Thornburg, Jeremy Paul

PD-1167-15
PD No.

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AT AUSTIN, TEXAS

JEREMY PAUL THORNBURG, §
Appellant §
§ CAUSE NO. 03-13-00049-CR
V. §
§ TRIAL COURT NO. 8931
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
Appellee §

PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVEW
FROM THE SECOND COURT OF APPEALS
AT FORT WORTH, TEXAS

CHIEF JUSTICE TERRIE LIVINGSTON, PRESIDING

PETITION OF PETITIONER (APPELLANT)

COPELAND LAW FIRM
PO Box 399
Cedar Park, Texas 78613
Tel. 512-897-8196
Fax. 512-215-8144

TIM COPELAND
State Bar No. 04801500
Attorney for Appellant
September 14, 2015
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Table of Contents i-iii

Index of Authorities iv

I. Identity of Trial Court and Parties 1

II. Statement Regarding Oral Argument 2

III. Statement of the Case 3

IV. Statement of the Procedural History of the Case 4

V. Ground for Review 4
Did the Court of Appeals err in disregarding
as “harmless error” the admission of an expert’s
opinion that he found the victim’s DNA derived
from a “bloodstain” on appellant’s gun when there
was no evidence, absent appellant’s extrajudicial
admission, for the factfinder to conclude with any
degree of certainty that the victim had been shot to
death? See R.R. 8, pp. 37, et. seq. and specifically
at 40, 50, 52, and 61; and, Jordan v. State, 928
S.W.2d 550, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (standard
for relevance is whether the scientific principles
will “assist the trier of fact” and are “sufficiently
tied” to the pertinent facts of the case); Solomon v.
State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)
(error does not affect a substantial right if we have
a “fair assurance that the error did not influence the
jury, or had but a slight effect”).

VI.-VII. Summary of the Argument/Background

VIII. Statement of Pertinent Evidence 7

IX. Court of Appeals’ Decision 8

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

Page

X. Argument 9

a. The Court of Appeals erred in deciding that it
need not address the issue of admissibility of a
forensic examiner’s testimony because the offending
evidence played a substantial role in Thornburg’s
conviction.

i. There was no evidence, absent
Thornburg’s extrajudicial admission, for the
factfinder to conclude that Shields had been
shot to death.

ii. Speculative opinion that the victim’s
DNA was derived from a tiny droplet of blood
found on a gun, when that opinion was derived
only from a “presumptive test” for the presence
of blood without statistical tests in the scientific
community to determine the statistical accuracy
of that presumptive test, was devastatingly
prejudicial to Thornburg’s case.

b. Admission of the complained of evidence
was not “harmless” despite the appellate court’s
determination to that effect.

i. The “blood” evidence was the only
forensic evidence used to link the
victim to Thornburg.

ii. The gun and “blood” evidence was the
linchpin to the State’s argument that
Shields had been murdered at Thorn-
burg’s hand.
ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

Page

iii. The Court of Appeals, while
dismissive of the importance of the
evidence in its sufficiency review,
nevertheless identified the complained
of forensic evidence as the concluding
reason for rejecting an insufficiency
claim, the final nail in the coffin, so to
speak.

XI. Prayer 11

XII. Certificate of Service and of Compliance with 12
Compliance with Rule 9

iii
 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Page

Texas Courts of Criminal Appeals cases

Jordan v. State
928 SW2d 550 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) 4,9

Solomon v. State 4
49 S.W.3d 356, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)

Statutes

TEX. PENAL CODE §19.02(b)(1) 3

TEX. R. EVID. 403 9

iv
 I. IDENTITY OF TRIAL COURT AND PARTIES

TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

NOW COMES Jeremy Paul Thornburg, appellant, who would show the

Court that the trial court and interested parties herein are as follows:

HON. STEPHEN BRISTOW, Judge Presiding, 90th Judicial District Court,

Young County, Texas.

JEREMY PAUL THORNBURG, appellant, TDCJ No. 01957650, Connally

Unit, 899 FM 632, Kenedy, Texas 78119.

REGINALD WILSON and MARK BARBER, trial attorneys for appellant,

813 Eighth St., Ste. 920, Wichita Falls, Texas 76301 and 900 Eighth St., Ste. 116,

Wichita Falls, 76301 respectively.

TIM COPELAND, appellate attorney for appellant, P.O. Box 399, Cedar

Park, Texas 78613.

DEE PEAVY and RYAN CONWAY, District Attorney and Assistant

District Attorney, respectively, trial and appellate attorneys for appellee, the State of

Texas, 516 4th St., Ste. 206, Graham, Texas 76450.

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 1
 II. STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

Appellant believes the clarity of the issue in this case is such that oral

argument would add nothing.

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 2
 PD No.

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AT AUSTIN, TEXAS

JEREMY PAUL THORNBURG, §
Appellant §
§ CAUSE NO. 03-13-00049-CR
V. §
§ TRIAL COURT NO. 8931
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
Appellee §

PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVEW
FROM THE SECOND COURT OF APPEALS
AT FORT WORTH, TEXAS

CHIEF JUSTICE TERRIE LIVINGSTON, PRESIDING

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS:

III. STATEMENT OF THE CASE

A jury found Jeremy Paul Thornburg guilty of the murder of his former

girlfriend, Candice Shields, and assessed punishment at life imprisonment. (See

TEX. PENAL CODE §19.02(b)(1) and R.R. 9 and 10, pp. 64 and 44, respectively.

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 3
 IV. STATEMENT OF THE PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE

The Second Court of Appeals at Fort Worth, Texas, by Memorandum Opinion

dated August 6, 2015, affirmed Thornburg’s conviction and sentence. A copy of

that opinion is hereto attached as if fully incorporated herein at length.

