FILED
15-0129
6/24/2015 6:27:15 PM
tex-5814746
SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
BLAKE A. HAWTHORNE, CLERK
NO. 15-0129
___________________________________
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
____________________________________
KARL-THOMAS MUSSELMAN D/B/A BURNT ORANGE REPORT AND KATHERINE
HAENSCHEN,
PETITIONERS,
v.
BALTASAR D. CRUZ,
RESPONDENT.
On Appeal from the Fifth District
Court of Appeals at Dallas, Texas
No. 05-13-00191-CV
PETITION FOR REVIEW
Charles L. Babcock
Texas State Bar No. 01479500
JACKSON WALKER L.L.P.
1401 McKinney, Suite 1900
Houston, Texas 77010
Telephone: (713) 752-4200
Facsimile: (713) 752-4221
E-mail: cbabcock@jw.com
June 25, 2015 Lead Attorney for Petitioners
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IDENTITY OF PARTIES & COUNSEL
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 53.2(a), the following is a
list of all parties to the trial court’s final judgment, and the names and addresses of
all trial and appellate counsel:
1. Petitioners in this Court (Defendants in the trial court, and sometimes
referred to herein as “Petitioner” or the “BOR Parties”) and counsel:
Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine
Haenschen
represented by:
Charles L. Babcock
State Bar No. 01479500
Nancy W. Hamilton
State Bar No. 11587925
Jackson Walker L.L.P.
1401 McKinney St. Suite 1900
Houston, Texas 77010
(713) 752-4200
(713) 752-4221 (fax)
cbabcock@jw.com
nhamilton@jw.com
awelter@jw.com
2. Respondent in this Court (Plaintiff in the trial court, and sometimes referred
to herein as “Respondent” or “Cruz”) and counsel:
Baltasar D. Cruz
pro se:
Baltasar D. Cruz
Texas Bar No. 05196150
P.O. Box 600823
Dallas, Texas 75360
Telephone: (214) 369-9058
Telecopier: (732) 875-0792
BaltasarDCruz@aol.com
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3. Defendant in the trial court, and sometimes referred to herein as “Van
Sickle” and counsel:
James Van Sickle
represented by:
Melissa J. Bellan
Attorney at Law
State Bar No. 24040506
P.O. Box 570708
Dallas, Texas 75357
Telephone: (469) 601-8870
Facsimile: (214) 279-5846
E-mail: bellanlaw@gmail.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES & COUNSEL ................................................................. ii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................................. 1
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION.......................................................................... 2
ISSUE PRESENTED ................................................................................................. 2
STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................................ 3
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ................................................................................. 6
ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES ........................................................................ 7
I. The Court of Appeals Erred in Construing Section 27.009(a)(1) of the
TCPA to Prohibit an Attorney’s Fees Award to Defendants
Represented on a Pro Bono Basis. ................................................................... 7
A. The Court of Appeals Erred in Failing to Properly Apply the
Last Antecedent Rule to Section 27.009(a)(1). ..................................... 8
B. The Court of Appeals’ Construction of Section 27.009(a)(1)
Leads to Absurd Results. ..................................................................... 11
C. The Court of Appeals Erred Because “Justice and Equity”
Supports an Award of Attorney’s Fees to Petitioners. ........................ 14
II. This Case Involves an Important Question that Should Be, But Has
Not Been, Resolved by this Court, and the Court of Appeals’ Error
Should be Corrected. ..................................................................................... 16
CONCLUSION AND PRAYER ............................................................................. 17
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ....................................................................... 19
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................ 19
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................. 20
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page(s)
FEDERAL CASES
Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc) ............................ 14
Cornella v. Schweiker, 728 F.2d 978 (8th Cir. 1984) .............................................. 15
Oldham v. Ehrlich, 617 F.2d 163 (8th Cir. 1980).................................................... 15
Watford v. Heckler, 765 F.2d 1562 (11th Cir. 1985) ............................................... 14
TEXAS CASES
Aviles v. Aguirre, 292 S.W.3d 648 (Tex. 2009)....................................................... 10
Better Bus. Bureau of Metro. Dallas, Inc. v. BH DFW, Inc.,
402 S.W.3d 299 (Tex App.―Dallas, 2013, pet. denied).................................... 16
Brown v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline,
980 S.W.2d 675 (Tex. App.―San Antonio 1998, no pet.) ................................ 13
City of Dallas v. Stewart,
