Daniel Vadnais v. State

ACCEPTED
03-14-00578-CR
5127419
THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
5/1/2015 5:22:47 PM
JEFFREY D. KYLE
CLERK
NO. 03-14-00578-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FILED IN
3rd COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE AUSTIN, TEXAS
THIRD SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS 5/1/2015 5:22:47 PM
AT AUSTIN JEFFREY D. KYLE
Clerk
_________________________________________________________________

NO. CR-13-0651

IN THE 22nd DISTRICT COURT
OF HAYS COUNTY, TEXAS
__________________________________________________________________

DANIEL RAYMOND VADNAIS,
APPELLANT

V.

STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE
_________________________________________________________________

APPELLANT’S BRIEF
__________________________________________________________________
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED

DAL RUGGLES
SBN: 24041834
LAW OFFICE OF DAL R RUGGLES
1103 NUECES ST.
AUSTIN, TEXAS 78701
PH: (512) 477-7991 FAX:(512) 477-3580
DAL@RUGGLESLAW.COM

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
ON APPEAL ONLY
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Parties to Trial Court’s Final Judgment…………………………………………. 3

Index of Authorities…….….……………………………………………………. 4

Statement of the Nature of the Case……………………….………...………....... 7

Statement of the Points of Error……………………………………………..….... 9

Statement of Facts………...…………………………………………………….... 10

Summary of the Argument ……………………………………………………... 20

Point of Error Number One.…………….……………………………................. 21

Point of Error Number Two …………………………………………………….. 29

Point of Error Number Three ……………………………………………………..33

Point of Error Number Four …………………………………………………….. 37

Prayer…………………………………………………………….…...…………. 42

Certificate of Service……………………………………………………………. 43

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 2
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 PARTIES TO TRIAL COURT’S FINAL JUDGMENT

In accordance with Tex.R.App.Proc. 38.1(a), Appellant certifies that the

following is a complete list of the parties and their counsel:

(a) the State of Texas represented by:

Ms. Kathleen Magee (Ms. Arnold)
State Bar No. 24070201
Mr. John Couch
State Bar No. 24048407
Hays County Criminal District Attorney’s Office
Hays County Government Center
712 South Stagecoach Trail, Suite 2057
San Marcos, Texas 78666

(b) Mr. Daniel Raymond Vadnais, represented by:

Mr. James Gerard McDermott, II – trial attorney
State Bar No. 24041438
Thompson, Salinas, Rickers & McDermott, LLP
8140 North Mopac, Westpark 4, Suite 250
Austin, Texas 78759

Mr. Dal Ruggles – appellate attorney
State Bar No. 24041834
Law Office of Dal R Ruggles
1103 Nueces St.
Austin, Texas 78701

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 3
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES PAGE

Albrecht v. State, 486 S.W.2d 97 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972)…..…............................. 30

Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101

(1972)…………………………………………………………………….. 20, 23

Cantu v. State, 253 S.W.3d 273, 280 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). ………….........22, 23

Caro v. State, 771 S.W.2d 610, 671 (Tex.App. – Dallas 1989, no pet.)……….... 32

Cortez v. State, 428 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tex.App. – Amarillo 2014)...................... 38

Crank v. State, 761 S.W.2d 328, 341 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). ……....................... 30

Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 658 112 S. Ct. 2686, 120 L. Ed. 2d 520

(1992)................................................................................................................ 27

Dragoo v. State, 96 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). ……..................... 24

Dunklin v. State, 194 S.W.3d 14, 26 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2006, no pet.)…................ 31

Erazo v. State, 144 S.W.3d 487, 489 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004)…........................34, 35

Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641-42 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006)….............34

Gonzales v. State, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 10462, 16 (Tex.-App.—San Antonio

2013 aff’d 435 S.W.3d Tex.Crim.App. 2014)……………………….............. 27, 28

Harris v. State, 827 S.W.2d 949, 956 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) ................................ 23

Hernandez v. State, 2010 Tex.App.LEXIS 851 (Tex.App.-Austin 2010,

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 4
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 no pet.)…………………………………………………………………….. 32, 34

Johnson v. State, 932 S.W.2d 296, 302 (Tex.App.-Austin 1996, pet. ref’d.) ...31, 32

Keller v. State, 818 S.W.2d 425, 428-29 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist] 1991,

pet. ref’d) ............................................................................................................32

Kiser v. State, 893 S.W.2d 277, 281 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist] 1995,

pet. ref’d)……………………………………………………………………... .34

Maynard v. State, 685 S.W.2d 60, 67 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). .............................. 36

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 389-93 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)

(op. on reh’g) ........................................................................................32, 33, 34

Morrow v. State, 735 S.W.2d 907, 909-12 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1987,

pet. ref’d) ................................................................................................... 34, 35

Phillips v. State, 650 S.W.2d 396, 401 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983) ............................. 26

Robinson v. State, 701 S.W.2d 895, 898 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985) ......................... 35

Shaw v. State, 117 S.W.3d 883, 890 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003)………………...........27

State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 825 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999)………………….... 25

State v. Wei, 447 S.W.3d 549 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2014 pet.

ref’d)……………………………………………………………………………… 28

Tempin v. State, 711 S.W.2d 30 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986)..……............................... 30

Zamorano v. State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 647 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002)………… 22, 23, 26

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 5
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS, STATUTES AND RULES PAGE

Sixth Amendment, United States Constitution……………………….….............. 21

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 32.51(a)….……………………………….…................. 37

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 32.51(b)(1)….……………………………….…..............36

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 32.51(c)….……………………………….….................. 41

Tex.R.App.Proc. 38.1(a) ………………………………………………………….. 3

Tex.R.Ev. 403 ……………………………………………………………………..20

Tex.R.Ev. 404(b) ………………………………………………………………… 20

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 6
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
TO THE HONORABLE JUDGES OF SAID COURT:

COMES NOW, Daniel Raymond Vadnais, Appellant in this cause, by and

through his Attorney, and files this, his brief on original appeal.