V. GROUND FOR REVIEW

Did the Court of Appeals err in disregarding as “harmless error” the admission

of an expert’s opinion that he found the victim’s DNA derived from a “bloodstain”

on appellant’s gun when there was no evidence, absent appellant’s extrajudicial

admission, for the factfinder to conclude with any degree of certainty that the victim

had been shot to death? See R.R. 8, pp. 37, et. seq. and specifically at 40, 50, 52,

and 61, and Jordan v. State, 928 S.W.2d 550, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (standard

for relevance is whether the scientific principles will “assist the trier of fact” and are

“sufficiently tied” to the pertinent facts of the case); Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d

356, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (error does not affect a substantial right if we have

a “fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect”).

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 4
 VI. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

The Court of Appeals sustained the trial court’s admission of an expert’s

opinion that a stain found on Thornburg’s gun, from which the expert derived a DNA

sample, was a bloodstain even though his conclusion was derived only from a

“presumptive” test for blood unsupported by statistical evidence to support that

conclusion. The Court of Appeals then compounded its error when it “disregarded

the error, if one occurred,” as harmless in light of the evidence as a whole. The

blood evidence served as the linchpin of the State’s theory that Thornburg murdered

the victim with a gun though the victim’s body was never recovered and thus the

cause of death, and even its occurrence, was circumstantial.

VII. BACKGROUND

On the morning of December 11, 2011, Candice Shield went missing. Police

interviewed the family the evening of December 12, 2011, and a massive search

ensued in the weeks and months that followed. Despite their efforts, which included

helicopters, four-wheelers and cadaver dogs and which covered untold miles of

search area, Shields’ body was never found. (R.R. 5, pp. 44-47 and R.R. 6, p.45, et.

seq.).

Jeremy Thornburg came under suspicion in January, 2013, based on

statements given by his girlfriend, Sarah Santiago, after she alleged he had assaulted

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 5
her during a domestic dispute. (R.R. 5, pp. 242, 245). While interviewing Santiago,

a gun was recovered from Thornburg’s bed. (R.R. 5, pp. 250-253). Santiago

claimed that Thornburg had threatened her with the gun and had told her he would

use the gun that he (had) killed Candice Shields with and “he would shoot [Santiago]

just like he did her and get away with it.” (R.R. 5, pp. 244-245). Aside from

Santiago’s statements and the recovery of a gun, the State also produced evidence it

argued sufficiently proved the corpus delicti of murder, including:

● prior to December 10, 2011, Shields had called her mother daily,

but her mother had not heard from Shields since her disappearance;

● personal items that she was never seen without—including her

purse, cell phone, and makeup—were left in her bedroom;

● Thornburg communicated with Shields throughout the evening

of December 10, 2011, and into the early morning hours of December 11,

2011;

● the bulk of the communications between Thornburg and Shields

had been deleted from Shield’s cell phone;

● Thornburg’s cell phone records indicated that he had traveled

east from Sweetwater in the middle of the night, despite not owning a car;

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 6
 ● around the time of Shield’s disappearance, Thornburg’s mother,

with whom he lived, noticed that her car’s gas tank was empty despite having

filled it the day prior;

● the month before Shield’s disappearance, Thornburg, and an

accomplice witness, Long, a witness, had discussed killing Shields;

● a witness testified that he saw Long give Thornburg a bottle of

bleach late on the night of December 10, 2011;

● when another witness noticed that the bleach she shared with

Long was gone, she questioned Long, and Long said that she had given the

bleach to Thornburg because he had killed Shields.

● finally, and most pertinent for purposes of this petition, a gun

recovered from Thornburg’s apartment contained a blood stain that, when

tested for the presence of DNA, revealed that Shields could not be excluded

as a contributor of the DNA and that the odds of a random match were one in

32.39 trillion. An expert opined that the stain was blood based solely upon a

“presumptive” test for the presence of blood.

It is the Court of Appeals’ ruling that admission of the last mentioned

testimony from a forensic scientist, even if error, was harmless, which is the focus

of this petition.

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 7
 VIII. STATEMENT OF PERTINENT EVIDENCE

Thornburg argued that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

testimony regarding an expert’s opinion as to whether he had located blood on

Thornburg’s gun.

Brent Hester, a forensic scientist employed by DPS, testified that he had

performed a presumptive test on two stains found on the underside of a gun

recovered from Thornburg’s house. He said that he had obtained a presumptive

positive result for blood on one spot less than one millimeter in diameter, which was

almost invisible to the naked eye. From that stain, Hester said that he had obtained

a DNA sample that he had compared to Shields’s DNA profile from her sex-offender

registration requirements, as well as to a DNA sample from a biopsy slide that was

maintained in Shield’s medical records following an earlier gall bladder surgery.

Based on those comparisons, Hester determined that the probability of selecting an

unrelated person at random who could be the contributor to the DNA profile obtained

from the stain on the gun was “approximately one in 32.39 trillion for

Caucasians….” (R.R. 8, pp. 59-62).

Most importantly, based solely on his presumptive tests, Hester opined that

the stains were “blood stains.” (R.R. 8, pp. 37, et. seq. and specifically, at p. 52).

After Thornburg’s objection to that opinion was overruled, he admitted that without

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 8
statistical evidence backing the test, he could not say to a reasonable degree of

certainty that the stain he observed on the gun was, in fact, a blood stain. (R.R. 8, p.

93).

IX. COURT OF APPEALS’ DECISION

The Court of Appeals did not determine whether the trial court erred by

admitting the testimony regarding the expert’s opinion as to whether he had located

blood on Thornburg’s gun. (Slip op. at 22). The Court of Appeals reached that

conclusion because “even assuming that it was error, (… ) any error was harmless.”