361 S.W.3d 562 (Tex. 2012) ................................................................................ 8
Cruz v. Van Sickle,
452 S.W.3d 503 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. filed) ......................................... 1
DLB Architects, P.C. v. Weaver,
305 S.W.3d 407 (Tex. App.―Dallas 2010, pet. denied)...................................... 9
Garcia v. Gomez,
319 S.W.3d 638 (Tex. 2010) .............................................................................. 10
Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings,
351 S.W.3d 290 (Tex. 2011) .............................................................................. 10
Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha,
381 S.W.3d 500 (Tex. 2012) .............................................................................. 11
Texas West Oaks Hosp. v. Williams,
371 S.W.3d 171 (Tex. 2012) ................................................................................ 8
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Union Carbide Corp. v. Synatzske,
438 S.W.3d 39 (Tex. 2014)................................................................................. 11
Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. at Dallas v. Loutzenhiser,
140 S.W.3d 351 (Tex. 2004) .............................................................................. 11
FEDERAL STATUTES
42 U.S.C. § 1988 ...................................................................................................... 15
47 U.S.C. § 230 .......................................................................................................... 4
OTHER STATUTES
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 27.001–27.011 ...................................................... 1
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.002 ...............................................................7, 16
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.009(a)(1) ................... 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.009(b).....................................................9, 11, 12
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(13) .......................................................... 8
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351(b)............................................................... 10
Tex. Gov’t. Code § 22.001(a)(3) ............................................................................... 2
Tex. Gov’t Code § 22.001(a)(6) ................................................................................ 2
Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.011(a) ................................................................................... 8
Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.034...................................................................................... 11
Texas Local Gov’t Code § 214.001(a)(1) .................................................................. 9
RULES
Tex. R. App. P. 53.7(c) .............................................................................................. 2
Tex. R. App. P. 56.1................................................................................................. 15
Tex. R. Disciplinary P. 106 ...................................................................................... 14
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RECORD REFERENCES
References to the Clerk’s Record and Reporter’s Record in this Brief are to
page numbers. Clerk’s Record references for Appellate Case No. 05-13-00191-CV
are abbreviated by page number as “(CR 1:___).” Clerk’s Supplemental Record
references for Appellate Case No. 05-13-00191-CV are abbreviated by page
number as “(CSR 1:___).” Clerk’s Record references for Appellate Case No. 05-
13-00561-CV are abbreviated by page number as “(CR 2:___).”
Reporter’s Record references are abbreviated by page number as “(RR Vol.
__ at ____).” Supplemental Reporter’s Record references are abbreviated by page
number as “(SRR Vol. __ at ____).”
Appendix references are abbreviated by tab as “(APP ____ at ___).” The
following tabs are included in the Appendix:
A. Dallas County District Court’s Order Granting Defendants Karl-
Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine
Haenschen’s Attorneys’ Fees Pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas
Civil Practice and Remedies Code (Mar. 22, 2013)
B. Dallas County District Court’s Order Granting Defendants James Van
Sickle, Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and
Katherine Haenschen’s Motions to Dismiss Pursuant to Chapter 27 of
the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code (Dec. 10, 2012)
C. The Court of Appeals’ Opinion
D. The text of Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.009.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Nature of the Case: Cruz sued Petitioners and Van Sickle, alleging libel. (CR
1:9-11). Petitioners and Van Sickle filed separate motion
to dismiss pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code, known as the “Texas
Citizens Participation Act” (“TCPA” or “Chapter 27”).1
(CR 1:79, 111, 193). Petitioners and Van Sickle also
sought attorney’s fees under the TCPA. (CR 1:89, 120,
360).