STATEMENT OF THE NATURE OF THE CASE

Appellant was charged by indictment on August 7, 2013 in Cause No. CR-

13-0651 with fraudulent use or possession of identifying information 10 or more

items but less than 50 items. (C.R. 6) State’s Notice of Prior Felony Convictions

for Enhancement of Punishment was filed on April 2, 2014. (C.R. 8)

Jury selection occurred in this case on August 11, 2014. (R.R. III, pp. 5-

129) On August 12, 2014, Appellant entered a plea of not guilty to the charges in

the indictment. (R.R. IV, p. 13). The parties announced ready and proceeded to a

jury trial beginning on August 12, 2014. (R.R. IV, p. 12). On August 13, 2014,

after hearing the evidence and argument of both the State and the defense, the jury

found Appellant guilty of fraudulent possession of identifying information, more

than ten but less than fifty items, as alleged in the indictment. (R.R. V, p. 116; C.R.

84).

Following the guilt-innocence phase of the trial, the trial court assessed

punishment on August 13, 2014. Appellant was sentenced to the Institutional

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 7
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
Division of the Texas Department of Corrections for a period of ten (10) years

confinement. (R.R. V, p. 129; C.R. 85). The Order appointing Dal Ruggles as

Appellant’s counsel was filed on July 10, 2010. (C.R. 90) Notice of Appeal was

filed by Appellant’s trial attorney, James Gerard McDermott, II, on August 28,

2014. (C.R. 88). The trial court signed a Certification of Defendant’s Right to

Appeal on August 13, 2014. (C.R. 87)

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 8
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 STATEMENT OF THE POINTS OF ERROR

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS DECISION TO DENY
APPELLANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR VIOLATION OF HIS
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ADMITTING
INTO EVIDENCE AN EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE OF FORGERY.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO CONDUCT A RULE
403 BALANCING TEST WHEN CONSIDERING THE
ADMISSIBILITY OF AN EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE OF FORGERY.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR

THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN A
CONVICTION FOR FRAUDULENT USE OR POSSESSION OF
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION 10 OR MORE ITEMS BUT LESS
THAN 50 ITEMS.

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 9
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 STATEMENT OF FACTS

First to testify in Appellant’s case was Deputy Shaun Booth. Deputy Booth

was dispatched to an area in response to a call regarding a verbal disturbance.

When he arrived at the scene he saw two males who were later identified as Mr.

Griffin and the Appellant, Mr. Vadnais. It was early in the morning and Deputy

Booth saw Appellant standing in front of Mr. Griffin’s house in the driveway.

They both appeared fairly calm and when questioned, Appellant said that nothing

had happened. (R.R. IV, pp. 22-26) After backup arrived Deputy Booth was able

to speak with Mr. Griffin. Deputy Booth testified he believed Mr. Griffin and

Appellant had just met. He also said that Appellant had driven there and that he

had a vehicle parked around the corner and a couple of houses down. While

looking around the area Deputy Booth noticed a black bag in a corner of the

garage. He asked Mr. Griffin if the bag was his and he said no. Deputy Booth

then asked Appellant if it was his bag and he said no as well. Eventually however,

Appellant admitted ownership of the bag but only after several attempts by the

Deputy to get him to admit it. It was after Deputy Booth told Appellant the bag

would be taken into inventory as found property that he admitted the bag was his.

Deputy Booth described Appellant’s demeanor as physically nervous, saying he

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 10
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
shuffled, hemmed and hawed about what he’d say, looked at the ground and

wouldn’t look the officer in the eye. He also said that Appellant would not really

give an answer to yes or no questions. He would hem and haw and make a

grunting noise. According to Deputy Booth however, Appellant did eventually

give a definite yes answer regarding consent to search the bag. The bag was

admitted as State’s Exhibit No. 1. (R.R. IV, pp. 26-33, 35)

A separate package containing the contents that were found in State’s

Exhibit No. 1 was also admitted as State’s Exhibit No. 2. Deputy Booth described

the contents of State’s Exhibit No. 1 as being driver’s licenses, copies of various

driver’s licenses, social security cards, copies of social security cards, wallets,

several pieces of identification, legal pads with identifying information, garage

door openers, pen, pencils and “stuff like that.” He also testified as to the names

on the documents in the bag. He read the names seen on several items including

driver’s licenses, social security cards, passports, business cards, checks and

stationary. (R.R. IV, pp. 36-46)

There was also a notebook and notepad found in State’s Exhibit No. 1 that

had names on it along with identifying information such as social security numbers

and addresses. The notebook and notepad were admitted into evidence as State’s

Exhibit No. 3. Deputy Booth read the names in State’s Exhibit No. 3 during his

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 11
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
testimony. Among them were the names of witnesses Clay Snodgrass and Janet

Brown. There was testimony referring to several pieces of paper and receipts

found in State’s Exhibit No. 1 that had Christopher White’s name on them.

Another package containing an additional notebook was admitted into evidence as

State’s Exhibit No. 4. A wallet containing a driver’s license, employee ID, library

card and checks with Christopher White’s name on them was admitted as State’s

Exhibit No. 5. The wallet was found in State’s Exhibit No. 1. There was no

testimony given that associated any of the items in evidence to any of the witnesses

called by the State other than Mr. Snodgrass, Ms. Brown and Mr. White. (R.R. IV,

pp. 50-64)

Upon cross-examination by the defense, Deputy Booth said that when he

arrived on the scene a neighbor told him there was a verbal disturbance and

pointed to Appellant as someone who had been standing in the street yelling, “You

can’t take my car.” Deputy Booth could not recall who Appellant was yelling at

and did not determine who he may have been claiming had taken his car. Mr.

Griffin indicated the argument was between Appellant and Mr. Griffin’s son.