(Slip op. at 22). In making that determination, the appellate court wrote that, even

excluding the testimony, “there was overwhelming evidence of Thornburg’s guilt,”

and it pointed to the evidence detailed above. (Slip op. at 23). Thus, the appellate

court “disregarded” the error, if one occurred. (Slip op. at 24).

X. ARGUMENT

The Court of Appeals erred, first, in deciding that it need not address the issue

of admissibility of the offending evidence because the evidence played a substantial

part in Thornburg’s conviction. Without the “blood stain” evidence supposedly

found on the gun, the finding of Shields’ DNA on Thornburg’s gun was explicable.

(For example, the gun was found on a bed he shared with a current girlfriend; he had

previously shared a bed with Shields as well). Here, there was no evidence, absent

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 9
Thornburg’s extrajudicial admissions, for the fact finder to conclude with any degree

of certainty that Shields had been shot to death. Whether her DNA was found on

Thornburg’s gun in a bloodstain or not was thus irrelevant. In Jordan v. State, 928

SW2d 550 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), the Court of Criminal Appeals judged the

relevance of expert testimony by whether that testimony was of assistance to the trier

of fact on a fact in issue. Id. at 556. Hester’s opinion as to whether the stain was

presumptively a bloodstain was not helpful in that regard because there was no

evidence that Shield’s was shot to death or that such a shot resulted in blood spatter.

Moreover, even if a review finds the described testimony relevant, “evidence

may, under Texas Rules of Evidence 403, he excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,

or misleading the jury. . . .” TEX. R. EVID. 403. Here, again, without consideration

of Thornburg’s extrajudicial admissions, the State speculated that the gun the source

of Shields’ DNA had been used to murder her without any other corroborating

evidence that she had been shot to death. Absent such corroborating evidence, or

indeed any evidence of how Shields’ DNA came to be on the gun, or that she had

been shot by the gun, the admission of Hester’s speculative testimony that a tiny

droplet of her blood had been found on the gun was devastatingly prejudicial to

Thornburg’s case. In fact, the State’s theory that Thornburg murdered Shields with

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 10
the gun was not supported by any other reviewable evidence, and it was the linchpin

of the State’s argument that Shields had died at Thornburg’s hand. Surely, the

probative value of testimony that blood had been found on the gun, based solely on

a speculative opinion unsupported by the literature of the scientific community, even

of an expert, was outweighed by the prejudicial effect of such evidence where no

one was able to say with any degree of certainty how the victim’s blood, if it was

blood, came to be on the gun.

The Court of Appeals writes that the offending forensic evidence was not

necessary to the factfinder’s determinations so the admission of the evidence

constituted harmless error. However, that conclusion was reached after the Court of

Appeals rejected Thornburg’s sufficiency argument. The Court gives, as its

concluding reason for rejecting the argument, the nail in the coffin so to speak, the

complained of forensic evidence. Notably, and illustrative of the importance the

evidence played in the case, though that testimony was not the last evidence

presented by the State, it was the last piece of evidence cited by the Court of Appeals

to justify dismissal of Thornburg’s sufficiency claim. One could reasonably

presume that the evidence was found equally damning by the factfinder at trial, and

thus the Court of Appeals erred in its assessment of the effect of that evidence and

in its determination that the admission of the testimony in question did not have a

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 11
substantial or injurious effect on the jury’s verdict and did not affect Thornburg’s

substantial rights.

XI. PRAYER

WHEREFORE, Mr. Thornburg prays that this Court reverse the judgment of

the appellate court and enter an order remanding the case for consideration of the

harmful effect of the erroneously admitted testimony.

COPELAND LAW FIRM
P.O. Box 399
Cedar Park, TX 78613
Mobile/Text: 512.897.8196
Fax: 512.215.8114
Email: tcopeland14@yahoo.com

By: /s/ Tim Copeland
Tim Copeland
State Bar No. 04801500
Attorney for Appellant

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 12
 XII. CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE AND OF
COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 9

This is to certify that on September 7, 2015, a true and correct copy of the
above and foregoing document was served on the State Prosecuting Attorney, PO
Box 12405, Capitol Station, Austin, TX 78711, and on Dee Peavy, District Attorney
of Young County, 516 Fourth St., Rm. 201, Graham, Texas 76450, in accordance
with the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, and that this Petition for Discretionary
Review is in compliance with Rule 9 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure and
that portion which must be included under Rule 9.4(i)(1) contains 2226 words.

/s/ Tim Copeland
Tim Copeland

Petition for Discretionary Review
Jeremy Paul Thornburg v. The State of Texas
No. 03-13-00049-CR 13
Addendum
 COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH

NO. 02-14-00453-CR

Jeremy Paul Thornburg § From the 90th District Court

§ of Young County (10123)

v. §· August 6, 2015

§ Opinion by Justice Walker

The State of Texas § (nfp)

JUDGMENT

This court has considered the record on appeal in this case and holds that

there was no error in the trial court's judgment. It is ordered that the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed.

SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

By /s/ Sue Walker
Justice Sue Walker
 COURT OF APPEALS
SECO:ND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH

NO. 02-14-00453-CR

JEREMY PAUL THORNBURG APPELLANT

v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

FROM THE 90TH DISTRICT COURT OF YOUNG COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 10123

MEMORANDUM OPINION1

I. INTRODUCTION

Appellant Jeremy Paul Thornburg appeals his conviction and life sentence

for the offense of murder. In four issues, Thornburg argues that the evidence is

insufficient to support his conviction, that the trial court erred by denying his

1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
motion to suppress, and that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

State's expert's testimony. We will affirm.
2
II. FACTUAL 8ACKGROUND

A. Overview

On the morning of December 11, 2011, Johnny Salinas discovered that his

grown granddaughter, Candice Shields, was missing from her bedroom when he

went to wake her for work. At first, he assumed that she had left in the night to

"party," but her phone was still on her bed; her purse and make up were still in

the bedroom as well. As the morning wore on and Shields did not show up,

Salinas grew increasingly worried. Eventually, Salinas hit redial on Shields's

phone, and the call went to Shields's best friend, Missy Munn. Salinas explained

his concerns to Munn, and she came to his house.

Later that morning, Shields's ex-boyfriend, Billy Wilson, joined Munn at

Salinas's home, and because he had never seen Shields leave the house without

her purse, cell phone, and make up-all of which were still in her bedroom-he

called the Graham police. The police interviewed the family, and based on their

conversations with the family, with Wilson, and with Munn, the police began

treating Shields's disappearance as a missing-person case. Thereafter, in the

ensuing weeks and months that followed, despite a massive search by law-

2Because the State notes in its brief that it is satisfied with the statement of
facts set forth in Thornburg's brief, we set forth Thornburg's statement of facts
with only a few additions and stylistic changes.

2
enforcement officials and civilian volunteers-which included helicopters, four-

wheelers, and cadaver dogs and which covered untold miles of search area-

Shields was never found.

8. Testimony Concerning Shields's Background

Shields grew up in Graham and was convicted of a sex crime as a juvenile;

as a result, she was required to register as a sex offender. At age seventeen,

Shields left her parents' home and moved in with Wilson and his family in

Jermyn, Texas, and eventually had a child with Wilson. In the latter part of May

2011; Shields left Wilson and moved to Abilene to live with a man named Allen

Faircloth. When Shields's relationship with Faircloth soured in the summer of

2011, she called Wilson to give her a ride back to Graham, and she moved in

with Munn.

In October 2011, Shields moved in with her friends James and Misty

Barnett. On the same day that Shields moved in, James Barnett's half-brother,

Thornburg, also moved into the Barnetts' home. Within a short time after Shields

met Thornburg, they began a romantic relationship, and within a couple of

weeks, they announced that Shields was pregnant with Thornburg's baby.3 Misty

grew scared of Thornburg, and he and Shields were asked to move out of the

Barnetts' home.

3
Law enforcement was never able to find any medical documents
confirming that Shields was pregnant; the only mention of this came from
Thornburg and from other family members.

3
 Because the couple had nowhere to go and because Thornburg was

unemployed, he moved back into his mother and stepfather's home in

Sweetwater; Shields moved into her grandparents' home in Graham and

disappeared approximately ten days later.

Shields used to call her mother daily, but her mother had not heard from

Shields since her disappearance.

C. Testimony by Law-Enforcement Officials

1. Lieutenant Jim Reeves

Lieutenant Jim Reeves of the Graham Police Department headed up the

investigation into Shields's disappearance. Initially, he gathered information from

her friends and family members, as well as contacts from Shields's cell phone.

The data recovered from Shields's cell phone revealed that up until the day of

her disappearance, Shields had almost daily communications with Wilson,

Faircloth, Thornburg, and possibly other men.

Lieutenant Reeves testified that he called Texas Ranger Cory Lain to help

with the investigation of Shields's disappearance and that they began a series of

interviews to determine if anyone had ideas on where Shields might have gone.

Lieutenant Reeves testified that Faircloth and Wilson had verified alibis for the

night of Shields's disappearance.

When Lieutenant Reeves interviewed Thornburg by phone on December

15, 2011, Thornburg claimed that he had be_en in Sweetwater on the night that

Shields had disappeared and that he did not have gas money to drive to Graham

4
on that night. Two weeks later, on December 29, 2011, Lieutenant Reeves and

Ranger Lain drove to Sweetwater to interview Thornburg in person at the

Sweetwater police station. Thornburg maintained that he did not know where

Shields had gone.

Lieutenant Reeves detailed for the jury the extent of law enforcement's ·

efforts to find Shields over the course of the following months wherever and

whenever a lead developed.

2. Officer Lance Richburg

Thirteen months after Lieutenant Reeves and Ranger Lain interviewed

Thornburg, Officer Lance Richburg with the Sweetwater Police Department met

with Thornburg's ex-girlfriend, Sarah Santiago, on January 21, 2013, to take her

statement on a domestic-violence allegation involving Thornburg. Santiago had

called the police the night before and had alleged that Thornburg had assaulted

her. Because Santiago was seven months' pregnant with Thornburg's baby, the

police who responded to her 911 call advised her to go to the hospital and to wait

until the following day to go to the police department to make a statement.

When she made her statement on January 21, 2013, Santiago said that

she was scared of Thornburg because he had threatened to kill her and her

unborn baby and to bury them in a field. Santiago said that Thornburg had told

her that he had done it before and had gotten away with it.4 Based on Santiago's

Santiago also testified at trial. She said that during an argument with
4

Thornburg while she was five or six months' pregnant, he . had head butted her,

5
statement, Officer Richburg called the Graham Police Department. Lieutenant

Jim Reeves of the Graham Police Department responded that Thornburg was a

person of interest in an unsolved disappearance in Young County.