Trial Court: The Honorable Jim Jordan, 160th Judicial District Court
of Dallas County, Texas.
Trial Court’s
Disposition: The trial court granted Petitioners’ and Van Sickle’s
Motion to Dismiss under the TCPA (APP B; CR 1:258),
and awarded Petitioners and Van Sickle attorney’s fees
under the TCPA. (APP A; CR 2:126-27).
Parties in the
Court of Appeals: Cruz was the Appellant in the Court of Appeals and Van
Sickle and the BOR Parties were Appellees.
Court of Appeals: Fifth District (Dallas) Court of Appeals; panel consisting
of the Honorable David Evans (author of the court of
appeals’ opinion), David Bridges, and Douglas Lang.
Citation: Cruz v. Van Sickle, 452 S.W.3d 503 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2014, pet. filed).
Court of Appeals’
Disposition: Affirmed in part and reversed and rendered in part. The
court of appeals affirmed the grant of Petitioners’ and
Van Sickle’s Motions to Dismiss under the TCPA and
affirmed the award of attorney’s fees to Van Sickle, but
reversed the award of attorney’s fees to Petitioners.
(APP C at 31). The Court of Appeals denied Cruz’s
1
When referring to “TCPA” or “Chapter 27,” this brief refers to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
Ann. §§ 27.001–27.011 (2011) unless otherwise stated, and not the amended 2013 version
because the amendments were not applied retroactively.
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motion for rehearing and Cruz’s two motions for en banc
reconsideration.
Proceedings in this
Court: On May 26, 2015 Cruz filed a Petition For Review in this
Court. The BOR Parties have filed this Petition in
compliance with Rule 53.7(c), Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure.
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION
This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Texas Government Code Section
22.001(a)(3) because this case involves the construction of a statute – namely,
Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA – necessary to a determination of the case.
Additionally, this Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Texas Government Code
Section 22.001(a)(6) because the court of appeals committed an error of law in
holding that defendants, who are represented pro bono, may not recover attorney’s
fees under the TCPA after getting a case dismissed under the TCPA. The error of
law is of such importance to the jurisprudence of this State that it requires
correction.
ISSUE PRESENTED
Did the court of appeals err in holding that the legislature intended to
preclude prevailing parties represented pro bono from recovering attorney’s fees
under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 27.009(a)?
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STATEMENT OF FACTS
The court of appeals correctly stated the nature of the case. Cruz is “an
attorney practicing law in the state of Texas . . . .” (CR 1:70 at ¶ 4.2). At the time
of the claimed libel, Cruz “was a candidate for judge of the 162nd Judicial District
Court in the 2012 Dallas County Democratic Party Primary . . . .” (Id.).
Petitioner Musselman owns the Burnt Orange Report (“BOR”), a Texas
political blog. (CR 1:112 and 128 at ¶ 2). The express purpose of the BOR is to
enable general members of the community who are involved or interested in
politics to speak freely and address their concerns. (CR 1:117 and 128 at ¶ 2). The
BOR’s blog community includes institutional leaders, political consultants, elected
officials, lobbyists, and concerned citizens, who may write in its journals and make
comments. (CR 1:128-29 at ¶¶ 2-3). Through its website, the BOR functions as an
“interactive computer service.” (CR 1:119). Petitioner Haenshen is editor of the
BOR (Id. and CR 1:133 at ¶ 2) for BOR staff written articles. She did not edit the
complained of post. (CR 1:134 at ¶ 4).
Cruz sued Petitioners and Van Sickle for alleged libel based on one part of a
sentence in a September 6, 2011 internet post (“Internet Post”), written and posted
by Van Sickle on BOR. (CR 1:10 at ¶ 4.1, CR 1:70 at ¶ 4.1, CR 1:189 at ¶ 4.1, CR
1:96). The post was written by Van Sickle who “is not and has never been a BOR
internal staff writer” nor is he an employee, agent, servant or independent
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contractor of the BOR. (CR 1:129 at ¶ 4). Instead, Van Sickle is a general
community member of the blog, and anyone who has access to the internet can
become a BOR community member. (Id.). The Internet Post outlined upcoming
“hot races” in Dallas County and briefly discussed each candidate. (CR 1:95-99).