Deputy Booth could not recall getting any information about Mr. Griffin’s son

although upon cross-examination Deputy Booth testified that he learned Appellant

was a friend of Mr. Griffin’s son and that Mr. Griffin had gotten between the two

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 12
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
of them when they had an argument. (R.R.IV, pp. 76-86)

Defense Counsel also questioned Deputy Booth about the bag (State’s

Exhibit No. 1) that was found at the scene. The bag was leaning up against the

garage door track. It was not hidden. Deputy Booth did not see Appellant walk up

to the garage and put something down. He did not see Appellant holding the bag

and Mr. Griffin could not say he saw Appellant hold the bag. When asked if there

was any indication of a fight or evidence that someone had been hit or threatened,

Deputy Booth could not recall. (R.R. IV, pp. 89-90)

Defense counsel questioned Deputy Booth about all the items in State’s

Exhibit No. 3 and he agreed that that there was nothing in it that identified

Appellant. Defense counsel also questioned Deputy Booth about the items

contained in State’s Exhibit No. 4 and States Exhibit No. 5. Again, Deputy Booth

testified that there were no items identifying Appellant. (R.R. IV, pp. 90-105)

Mr. Christopher White took the stand following Deputy Booth. Mr. White

testified that he lived in Schertz, Texas and had lived there for eleven years. He

stated he worked for Walmart as a district manager over loss prevention and went

on to say he lost his wallet at the Walmart on Slaughter Lane in Austin, Texas. He

was doing a review of the store at the time and dropped it in the men’s restroom.

When he realized it was gone he had someone check the restroom but it was not

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 13
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
found so Mr. White called his bank and cancelled the credit card and debit card in

his wallet. (R.R. IV, pp. 114-116)

Mr. White was shown the wallet previously marked as State’s Exhibit No. 5

and asked to identify it. He said it did not look familiar to him however he did

identify a driver’s license that was inside as being the one that he lost and replaced.

He also identified a library card and a Walmart employee card produced by the

State as being his. Checks that were located in the wallet were also not recognized

by Mr. White even though they did have his name on them. Mr. White did not

recognize the bank and account information on the checks either. It was not a bank

he had an account with. Finally, Mr. White was shown some hotel receipts and

asked if he had stayed at those hotels on the dates indicated on the receipts. He

testified he had not. He also testified he did not know Appellant and had not given

him permission to possess his identifying information. (R.R. IV, pp. 118-125)

Mr. Clay Snodgrass also testified he did not know Appellant. He confirmed

his address, date of birth and driver’s license number when asked by the State. He

also confirmed that a number on a document described as part of the package

marked as State’s Exhibit No. 3 was his social security number. He said he did not

give anyone permission or consent to use or possess his personal identifying

information. (R.R. IV, pp. 125-127)

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 14
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 Ms. Janet Brown took the stand and testified to her address, date of birth,

phone number and social security number. She also did not give anyone

permission or consent to have this information. She was followed by Mr. Sonny

Rathmore who provided virtually the identical testimony. (R.R. IV, p. 129-132)

Detective Ronnie Torres was the back-up officer for Deputy Booth and he

testified next. He explained that he responded as a secondary officer in order to

provide assistance for officer safety reasons. When he arrived Deputy Booth was

speaking with Appellant, and according to Detective Torres, not having much

success with him. Deputy Booth was an inexperienced officer at the time so

Detective Torres stepped in to assist. Detective Torres felt Appellant was being

evasive so he decided to be more assertive in order to get his questions answered.

Detective Torres learned that Appellant had driven to the scene and wanted to

continue a conversation with Mr. Griffin. (R.R. IV, pp. 133-145)

Detective Torres remembered seeing Deputy Booth with the black bag in his

hands and that Appellant eventually claimed ownership of the bag. He went on to

say that because he and Deputy Booth did not know what was in the bag and

because there had been a verbal disturbance reported, they would not leave the

scene. At some point Appellant gave the officers consent to search the bag. (R.R.

IV, pp. 146-149)

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 15
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 A redacted version of the officer’s car video was offered into evidence as

State’s Exhibit No. 6 without objection from the defense. The video showed

Detective Torres speaking to Appellant in a very aggressive and rough manner.

Detective Torres explained he took such a tone in order to try and get information

from Appellant. He felt it was necessary because Appellant was being vague in his

responses. He also explained that police officers sometimes lie to suspects in order

to get them to talk. (R.R. IV, pp. 152-155)

On cross-examination Detective Torres answered questions about the call

and described how the investigation was conducted. He confirmed that having an

argument is not a crime but that police officers respond to disturbances to make

sure an argument doesn’t escalate to that point. Because the incident occurred

quite a while back Detective Torres was unable to remember many details. He

could not recall how close Appellant and Mr. Griffin were to each other. He did

not remember details such as the length of the driveway, whether the garage door

was open or closed and if there was a vehicle in the garage. He also could not

recall if Mr. Griffin said that his son had the keys to Appellant’s car or if there was

a dispute about whether or not somebody had taken Appellant’s car. (R.R. IV, pp.

161-163, 175)

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 16
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 Detective Torres said that Appellant was not very cooperative and that he

didn’t believe Appellant was being truthful when giving his name. Appellant

could not produce a driver’s license either. Ultimately, Appellant’s identity was

confirmed and he was free to go, although he was not allowed to drive away since

he did not have a driver’s license. (R.R. IV, pp. 166-170, 181)

Detective Angelo Florian testified that he is a Detective with the Hays

County Sheriff’s Office who is assigned to the Criminal Investigations Division.

Detective Florian provided information regarding his experience in financial

crimes and explained how to determine whether a check or financial instrument is

real or counterfeit. He also discussed the ways to tell if a driver’s license, credit

card or some other sort of identity is real or counterfeit. According to Detective

Florian, social security numbers are probably the easiest things to counterfeit

though they can also be easy to investigate given the fact that until recently, they

were issued regionally throughout the United States. (R.R. V, pp. 12-15)

Detective Florian described Appellant’s case as being very straightforward

and very apparent for identity theft. He had the opportunity to go through the

contents of State’s Exhibit No. 2 and said it contained a lot of documents. Inside

were social security numbers, names, dates of birth, addresses, blank checks with

nothing on them, social security cards, hotel receipts and different tools consistent

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 17
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
with committing fraud and being able to commit fraud. He went on to explain how

counterfeit checks are prepared and how a fraud suspect might try to access a

person’s credit report in order to steal their identity. He also read some of the

notes found in State’s Exhibit 3 and gave his opinion as to what they might mean.

