assault based on evidence
that Appellant only punched and kicked Gomez "with everyone else," and that one witness
testified he did not see Appellant with a knife in his hands.
The kicking and punching conduct which Appellant promotes on appeal as a basis for the
lesser-included instruction on assault is not the same conduct necessary to prove aggravated
assault by stabbing Gomez with a knife as alleged in the indictment. See Irving, 176 S.W.3d at
845_46. Where the conduct constituting the offense of assault that forms the basis for the
requested instruction is not the same as the conduct charged in the indictment for aggravated
assault, it is not a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault. Id. at 846 ("assault by means of
grabbing the victim and eventually falling on top of her is not a lesser-included offense of
aggravated assault by striking the victim with a bat" as alleged in the indictment). Because
assault by kicking and punching Gomez is not a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault by
stabbing Gomez with a knife, Appellant has not satisfied the first prong of the Aguilar/Rousseau
test.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the requested instruction.
Issue Three is overruled.
13
CONCLUSION
The trial court's judgment is affirmed.
STEVEN L. HUGHES, Justice
April 29, 2015
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)
14
Luna, Jesus Marcial Jr.
Combined Opinion