The Internet Post said about Cruz:
Baltasar Cruz: Baltasar Cruz is another primary candidate from 2010
who attempted to knock out former State Representative Dale Tillery
who is now District Judge of the 134th Judicial District. Baltasar also
has the distinction of being thrown out three times, finally by the
police, of an Elizabeth Edwards book signing event in Dallas several
years ago.”
(CR 1:96) (emphasis added). Cruz complained only of the underlined language.
(CR 1:70 at ¶ 4.1, CR 1:189 at ¶ 4.1).
Petitioners and Van Sickle filed separate Motions to Dismiss under the
TCPA, arguing that Cruz’s suit was based on their exercise of free speech and that
Cruz failed to meet his burden of establishing a prima facie case by clear and
specific evidence.2 (CR 1:79, 111, 193). Petitioners and Van Sickle also sought
attorney’s fees under the TCPA. (CR 1:89 at ¶ 4.1, CR 1:120 at ¶¶ 20-21, CR
1:360). The trial court granted Petitioners’ and Van Sickle’s Motions to Dismiss
under the TCPA, also ruling that Petitioners and Van Sickle were entitled to
attorneys’ fees and sanctions and set a hearing to determine the amount. (APP B;
2
Petitioners also argued that they had no liability for publishing the article pursuant to section
230 of the Communications Decency Act. See 47 U.S.C. § 230.
-4-
CR 1:258-59). Cruz appealed the Order. (CR 1:471). The trial court conducted
hearings on January 9, 2013 (RR Vol. 4), January 31 (RR Vol. 5), and March 14
(SRR Vol. 1) and – in its Order dated March 22, 2013 – ultimately determined an
amount to be awarded as attorneys’ fees but denied any monetary sanctions. (APP
A; CR 2:126-27). Cruz filed a second appeal, this time from the March 22, 2013
Order. (CR 2:247). The two appeals were consolidated.3
On appeal, Cruz argued, among other things, that the trial court erred in
granting Petitioners’ and Van Sickles’ Motions to Dismiss under the TCPA and in
awarding attorney’s fees under the TCPA to Petitioners and Van Sickles. (APP C
at 1-2).
The Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissals of Petitioners and Van Sickle
under the TCPA, affirmed the award of attorney’s fees to Van Sickle, but reversed
the award of attorney’s fees to Petitioners. (APP C at 30-31). The Court of
Appeals reasoned that because Petitioners were represented pro bono, they did not
“incur” any attorney’s fees within the meaning of Section 27.009(a) of the TCPA.
(Id. at 25).
3
See June 27, 2013, 5th Court of Appeals’ Order, available at
http://www.search.txcourts.gov/SearchMedia.aspx?MediaVersionID=362d3822-494b-4949-
9485-0e89ece1246c&coa=coa05&DT=Order&MediaID=58843537-ffeb-4f64-afb0-
10da4c2b6aca.
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SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
The court of appeals erred in construing Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA
to bar a defendant from recovering attorney’s fees merely if that defendant is
represented on a pro bono basis, where the defendant succeeds in getting a case
dismissed under the TCPA. Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA provides that if the
trial court dismisses an action under the TCPA, “the court shall award to the
moving party . . . court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and other expenses
incurred in defending against the legal action as justice and equity may
require . . .” In holding that the word “incurred” requires the defendant to be
legally obligated to pay the attorney’s fees (thus excluding pro bono defendants),
the court of appeals misapplied fundamental principles of statutory construction,
including the last antecedent rule and absurdity doctrine. Under the last antecedent
rule, the word “incurred” should be applied only to the portion of the sentence
immediately preceding it, in this case “expenses,” not “attorney’s fees.” Further,
the court of appeals’ construction would lead to an absurd result – namely, a pro
bono plaintiff could recover attorney’s fees in certain circumstances whereas a pro
bono defendant could not. A much more reasonable construction of Section
27.009(a)(1) is that “incurred” only modifies “other expenses.” The court of
appeals’ conclusion is also inconsistent with the rest of the TCPA.