He said that words on the notes like “public data” stood out when investigating

fraud cases because it referred to a website that gave easy access to a person’s

driver license number. (R.R. V, pp. 19-25)

Regarding the hotel receipts found in the bag, Detective Florian testified that

hotels are a great place to be active in fraud. He said they help a person be

anonymous while using the hotel’s Wi-Fi to get on websites like Public Data.

Some of the receipts and email confirmations had Appellant’s name on them that

Detective Florian suggested connected Appellant to the bag and to fraud activities.

Detective Florian felt that other notes found in the bag as well as checks that

appeared to be counterfeit indicated Appellant was engaged in fraud-related

activities. Also, a scanner found in the bag could have been used in making

driver’s licenses or social security cards. (R.R. V, pp. 27-32)

After Detective Florian’s testimony the parties requested a ruling related to

the State’s application for admissibility of other convictions, pursuant to Rule

404(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. A hearing was held in the presence of

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 18
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
Appellant and outside the presence of the jury. A total of four convictions were

discussed and defense counsel’s objections to two burglary convictions and one

unauthorized use of a motor vehicle were sustained. Defense counsel’s objection

to a Forgery conviction was sustained in part and overrruled in part. The court

allowed the conviction to come in but only the fact of the conviction and the date.

The court ruled that a limiting instruction would be given to the jury that they

could consider some, part or all of this evidence but that it could not be considered

as character evidence but could only be considered on the issue of intent. In order

to prove the extraneous offense of forgery the State advised they would offer into

evidence the judgment associated with that prior offense. Defense counsel did not

object and in fact, stipulated to the veracity of the judgment. (R.R. V, pp. 51-65)

The State and the defense then rested. (R.R. V, pp. 68-72)

After hearing the argument of counsel from both sides, the jury deliberated

and found the charge as alleged in the indictment to be true. Appellant went to the

court for punishment and after closing statements from both sides the trial court

assessed Appellant’s punishment at ten years imprisonment. (R.R. V, pp. 116-129)

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 19
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS

In his first point of error, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in its

decision to deny Appellant’s motion to dismiss for violation of his Sixth

amendment right to a speedy trial. Appellant argues the delay in his case was

sufficient to trigger a speedy trial inquiry and that when factors under a Barker

analysis were looked at they would weigh in his favor. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S.

514, 530 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1972). Appellant’s delay was sufficient

to trigger the analysis, the reason for the delay was not due to Appellant’s

acquiescence but rather the State’s inaction, Appellant asserted his right to a trial

soon after becoming aware of that right and Appellant was prejudiced by the delay.

In his second point of error, Appellant argues that the court abused its

discretion when it allowed an extraneous offense committed by Appellant to be

admitted into evidence. Appellant supports his contention by arguing that the

extraneous offense of forgery allowed into evidence did not meet any of the

exceptions to Tex.R.Ev. 404(b).

In his third point of error, Appellant argues that the court erred when it did

not conduct a Rule 403 balancing test when deciding whether or not to admit the

extraneous offense of forgery. Tex.R.Ev. 403 Appellant argues that the court was

required to do the balancing test and that if it had, it would have found that all four

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 20
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
factors of the test weighed in favor of Appellant. As such, the extraneous offense

of forgery would not have been admissible.

In his fourth point of error, Appellant argues that the evidence produced at

trial was insufficient to show he possessed 10 or more items of identifying

information. Appellant bases this argument on testimony provided by witnesses

and the lack of evidence tying testimony to any documents admitted as evidence.

The record reflects that a total of four items of identifying information were

actually identified and offered into evidence, not the ten or more as alleged in the

indictment.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS DECISION TO DENY
APPELLANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR VIOLATION OF HIS
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL.

Appellant adopts by reference the Statement of Facts set out earlier in this

brief. At the beginning of trial a hearing was held outside the presence of the jury

on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss For Violation of Sixth Amendment Right to

Speedy Trial. Defense counsel argued that Appellant had been in custody for more

than 19 months thereby triggering a full analysis of the right to a speedy trial.

Defense counsel explained that even taking into consideration the delay resulting

from agreed resets the total amount of time was somewhere between 16 and 18

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 21
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
months of delay which would still trigger the presumption of denial of speedy trial

thereby placing the burden on the State to justify the delay as far as acquiescence.

(R.R. III, pp. 24-27)

The State argued that the length of time should be measured from the date of

indictment not the date of arrest and as such the delay was less than a year. The

State also argued that they were entitled to a meaningful hearing and as such,

Defendant still had to put on testimony about prejudice, after which the State

would then have to rebut the presumption. The State went on to say that defense

counsel’s motion asking for a dismissal as opposed to a trial weighed against the

defense. The only reason the State gave for the delay was that Defendant had

picked up cases in other counties and had been in custody on those as well. No

additional testimony was given. The court then denied the motion. (R.R. III, pp.

26-27)

“The Sixth Amendment to the United State Constitution guarantees an

accused the right to a speedy trial.” Cantu v. State, 253 S.W.3d 273, 280

(Tex.Crim.App. 2008) (citing Zamorano v. State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 647

(Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (en banc)). When addressing a speedy trial claim the

Supreme Court requires state courts to weigh and balance four factors: 1) length of

delay, 2) reason for delay, 3) assertion of the right, and 4) prejudice to the

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 22
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
accused.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101

(1972)

A. Length of Delay

Texas courts generally hold that any delay of eight months or longer is

presumptively unreasonable and triggers speedy trial analysis. Harris v. State, 827

S.W.2d, 949, 956 (Tex.Cr.App. 1992). The length of delay is measured from the

time the defendant is arrested or formally accused. Harris v. State, 827 S.W.2d at

956. Appellant was arrested on November 25, 2012. Appellant was appointed

counsel in March of 2014 and went to trial the following August. Therefore,

approximately 19 months elapsed between Appellant’s arrest and trial. Even

taking into account the period of time attributable to agreed court resets the delay

was over 16 months, a sufficient amount to trigger a speedy trial analysis. The

length of delay weighs against the State and in favor of Appellant.