After talking with Lieutenant Reeves, Officer Richburg and three other

officers accompanied Santiago back to the apartment that she shared with

Thornburg to effectuate a "civil standby" while Santiago gathered her personal

belongings. Thornburg was home when the officers arrived, and Officer

Richburg explained the nature of their visit and the police department's "civil

standby" policy. Thornburg voiced no objections to the police officers' presence

and waited outside the apartment while Santiago gathered her belongings,

accompanied by Officer Richburg. When Santiago and Officer Richburg entered

the couple's bedroom, Santiago pointed to a gun on the bed and said that

Thornburg had used it to threaten her. Officer Richburg testified that he took the

gun into evidence for the domestic-violence charge.

had pushed her to the ground, and had told her that "he would use the gun that
he [had] killed Candice Shields with and he would shoot [Santiago] just like he
did her and get away with it." Santiago testified that during this argument, the
gun was on the bed, and he pointed to it. Several months prior to this, Thornburg
had told Santiago that he had a missing girlfriend and explained that he was the
reason she was missing; he said that he had taken his mother's car, that he had
driven to Shields's grandparents' house, that he had convinced Shields to go with
him, that he had driven to a remote area that was supposed to be romantic, that
he had shot her in the face while they were walking, that he had shot her more
times, .that he had poured bleach over her and had covered her with logs, and
that this had all occurred around 3 a.m.

6
 3. Additional Testimony from Lieutenant Reeves

Lieutenant Reeves served a search warrant on the Sweetwater Police

Department and obtained the gun that Officer Richburg had recovered from the

apartment that Thornburg shared with Santiago. Lieutenant Reeves later

delivered the gun to Lubbock's Department of Public Safety crime Jab for

analysis.

In response to Santiago's claims about Thornburg's threats to her,

Lieutenant Reeves and Ranger Lain approached Santiago and asked her to

make a clandestine telephone call to Thornburg.

4. Ranger Lain

On February 1, 2013, Ranger Lain and Lieutenant Reeves staged a

controlled phone call between Santiago and Thornburg. During the

approximately thirty-minute call, Santiago told Thornburg that she was afraid to

move back in with him because she was "afraid [he] would hurt me like you hurt

[Shields]." Despite telling Santiago that he did not feel comfortable talking about

it over the phone, Thornburg stated, "I killed her because of me-she was going

to make it so I couldn't see my daughter . . . ." Santiago asked Thornburg

whether he might not kill her too if he got angry with her, and Thornburg

answered, "I wouldn't get away with it for two girlfriends." A recording of the

phone call was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

Ranger Lain obtained cell phone records for Shields and Thornburg.

Ranger Lain testified that the cell phone records revealed that Thornburg and

7
Shields had exchanged text messages and phone calls from 9:32 p.m. on

December 10, 2011, until 12:45 a.m. on December 11, 2011, which was

Shields's last text message to Thornburg. Thornburg called Shields's phone at

2:32 a.m. and 2:33 a.m.; approximately thirty minutes later, he called Shields's

phone at 3:01 a.m. for forty-five seconds and at 3:02 a.m. for fifty-eight seconds.

At 6:08 a.m. on December 11, 2011, Thornburg texted Shields, "I'm at home.

I've been at home. Didn't have enough gas. l['m] sorry, Babe, that it took so

long to text you back, but just know I love you and will text you when I get up."

The bulk of the phone calls and text messages that were reflected in the cell

phone records had been deleted from Shields's cell phone.

When Ranger Lain and Officer Reeves interviewed Thornburg on

December 29, 2011, he said that the last time he had spoken to Shields was 2:33

a.m. on December 11, 2011, and that he had fallen asleep right after the 2:33

a.m. phone call. Based on the phone records, Ranger Lain testified that his

theory was that Shields was deceased prior to Thornburg's calls to her cell phone

at 3:01 a.m. and 3:02 a.m., that Thornburg had called Shields's phone to locate

it, that he had found it, that he had deleted the text messages and phone calls,

and that he had returned it to her grandparents' home in Graham before he

returned to Sweetwater.

5. Brent Hester

Brent Hester, a forensic scientist employed by DPS, testified that he had

performed a presumptive test on two stains found on the underside of the gun.

8
He said that he had obtained a presumptive positive result for blood on one spot

less than one millimeter in diameter, which was almost invisible to the naked eye.

From that stain, Hester said that he had obtained a DNA sample that he had

compared to Shields's DNA profile from her sex-offender registration

requirements, as well as to a DNA sample from a biopsy slide that was

maintained in Shields's medical records following an earlier gall bladder surgery.

Based on those comparisons, Hester determined that the probability of selecting

an unrelated person at random who could be the contributor to the DNA profile

obtained from the stain on the gun was "approximately one in 32.39 trillion for

Caucasians . . . ."

6. Jeff Shaffer

Jeff Shaffer, who managed the United States Secret Service digital

forensics lab, testified that he had conducted an analysis of the cell phone

records of Thornburg, which Ranger Lain had obtained by subpoena. Shaffer

testified that he had analyzed the system identification numbers (SIDs)

associated with Thornburg's cell phone carrier reflected in the records as they

related to Thornburg's use of his cell phone during the evening and early morning

hours of December 10, 2011, and December 11, 2011. Shaffer said that the data

indicated that Thornburg's cell phone location had moved from the SID covering

the Abilene/Sweetwater geographic area to the SID covering the Vernon

geographic area east of Abilene/Sweetwater. Shaffer testified that he could not

necessarily say th0t Th.ornburg's cell phone indicated travel from Sweetwater to

9
Graham because he did not know the actual location of cell towers associated

with the described SIDs. Shaffer said that he could say with certainty that

Thornburg's cell phone had traveled generally "from one geographic area to

another" west to east on the night in question.