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If not corrected by this Court, the court of appeals’ opinion will call into
question well-established principles of statutory construction and run directly
contrary to both the text and purpose of the TCPA thereby frustrating the will of
the legislature “to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of persons to
. . . speak freely . . . and otherwise participate in government to the maximum
extent permitted by law (Section 27.002) and to construe the statute “liberally to
effectuate its purpose and intent fully (Section 27.011(b)).” Accordingly, the
Court should grant this Petition, reverse that portion of the court of appeals’
opinion holding that Petitioners were not entitled to recover attorney’s fees, and
reinstate the trial court’s judgment awarding $158,521.50 in attorney’s fees to
Petitioners.
ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
I. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN CONSTRUING SECTION 27.009(A)(1) OF
THE TCPA TO PROHIBIT AN ATTORNEY’S FEES AWARD TO DEFENDANTS
REPRESENTED ON A PRO BONO BASIS.
The court of appeals erred in construing Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA
to prohibit an attorney’s fees award to a defendant merely because the defendant is
represented on a pro bono basis. Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA provides that
“[i]f the court orders dismissal of a legal action under this chapter, the court shall
award to the moving party: (1) court costs, reasonable attorney's fees, and other
expenses incurred in defending against the legal action as justice and equity may
-7-
require . . . .” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.009(a)(1). In holding that
Section 27.009(a)(1) prohibits an attorney’s fees award to a defendant if the
defendant is represented on a pro bono basis, the court of appeals relied on
“incurred” within Section 27.009(a)(1). The court of appeals’ approach
undermines several principles of statutory construction.
A. The Court of Appeals Erred in Failing to Properly Apply the Last
Antecedent Rule to Section 27.009(a)(1).
First, the court of appeals erred in construing Section 27.009(a)(1) of the
TCPA because under the last antecedent rule, the word “incurred” should be
applied only to the words immediately before it, “other expenses.” When
interpreting a statute, a court reads words and phrases “in context and construed
according to the rules of grammar and common usage.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §
311.011(a). This Court has directed that when “[s]crutinizing grammar in
interpreting statutes, we are cognizant of the rule that modifiers should come, if
possible, next to the words they modify.” Texas West Oaks Hosp. v. Williams, 371
S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2012) (quoting William Strunk, Jr. & E.B. White, The
Elements of Style R. 30 (4th ed. 2000)). “Under that tenet, a qualifying phrase
should be applied only to the portion of the sentence immediately preceding it.”
-8-
Id. at 185 (quoting City of Dallas v. Stewart, 361 S.W.3d 562, 571 n. 14 (Tex.
2012)).4
Here, Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA states: “the court shall award to the
moving party: (1) court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and other expenses
incurred in defending against the legal action as justice and equity may require.”
(emphasis added). Applying the last antecedent rule to the statute establishes that
that the word “incurred” should be applied only to the word immediately before it,
“expenses.”
A comparison of the language in subsections (a)(1) and (b) of Section
27.009 of the TCPA confirms that the Legislature intended that the word
“incurred” only apply to “expenses.” Subsection (b) states: “[i]f the court finds
that a motion to dismiss filed under this chapter is frivolous or solely intended to
delay, the court may award court costs and reasonable attorney's fees to the
responding party.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.009(b). The fact that
subsection (a)(1) uses “court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and other expenses
4
See also Williams, 371 S.W.3d at 184 (applying the last antecedent rule to Section
74.001(a)(13) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which states in part: “claimed
departure from accepted standards of medical care, or health care, or safety or professional or
administrative services directly related to health care, which proximately results in injury to or
death of a claimant” and finding that the phrase “directly related to health care” only modified
“professional or administrative services”); Stewart, 361 S.W.3d at 571 n. 14 (applying the rule to
Texas Local Government Code Section 214.001(a)(1), which states that cities are permitted to
demolish buildings that are “dilapidated, substandard, or unfit for human habitation and a hazard
to the public health, safety, and welfare” and finding that the phrase “hazard to the public health,
safety, and welfare” did not apply to the word “dilapidated or substandard”).