B. Reason for the Delay

The burden for justifying the delay falls on the State. Cantu v. State, 253

S.W.3d 273, 280 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). While intentional or deliberate

prosecutorial delay will weigh heavily against the State, neutral reasons, such as

negligence or overcrowded courts, will be less heavily weighed. Zamorano, 84

S.W.3d at 649 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. 2182). When the State

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 23
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
fails to establish a reason for the delay, we may presume neither a deliberate

attempt to prejudice the defense nor that the reason is valid. Dragoo v. State, 96

S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003).

According to defense counsel’s argument Appellant was arrested in

November of 2012, granted a PR bond, released to the custody of another county

and bonded out again. All bonds were then revoked in December, less than a

month after his initial arrest. Appellant remained in custody the entire time

thereafter and was not appointed counsel in this case until March of 2014.

Appellant appeared in court with his newly appointed attorney in April of 2014.

At that time Appellant rejected a plea offer made by the State and asked for a trial.

There was an agreed reset to May 22, 2014 and another to June 26, 2014. A

Motion to Dismiss was then filed and Appellant announced for trial.

The State’s reason for the delay consisted of one statement: “If it’s not

apparent enough from the stipulations, defendant had picked up offenses before

this particular case, had a hold on him out of Wilson, or Travis County, whatever it

was, and has been in jail on those cases, as well.” The State’s only explanation for

the delay was that Appellant was being held in other counties. No other testimony

about the reason for delay was given. There is nothing in the record to suggest

Appellant was unavailable for trial. There is nothing in the record to show how far

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 24
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
away Appellant was being held or how difficult it would have been to secure

Appellant’s presence. There was no proof admitted as to when the out-of-county

cases were resolved and the possibility of Appellant to be bench warranted or made

available. This factor should weigh against the State and in favor of Appellant as

well.

C. Assertion of the Right

A defendant is responsible for asserting or demanding his right to a speedy

trial. State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 825 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Although

Appellant was arrested in November of 2012 and remained in custody from

December of 2012 on, he was not appointed counsel until March of 2014. Because

Appellant lacked the assistance of counsel during much of that time he was

unaware of his rights and unable to assert them. Appellant’s first opportunity to

assert his right to a speedy trial was at the first court setting with his newly

appointed attorney in April of 2014. The record reflects that on April 22, 2014

Appellant refused a plea offer and asked for a trial. This was Appellant’s first

setting with counsel. On June 26, 2014 he filed a motion to dismiss for violation

of his Sixth amendment right to a speedy trial.

The State argued that Appellant’s claim was weakened because he sought a

dismissal rather than a trial, however this is not necessarily the case. “In some

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 25
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
cases, defense counsel may legitimately feel that a long delay has caused a client

so much prejudice that dismissal is warranted, even if the State is belatedly ready

to move promptly. Each case must turn on its own facts, and the particular relief a

defendant seeks is but one fact to consider”. Phillips v. State, 650 S.W.2d 396,

401 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983). The fact that Appellant’s defense was compromised

by the delay is apparent when reading the record. Detective Torres testified that

because the incident occurred a while back he was unable to remember many

details. He couldn’t recall how close Mr. Griffin and Appellant were to each other.

He couldn’t remember the length of the driveway, whether the garage door was

open or closed and if there was a vehicle in the garage. Deputy Booth also testified

he could not remember some details. He could not recall whom Appellant was

yelling at or who he might have claimed took his car. He couldn’t recall if there

was any indication of a fight or evidence that someone had been hit or threatened.

This factor should weigh against the State and in favor of Appellant.

D. Prejudice to the Accused

As previously stated, Texas courts have generally held that a delay of eight

months or more is “presumptively prejudicial” and will trigger a speedy trial

analysis. Zamorano v. State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 647 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). Proof of

actual prejudice is not required in situations where the delay is excessive, because

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 26
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
such a delay “presumptively compromises the reliability of a trial in ways that

neither party can prove or even identify.” Shaw v. State, 117 S.W.3d 883, 890

(Tex.Crim.App. 2003) citing Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 658 112 S.

Ct. 2686, 120 L. Ed. 2d 520 (1992). A defendant who has made a prima facie

showing of prejudice will be entitled to relief unless the presumption of prejudice

is (1) persuasively rebutted by the State or (2) extenuated by the defendant’s

acquiescence in the delay. Gonzales v. State, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 10462, 16

(Tex.-App.—San Antonio 2013 aff’d 435 S.W.3d Tex.Crim.App. 2014) (citing

Doggett, 505 U.S. at 658).

The delay in this case was not extenuated by Appellant’s acquiescence.

During the majority of the time he was in custody Appellant did not know to assert

his right to a speedy trial because he did not have legal representation to advise

him of such. Once he was appointed counsel he requested a trial at the first court

setting and filed a speedy trial motion to dismiss a couple of months thereafter.

Because Appellant did not acquiesce, therefore it is the State’s burden to rebut the

presumption of prejudice.

The State argued that Appellant was not relieved of the burden to show

prejudice. The State argued that they were entitled to a “meaningful hearing” and

as such, Appellant still needed to put on testimony about prejudice. Once

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 27
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
presented, the State would then be required to rebut the presumption. This is not

the law. Appellant does not need to show harm to prevail on a speedy trial claim.