D. Accomplice-Witness Testimony

Lajuana Long. was another of Thornburg's girlfriends with whom he had a

child. In her first interview with Lieutenant Reeves and Ranger Lain shortly after

Shields's disappearance in 2011, Long told the officers that she worked with

Shields at the Whataburger in Graham, but Long denied having any information

about Shields's whereabouts. In her second interview following Thornburg's

arrest in 2013, Long told law enforcement officials that she had heard that

Shields had moved to Oklahoma in December 2011. After her third interview in

March 2013 and after Ranger Lain told her that he thought she was lying, Long

told Lain that she knew that Thornburg had murdered Shields and that she knew

where her body could be found. 5

Long testified at trial and said that she and Thornburg had lived together in

Graham until September 2011, when he had begun a relationship with Shields.

After Thornburg began dating Shields, Long said that she found out that Shields

was a .registered sex offender and told Thornburg that she did not want their child

5Long described an area where she believed the body had been hidden as
between Breckenridge and Graham, but after an exhaustive search for two days
in the area that Long had described, the search in that location for Shields's body
was abandoned.

10
 c
around Shields. Long said that Thornburg began to talk about killing . Shields.

Long also said that Thornburg threatened to make Long "evaporate" if she tried

to keep him from seeing their child.

Late in the day on December 10, 2011, Long said that Thornburg sent her

a text that he was coming to Graham, where Long lived with Jessica Cortez, to

see Shields. Long testified that she and Thornburg had previously discussed

ways of disposing of Shields's body after watching television shows, and that on

this occasion, Long asked her if she had any bleach. Late that night, Thornburg

arrived at Cortez's mobile home. Long said that she took a half-full bottle of

bleach and met Thornburg outside in the driveway. When she asked him whose

car he was driving, Thornburg told Long that he had taken the car from his

mother's home while she was sleeping. Long said that as they talked, she

noticed a gun in the car. Long ultimately gave Thornburg the bleach, and he left.

About an hour or two later, Thornburg called Long and told her that he had

"[done] what he came to do" and that he was headed back home. 6 When Shields

did not show up for work at Whataburger the next morning on December 11,

2011, Long said that she called Thornburg and asked him if he had really killed

Shields; he told Long that he had.

6
Ranger Lain testified that the cell phone records reflected several
communications between Thornburg and Long on the evening of December 10,
2011, and the early morning hours of December 11, 2011. Thornburg contacted
Long at 1:20 a.m. and 2:19 a.m.; Long contacted Thornburg at 2:46 a.m. and
2:58 a.m.; and Thornburg contacted Long at 2:58 a.m., 3:57 a.m., and 4:35 a.m.
on December 11, 2011.

11
 Several days later, Long went to visit Thornburg in Sweetwater and asked

him about Shields again. Long testified that Thornburg had told her that after he

had persuaded Shields to come out of her house to talk, he had taken her to a

field between Graham and Breckenridge and had shot her in the head.

Thornburg said that Shields had tried to move after he had shot her, so he shot

her again, covered her, and left.

Long testified that she had initially. lied to investigators when she was

questioned about Shields's . disappearance because she had been scared of

Thornburg. Long said that she had entered a plea of guilty to Shields's murder

as a co-conspirator in exchange for a thirty-year prison sentence.

E. Testimony from Other Individuals

1. Lychelle Doolittle

Thornburg's mother, Lychelle Doolittle, testified that Thornburg was living

with her in Sweetwater when Shields disappeared. She said that around the time

of Shields's disappearance, she entered her car to go to church and discovered

that the car's gas tank was empty even though she had filled it with gas the day

before. Doolittle said that Thornburg did not seem very concerned about

Shields's disappearance. Doolittle testified that when she heard that Shields was

missing, she "had thoughts" that her son might have had something to do with

her disappearance. Doolittle said, "[O]nce [Thornburg] quit talking to [Shields]

over the phone and the gas situation and the attitude behind everything, it hit me

in the face that he very well could have been a part of it, . . . ."

12
 2. Steve Brown

Steve Brown, who was partying on the night of December 10 with Long

and some of her friends in Cortez's mobile home in Graham, testified that Long

had received a phone call from Thornburg late that night and that she had started

out of the house. Brown asked Long what she was doing, and Long answered

that she was taking some bleach to Thornburg. Brown testified that Long had

grabbed a container of bleach and that he had followed her. When Brown saw

that Thornburg was in the driveway, Brown went back inside. When Long came

back inside, she no longer had the bleach with her.

3. Jessica Cortez

Jessica Cortez, who owned the mobile home where Long was living in

December 2011, testified that she questioned Long when she discovered that the

household's bleach was gone. Cortez testified that Long had told her that she

had given the bleach to Thornburg because he had killed Shields.

4. Timothy Thornburg

Thornburg's half-brother Timothy testified that Thornburg had come to his

house about five months before Thornburg was arrested and had told Timothy

what he had done to Shields. Timothy said that Thornburg had described the

killing in detail, including telling him the pretense Thornburg said that he had

used to lure Shields out into a field; Thornburg said that he was taking Shields to

a place where he and Timothy used to build clubhouses when they were

children. Thornburg told him that he had shot Shields in the back of the head but

13
that she was not quite dead, so he shot her a few more times and then poured

bleach over her body. Timothy testified that Thornburg had told him that he had

killed Shields because she was a "lying, cheatin' skank."

F. Outcome

After hearing the above evidence, the jury convicted Thornburg of the

offense of murder as charged in the indictment and assessed his punishment at

life imprisonment. The trial court sentenced Thornburg to life imprisonment, and

this appeal followed.

Ill. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

In his second issue, Thornburg argues that the evidence is insufficient

because his extrajudicial confessions to his brother, Santiago, and Long were not

corroborated by independent evidence tending to establish the corpus delicti of

murder. In his first issue, Thornburg argues that the evidence is insufficient to

prove that he caused Shields's death by shooting her with a firearm because her

body has never been found and the gun that was recovered by police was not

shown to have been used in the commission of a crime. We will address each of

these sufficiency issues in turn below.

A. Standard of Review

In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

14
307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170

(Tex. Crim. App. 2014). This standard gives full play to the responsibility of the

trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to

draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Id., 99 S. Ct. at

2789; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170.

8. Applicable Law

A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or knowingly

causes the death of an individual. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (West

2011). "A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of

his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or

desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result." Id. § 6.03(a) (West 2011).

"A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his

conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the

result." Id. § 6.03(b).

The corpus delicti rule states that, "[w]hen the burden of proof is 'beyond a

reasonable doubt,' a defendant's extrajudicial confession does not constitute

legally sufficient evidence of guilt absent independent evidence of the corpus

delicti." Miller v. State, 457 S.W.3d 919, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting

Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d 860, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). To satisfy the

corpus-delicti rule, there must be "evidence independent of a defendant's

extrajudicial confession show[ing] that the 'essential nature' of the charged crime

was committed by someone." Id. (quoting Hacker, 389 S.W.3d at 866).

15
 The corpus delicti of murder is established if the evidence shows (1) the

death of a human being (2) caused by the criminal act of another. See Fisher v.

State, 851 S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The corroborating evidence

need not conclusively prove the underlying offense; rather, "[a]II that is required is

that there be some evidence which renders the commission of the offense more

probable than it would be without the evidence." Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d

384, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Chambers v. State 866 S.W.2d 9, 15

(Tex. Crim. App. 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1100 (1994)); Gribble v. State,

808 S.W.2d 65, 71-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) ("[T]he quantum of independent

evidence necessary to corroborate the corpus delicti in a criminal prosecution

relying upon the extrajudicial confession of an accused need not be great."), cert.

denied, 501 U.S. 1232 (1991). The State may prove the corpus delicti by

circumstantial evidence. See McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim.

App.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 844 (1997). "[P]roduction and identification of the

victim's body or remains is not part of the corpus delicti of murder." Fisher , 851

S.W.2d at 303.

C. Analysis of Sufficiency Complaints

Here, we begin by examining the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

corpus delicti of murder. Excluding Thornburg's extrajudicial confessions, the

record demonstrates the following:

• Shields disappeared suddenly and without a trace on December 10, 2011,

and was never seen again;

16
• prior to December 10, 2011, Shields had called her mother daily, but her

mother had not heard from Shields since her disappearance;

• personal items that she was never seen without-including her purse, cell

phone, and make up-were left in her bedroom;

• Thornburg communicated with Shields throughout the evening of

December 10, 2011, and into the early morning hours of December 11,

2011;

• the bulk of the communications between Thornburg and Shields had been

deleted from Shields's cell phone;

• Thornburg's cell phone records indicated that he had traveled east from

Sweetwater in the middle of the night, despite not owning a car;

• around the time of Shields's disappearance, Thornburg's mother, with

whom he lived, noticed that her car's gas tank was empty despite having

filled it the day prior;

o the month before Shields's disappearance, Thornburg and Long had

discussed killing Shields;

• Brown saw Long give Thornburg a bottle of bleach late on the night of

December 10, 2011;

• when Cortez noticed that the bleach she shared with Long was gone, she

questioned Long, and Long said that she had given the bleach to

Thornburg because he had killed Shields; and

17
 • a gun recovered from Thornburg's apartment contained a blood stain that,

when tested for the presence of DNA, revealed that Shields could not be

excluded as a contributor of the DNA and that the odds of a random match

were one in 32.39 trillion.

Considering all the record evidence, other than Thornburg's extrajudicial

confessions, in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, we hold that the

evidence tended to establish that Shields was actually murdered by someone;

thus, sufficient evidence establishes the corpus delicti of murder. See id. at 304

(holding evidence sufficient to establish corpus delicti for murder based on facts

that victim had "vanished suddenly without a trace," despite not owning a car or

having sufficient money to travel; had a strained relationship with the appellant;

and had left personal matters and property unattended); Trejos v. State, 243

S.W.3d 30, 56-57 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. refd) (holding

evidence sufficient to establish corpus delicti for murder based on facts that

victim had disappeared suddenly and ·without explanation and had never

resurfaced, that forensic tests had revealed the "possible presence of blood" in

her home, and that the Bible she always carried with her was found in her home);

Jaggers v. State, 125 S.W.3d 661, 668-69 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,

pet. refd) (holding evidence sufficient to establish corpus delicti for murder based

on facts that victim had disappeared without informing friends or family, that

victim's car was inoperable, that she was without sufficient funds to travel, and

that she had stopped calling her daughter on her daughter's birthdays and on

18
holidays as she had consistently done in the past). We overrule Thornburg's

second issue.

Next, we look at the record as a whole to determine the sufficiency of the

evidence to support Thornburg's murder conviction. Here, Thornburg's

extrajudicial confessions to Santiago, Long, and his brother Timothy are

sufficient-without any additional evidence-to warrant a rational finding of

Thornburg's guilt of all the elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt. See

Fisher, 851 S.W.2d at 304 (stating that "[the witness's] testimony regarding

appellant's oral confession was by itself sufficient evidence to warrant a rational

finding of appellant's guilt of all the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt."). Thornburg's arguments-that the gun recovered by police was not

shown to have been used in the commission of a crime and that Shields's body

was never recovered-do not render the evidence insufficient because the State

is not required to prove the specific murder weapon or to locate the victim's body

in order to obtain a conviction for murder. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 19.02(b)(1) (setting forth elements of murder); Fisher v. State, 827 S.W.2d 597,