“Nevertheless, the State implies it bore no burden to rebut because appellee made

no allegation of harm in his motion nor put on evidence of actual harm at the

hearing. We disagree.” State v. Wei, 447 S.W.3d 549 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th

Dist.] 2014). Absent a showing that appellee acquiesced in the delay, it was the

State’s burden to rebut the presumption of prejudice because appellee was

“absolved from the requirement to demonstrate prejudice.” State v. Wei, 447

S.W.3d 549 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2014 pet. ref’d) citing Gonzales v.

State 435 S.W.3d 801, 812, 815 (Tex.Crim.App. 2014). The record shows that the

State made no effort to rebut the presumption of prejudice. This factor weighs

against the State and in favor of Appellant.

Balancing the Barker Factors

All four factors weigh in Appellant’s favor. The 16 to 18 month delay is

presumptively prejudicial going well beyond the 12 month triggering point

recognized by Texas courts. The record is almost silent to the reason for the delay

other than Appellant’s incarceration in other counties during the time. Appellant

asserted his right to a speedy trial shortly after being appointed counsel and

becoming aware of the right. And finally, the State failed to rebut the presumption

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 28
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
that Appellant’s defense had been prejudiced by the delay. This point of error

should be sustained.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ADMITTING
INTO EVIDENCE AN EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE OF FORGERY.

During the trial several issues were addressed outside the presence of the

jury. Among them was the State’s desire to have extraneous offenses admitted into

evidence. The State argued that Appellant’s entire defense was that he had no

knowledge of what was in State’s Exhibit No. 1, or absence of mistake. The State

went on to say Appellant’s claim that he did not know what was in the bag could

be disproven by the extraneous offenses he committed. Specifically, the State felt

that a burglary previously committed by Appellant would somehow show that he

knew what was in State’s Exhibit 1, that he knew what he was doing and that there

wasn’t an absence of mistake. Defense counsel’s response was that he had said

nothing during the trial to open the door to admission of the extraneous offenses.

Defense counsel had not asked for a mistake of fact or mistake of law instruction in

the Charge. He maintained that he had not violated any rule that would trigger a

Rule 404(b) exception and allow for the extraneous offense to be admitted into

evidence. (R.R. V, pp. 9- 10)

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 29
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 The Court sustained Appellant’s objection related to two prior convictions

for burglary and one unauthorized use of a motor vehicle conviction. Counsel’s

objection to a forgery conviction was sustained in part and overruled in part. The

court ruled that the conviction would be admitted but it would come in with a

limiting instruction. The jury could consider some, part or all of the evidence, and

the evidence was not to be considered as character evidence under any

circumstances. It could only be considered on the issue of intent. (R.R. V, pp. 51-

54).

A defendant is to be tried only for the offense charged, not for any other

crimes or for being a criminal generally. Crank v. State, 761 S.W.2d 328, 341

(Tex.Crim.App. 1988). Extraneous offense evidence carries with it the inherent

risk that a defendant may be convicted because of his propensity for committing

crimes generally – i.e. his bad character, rather than for the commission of the

charged offense, courts have historically been reluctant to allow evidence of an

individual’s prior bad acts or extraneous offenses. Tempin v. State, 711 S.W.2d 30

(Tex.Crim.App. 1986); Albrecht v. State, 486 S.W.2d 97 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972).

For this reason, evidence of extraneous crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible at

the guilt-innocence phase to prove the character of a person in order to show action

in conformity therewith but is admissible to prove other matters, such as motive,

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 30
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake

or accident if the accused is given reasonable notice of the State’s intent to

introduce the evidence. Tex.R.Ev. 404(b).

Rebuttal of a defensive theory is also one of the permissible purposes for

which relevant evidence may be admitted under Rule 404(b). But to be probative,

the extraneous offense evidence admitted to rebut a defensive theory must be

similar to the charged offense. As stated above, the State’s theory for admissibility

of the extraneous offense evidence was that the extraneous offenses would show

that Appellant did know what was in State’s Exhibit No. 1. No explanation of how

this connection would be made was given by the State.

Although the State’s argument for admitting the extraneous offense into

evidence was rebuttal of a defense, the Court ruled the extraneous offense was

admissible to show intent. Extraneous offense evidence may become admissible to

help prove intent only if the intent required for a conviction is a contested issue in

the case. Dunklin v. State, 194 S.W.3d 14, 26 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2006, no pet.).

Intent can be characterized as a contested issue for purposes of justifying the

admission of extraneous offense evidence if the required intent for the primary

offense cannot be inferred from the act itself or if the accused presents evidence to

rebut the inference that the required intent existed. Johnson v. State, 932 S.W.2d

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 31
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
296, 302 (Tex.App.-Austin 1996, pet. ref’d.) citing Caro v. State, 771 S.W.2d 610,

671 (Tex.App. – Dallas 1989, no pet.). “Intent is most clearly an issue when the

defendant argues the charged offense was unintentional or the result of an

accident.” Johnson v. State, citing Keller v. State, 818 S.W.2d 425, 428-29

(Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist] 1991, pet ref’d). “Once the defendant claims

accident, mistake, lack of intent, etc., intent can no longer be inferred from other

uncontested direct evidence, and the State is allowed to prove intent through

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts.” Johnson v. State, citing Montgomery v.

State, 810 S.W.2d at 375 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991) (op. on reh’g).

During the trial Appellant did not claim his conduct was unintentional or the

result of an accident or mistake. Appellant’s defensive theory was that the bag

containing the identifying information was not his and that he did not possess it.

As such, the extraneous act was not admissible to show Appellant’s intent.

Compare and contrast Hernandez v. State 2010 Tex.App.LEXIS 851 (Tex.App.-

Austin 2010, no pet.) (where an extraneous act was held to be admissible to show

intent when Hernandez claimed his touching of the complainant was accidental.)

When a defendant’s defensive theory is that the conduct did not occur, an

extraneous act is not admissible to show the defendant’s intent. Here the court

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 32
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
erred in admitting the extraneous offense under Rule 404(b). This point of error

must be sustained.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER THREE

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO CONDUCT A RULE
403 BALANCING TEST WHEN CONSIDERING THE
ADMISSIBILITY OF AN EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE OF FORGERY.

If the trial court overrrules a defendant’s Rule 404(b) objection the trial

court must then examine the evidence in light of Tex.R.Ev. 403. Even when

evidence of prior criminal conduct is admissible under Rule 404(b) the evidence

may still be excluded under Rule 403 if the evidence’s “probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion or the issues,

or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless

presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tex.R.Ev. 403. If a Rule 403 objection is

made, the trial court must conduct a balancing test. Montgomery v. State, 810

S.W.2d 372, 389-90 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). Here, the record

reflects that the trial court did not conduct a Rule 403 balancing test. If it had, then

relevant criteria regarding probative value versus the danger of unfair prejudice

would have been examined.

The relevant criteria of such a balancing test includes the inherent probative

value of the evidence; the proponent’s need for the evidence; the tendency of the

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 33
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
evidence to induce a decision on an improper basis; the tendency of the evidence to

confuse the jury or distract it from the main issues; the “tendency of the evidence

to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the

probative force of the evidence”; and whether the “presentation of the evidence

will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already

admitted.” Hernandez v. State, supra at 26, citing Gigliobianco v. State, 210

S.W.3d 637, 641-42 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006); see Erazo v. State, 144 S.W.3d 487,

489 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). After reviewing the relevant criteria objectively, an

appellate court should conclude that the trial court abused its discretion if the

record reveals that one or more of the criteria demonstrates “a risk that the

probative value of the tendered evidence is substantially outweighed by unfair

prejudice.” Hernandez v. State, supra at 27, citing Montgomery v. State, 810

S.W.2d at 393.

“When determining the probative value of past criminal behavior,

particularly when the intent of the defendant is an issue, courts should consider the

similarity of the prior offense to the current offense charged and the amount of

time that has passed since the prior offense was committed”. Hernandez v. State

citing Kiser v. State, 893 S.W.2d 277, 281 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist] 1995, pet.

ref’d); Morrow v. State, 735 S.W.2d 907, 909-12 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.]

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 34
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
1987, pet. ref’d). Because the trial court did not conduct a 403 balancing test there

is no information on the record regarding details of Appellant’s past conviction for

forgery. Whether the crime involved similar facts such as the use of identifying

information or whether it involved only the forgery of a signature on a document is

unknown. What is known is that the conviction occurred around twelve years

earlier. State’s Exhibit No 13, the judgment entered into evidence on the forgery

conviction shows the date of the offense to be May 6, 2002. Appellant was placed

on community supervision and subsequently revoked. The date judgment was

entered and sentenced imposed was December 5, 2007. (R.R. VI, pp. 39-41)

Courts have found that evidence was not too remote when the amount of time that

has passed is four to six months Robinson v. State, 701 S.W.2d 895, 898

(Tex.Crim.App. 1985) or seven days Morrow v. State 735 S.W.2d 907, 911

Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist] 1987, pet. ref’d)). In this case the amount of time

that had passed since the previous crime occurred was approximately 12 years.

The State’s need for the evidence was low. When determining this need,

courts should consider whether the proponent had other evidence to establish the

fact of consequence, how strong the other evidence was, and whether the “fact of

consequence related to an issue that is in dispute”. Erazo v. State, 144 S.W.3d 495,

496 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). Appellant admitted a bag containing the identifying

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 35
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
information of several persons was his thereby establishing intent. “[T]he actor is

presumed to have the intent to harm or defraud another if the actor possesses the

identifying information of three or more other persons.” Tex.Pen.Code § 32.51

(b)(1).

If there is a reasonable possibility that the inadmissible evidence might have

contributed to either the conviction or the punishment assessed, then the error was

not harmless. Maynard v. State, 685 S.W.2d 60, 67 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). In this

case the sufficiency of evidence was at issue and the prior conviction may have

provided the additional evidence necessary to convict Appellant. During

punishment the trial court judge referred to Appellant’s prior offenses. “Certainly,

the prior convictions are a factor that weigh against the defendant.” (R.R. VI, p.

128) Additionally, during closing argument the State reminded the jury of

Appellant’s prior conviction for forgery and told them that the judgment could be

used to assess Defendant’s credibility.1 (R.R. V, pp. 114-115) It is not

unreasonable to think that learning of Appellant’s previous conviction for forgery

contributed to his conviction and/or to the amount of punishment he received.

A Rule 403 balancing test in this case would have shown that one or more of

the relevant criteria demonstrate a risk that the admitted extraneous offense
1
This was despite the fact that the court had instructed the jury only to consider the extraneous
offense on the issue of intent.

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 36
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
evidence is outweighed by unfair prejudice. As such, Appellant’s third point of

error should be sustained.

POINT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR

THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN A
CONVICTION FOR FRAUDULENT USE OR POSSESSION OF
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION 10 OR MORE ITEMS BUT LESS
THAN 50 ITEMS.

Appellant was convicted of fraudulent use or possession of identifying

information 10 or more items but less than 50 items. A person commits the

offense of fraudulent use or possession of identifying information “if the person,

with the intent to harm or defraud another, obtains, possesses, transfers, or uses an

item of identifying information of another person without the other person’s

consent. Tex.Pen.Code. § 32.51(b)(1). “Identifying information” means

information that alone or in conjunction with other information identifies a person,

including a person’s: (A) name and date of birth; (B) unique biometric data,

including the person’s fingerprint, voice print, or retina or iris image; (C) unique

electronic identification number, address, routing code, or financial institution

account number; (D) telecommunication identifying information or access device;

and (E) social security number or other government issued identification number.”

Tex.Pen.Code § 32.51 (a).