601 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1992) ("[l]n a prosecution for murder, the State can

prove all the elements of the offense by way of circumstantial evidence and need

not produce and identify the body of the deceased."), aff'd, 851 S.W.2d 298 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1993); Tijerino v. State, No. 14-06-01012-CR, 2008 WL 509880, at *3

(Tex. App.- Houston [14th Dist.) Feb. 26, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) ("[T]he State need not offer a murder weapon into

19
evidence to establish the essential elements of murder."). Thus, viewing all of

the evidence- including Thornburg's extrajudicial confessions-in the light most

favorable to the jury's verdict, we hold that a rational trier of fact could have found

beyond a reasonable doubt that Thornburg intentionally or knowingly caused the

death of Shields by shooting her with a firearm. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326,

99 S. Ct. at 2793 (applying standard of review and holding evidence sufficient to

support conviction for murder by shooting victim). We overrule Thornburg's first

issue.

IV. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

In his third issue, Thornburg argues that the trial court erred by denying his

motion to suppress the handgun seized by Detective Richburg because neither

the plain-view doctrine nor exigent circumstances justified the warrantless search

of his home and the resulting seizure of the handgun. The State argues thatthis

argument does not comport with Thornburg's argument at the trial level.

To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must have presented to the

trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds

for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the request,

objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Everitt v. State, 407 S.W.3d

259, 262-63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Sanchez v. State, 418 S.W.3d 302, 306

(Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2013, pet. ref'd). In raising the complaint on appeal, the

party must ensure that the complaint is the same as the complaint or objection

made during trial. Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);

20
Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 431 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 502 U.S.

870 (1991). A reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue that has

not been preserved for appeal. Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009).

Here, Thornburg's motion to suppress focused solely on the consent

exception to the warrant requirement7 and argued that his failure to object to the

search of his apartment was due to the officers' deception in hiding the fact that a

search would occur. At the hearing on Thornburg's motion to suppress, he

testified that he had objected to the officers' search. He now argues on appeal

for the first time that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

because neither the plain-view doctrine nor exigent circumstances justified the

warrantless search of his home and the resulting seizure of the handgun.

Because Thornburg's motion to suppress and his argument at the

suppression hearing centered on whether there was consent to search his

apartment, he forfeited his complaint on appeal that the search was not justified

by other exceptions to the warrant requirement, such as the plain-view doctrine

and exigent circumstances. See Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 349; Jones v. State, No.

02-12-00360-CR, 2014 WL 3953788, at *2-3 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth Aug. 14,

2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that appellant

. 7Thornburg's motion initially states that "no exception permitting a
warrantless search appl[ies] under the facts." Two pages later, the motion lists
six exceptions to the warrant requirement and states, "Here, the only exception
that might apply is the consent exception, . . . ."

21
forfeited his complaint on appeal because his appellate argument did not

comport with the arguments he had raised in his motion to suppress). We

overrule Thornburg's third issue.

V. TRIAL COURT'S DECISION TO ADMIT EXPERT TESTIMONY WAS HARMLESS

In his fourth issue, Thornburg argues that the trial court abused its

discretion by admitting testimony regarding an expert's opinion as to whether he

had located blood on Thornburg's gun.

We need not determine whether the trial court erred by admitting the

forensic scientist's testimony regarding whether Shields's DNA was present in

the stain found on the gun because even assuming that it was error, we hold that

any error was harmless. As to harm, rule of appellate procedure 44.2(b)

provides that any error, other than constitutional error, that does not affect the

defendant's substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); see,

e.g., Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (holding that a

violation of the evidentiary rules that results in the erroneous admission of

evidence is nonconstitutional error), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 3030 (2011). A

substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect

or influence in determining the jury's verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66

S. Ct. 1239, 1253 (1946)). Conversely, an error does not affect a substantial

right if we have "fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but

22
a slight effect." Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001);

Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

In making this determination, we review the record as a whole, including

any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury's consideration, the

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, and the character of the alleged

error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the

case. Motil/a v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We may also

consider the jury instructions, the State's theory and any defensive theories,

whether the State emphasized the error, closing arguments, and even voir dire, if

applicable. Id. at 355-56.

Here, we have already reviewed the record as a whole in our sufficiency

analysis. As detailed above, even excluding the forensic scientist's testimony,

there is overwhelming evidence of Thornburg's guilt. The jury had before it

Thornburg's extrajudicial confessions, along with the recording of the telephone

call from Santiago to Thornburg in which he stated, "I killed [Shields] because of

me-she was going to make it so I couldn't see my daughter . . . ," and that he

would not get away with killing both Santiago and Shields. The jury charge did

not specifically mention the gun but instead instructed the jurors to consider the

testimony and exhibits to reach their decision. And although the State mentioned

the DNA evidence during its closing argument, it did not emphasize it but instead

recapped all of the evidence that was presented.

23
 We conclude that, in the context of the entire case against Thornburg, the

trial court's error, if any, in admitting the testimony in question did not have a

substantial or injurious effect on the jury's verdict and did not affect Thornburg's

substantial rights. See King, 953 S.W.2d at 273; see also Neal v. Stale, 256

S.W.3d 264, 285 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (assuming without deciding that trial

court erred by admitting surveillance videotapes and ATM receipts and holding

that such error was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of guilt), cert.

denied, 555 U.S. 1154 (2009). Thus, we disregard the error. See Tex. R. App.

P. 44.2(b). We overrule Thornburg's fourth issue.

VI. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Thornburg's four issues, we affirm the trial court's

judgment. ·

/s/ Sue Walker
SUE WALKER
JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; WALKER and SUDDERTH, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: August 6, 2015

24
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