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 37
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 While the legislature did not define “item of identifying information,” Texas

courts have determined that an “item” of identifying information is each bit of

identifying information in a document, as opposed to the document on which the

information appears. Cortez v. State, 428 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tex.App. – Amarillo

2014). If an accused possessed a driver’s license for example, he would be in

possession of 3 items of identifying information as listed in Tex.Pen.Code §

32.51(a). Those 3 items would be the person’s name and date of birth (listed

together as one item in the statute), address, and driver’s license number.

During trial the State produced four witnesses to testify about personal

identifying information that the Appellant may have possessed. The record reflects

that although these witnesses were questioned about several items such as name

and date of birth, address, driver’s license number and social security number, only

four items of identifying information were actually entered as evidence by the

State or identified as an item already in evidence.

Mr. White testified that a wallet previously admitted as State’s Exhibit 5 was

not his but that the driver’s license and employee card inside the wallet were. He

also testified that some checks found inside the wallet were not his but that it was

his name and address on the checks. (R.R. IV, pp. 118-121) As discussed above,

when calculating the number of identifying information items we look to the

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 38
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
individual items themselves, not the documents they are on. Therefore, Mr.

White’s driver’s license number and address would count as one item each. His

name and date of birth combined would also count as one item for a total of three

items. There was no indication that the employee card had anything more than

Mr. White’s signature, which is not an item of identifying information as listed in

Tex.Pen.Code § 32.51 (a).

Mr. Snodgrass testified that an item marked as part of State’s Exhibit 3

contained his social security number. The record does not reflect what that item

was. No other exhibit or item of evidence was referred to during his testimony.

Mr. Snodgrass was questioned about his name, address, driver’s license number

and date of birth but no documents that were found in State’s Exhibit No. 1 were

offered into evidence, admitted into evidence, or referred to during his testimony.

The State failed to connect any other document found in State’s Exhibit No. 1 to

Mr. Snodgrass. As such, the total identifying items in evidence for Mr. Snodgrass

was one.

Like Mr. Snodgrass, Janet Brown was questioned about several items of

personal identifying information. And like Mr. Snodgrass, the only document that

seemed to be referred to by the State was one that had her social security number

on it. Unlike Mr. Snodgrass, nothing Ms. Brown testified about was identified as

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 39
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
evidence with an exhibit number. The record is silent as to what the document

referred to by the State may have been or where it came from. As such, testimony

provided by Mr. Snodgrass and Ms. Brown does not add a single item of

identifying information into evidence.

Finally, Mr. Sonny Rathmore took the stand for the State with similar

results. He was asked what his date of birth was. He was also asked what his

address was, his phone number, and his social security number. As with Ms.

Brown the questions asked seem to indicate the State is referring to a document2

but once again, it is unclear from the record what exhibit the State and the witness

were referring to. It is impossible to know because as there is nothing on the

record to show this. No explanation, identification or authentication is given.

There was no exhibit or document identified on the record by the witness. Nothing

connects these witnesses’ testimony to anything that was found in State’s Exhibit

No. 1, the black bag. Again, this testimony does not add any item of identifying

information into evidence.

2
As with the previous witnesses, the State seems to refer to some document when asking about
the person’s social security number. “And is this your Social Security number right there,
(indicating)? The question is only framed like this when asking about the Social Security
number, not the other items of information, and an explanation beyond the question itself is not
given. The State could have avoided this issue by identifying, numbering and offering the items
as exhibits into evidence.

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 40
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 The trial court seemed aware of the need to have every document necessary

to prove an item of identifying information specifically identified by a witness on

the record. “Make sure you get every piece of property that is in the black bag so

we’ll have a proper record. I mean, it’s your discretion to do that.” (R.R. IV, p.

37) The State did not heed the trial court’s warning and in fact, seemed to make a

point of ignoring it when they advised a witness “without reading this into - - onto

the record, can you tell me, is that your Social Security number right there,

(indicating)?” (R.R. IV, p.129)

The offense of fraudulent use or possession of identifying information is (1)

a state jail felony if the number of items obtained, possessed, transferred, or used is

less than five; (2) a felony of the third degree if the number of items obtained,

possessed, transferred, or used is five or more but less than 10; (3) a felony of the

second degree if the number of items obtained, possessed, transferred, or used is 10

or more but less than 50; (4) a felony of the first degree if the number of items

obtained, possessed, transferred, or used is 50 or more. Tex.Pen.Code § 32.51 (c).

Here, the State had witnesses testify to only four items that were identifiable on the

record. Therefore, State’s evidence is deficient to prove the indictment as charged.

Appellant could only have been convicted of possession or use of less than five

items of identifying information, a State jail felony. Accordingly, Appellant asks

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 41
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
the court to acquit him of the offense charge in the indictment.3 This point of error

should be sustained.

PRAYER

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellant respectfully

prays that this Honorable Court sustain his points of error, reverse the trial court

and remand the case for a new trial.

Respectfully submitted,

/s/ Dal Ruggles
Dal Ruggles
Attorney at Law
1103 Nueces St.
Austin, Texas 78701
Telephone: (512) 477-7991
Facsimile: (512) 477-3580
SBN: 24041834

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
DANIEL RAYMOND VADNAIS

3
Appellant acknowledges that if a court finds the evidence insufficient to sustain a conviction
the appellate court may reform the judgment to find the defendant guilty of a lessor included
offense. If the court deems this the correct remedy, Appellant asserts that this case must be
remanded back to the trial court for a new punishment hearing.

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 42
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas
 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of Appellant’s Brief on Original

Appeal was e-served to Ms. Kathleen Magee Arnold of the Hays County District

Attorney’s Office on this the 1st day of May, 2015.

/s/ Dal Ruggles
Dal Ruggles

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I hereby certify that this brief contains 8,644 words, as calculated by the

word count function on my computer.

/s/ Dal Ruggles
Dal Ruggles

APPELLANT’S BRIEF – Page 43
Daniel Raymond Vadnais v. State of Texas
Appeal No. 03-14-00578-CR in the Court of Appeals for the 3rd District of Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR-13-0651 in the 22nd District Court of Hays County, Texas