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incurred” and subsection (b) uses “court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees” and
omits any reference to the words “expenses” and “incurred” clearly indicates that
“incurred” does not modify “attorney’s fees” in subsection (a)(1). See, e.g., DLB
Architects, P.C. v. Weaver, 305 S.W.3d 407, 409 (Tex. App.―Dallas 2010, pet.
denied) (“Every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used for a
purpose, and every word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to be
excluded for a purpose.”).
The court of appeals misapplied Garcia v. Gomez, 319 S.W.3d 638 (Tex.
2010) in holding that “incurred” within the meaning of Section 27.009(a)(1) of the
TCPA means that Petitioners cannot recover attorney’s fees if they were
represented pro bono. The Garcia case involved a different statute and a different
issue; that is, the interpretation of the attorneys’ fees provision of the Texas
Medical Liability Act (“TMLA”), section 74.351(b) of the Texas Civil Practice &
Remedies Code.5 The court in Garcia defined the word “incurred” to mean “[a]
fee is incurred when one becomes liable for it.” Garcia, 319 S.W.3d at 642
(citation omitted). Assuming arguendo that “incurred” applies directly to
Petitioners, the definition does not state that the one “liable for it” must also “pay
for it.” Nowhere did this Court in Garcia mandate that the party in that case must
5
The court of appeals also cited Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings, 351 S.W.3d 290
(Tex. 2011). (APP C at 25). However, the Jackson opinion is similarly distinguishable because
the Court in that case was addressing another statute – namely, the Texas Public Information
Act.
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also personally pay for it. In fact, this Court in Aviles v. Aguirre, 292 S.W.3d 648,
649 (Tex. 2009) construed the same statute in Garcia and found that the statute did
not require the physician to personally pay the fees when in reality the insurance
carrier paid for them. Accordingly, even if “incurred” applies to attorney’s fees
under the TCPA, Petitioners are nevertheless entitled to an award of such fees. But
in any event, the court of appeals erred because under the last antecedent rule, the
word “incurred” should be applied only to the words immediately before it, “other
expenses.”
B. The Court of Appeals’ Construction of Section 27.009(a)(1) Leads
to Absurd Results.
The court of appeals’ construction of Section 27.009(a)(1) also leads to the
absurd result of allowing an award of attorney’s fees to pro bono parties in only
certain circumstances – namely, when they are “the responding party” pursuant to
Section 27.009(b) but not the moving party under Section 27.009(a)(1). This Court
construes “a statute’s words according to their plain and common meaning unless
they are statutorily defined otherwise, a different meaning is apparent from the
context, or unless such a construction leads to absurd results.” See Union Carbide
Corp. v. Synatzske, 438 S.W.3d 39, 52 (Tex. 2014) (refusing to construe statute in
manner that would lead to absurd result); see also Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. at
Dallas v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 356-57 (Tex. 2004), superseded by
statute on other grounds, Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034, as recognized in
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Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500 (Tex. 2012) (declining to
construe statute in a way that would lead to an absurd result since there was a
“reasonable alternative construction of the statutory language”).
Here, to construe Section 27.009(a)(1) of the TCPA as prohibiting pro bono
defendants from recovering attorney’s fees would lead to an absurd result and
would disregard the surrounding statutory language. Section 27.009(b), which
applies to the party responding to a motion to dismiss under the TCPA, states that
“[i]f the court finds that a motion to dismiss filed under this chapter is frivolous or
solely intended to delay, the court may award court costs and reasonable attorney’s
fees to the responding party.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.009(b). If
the court of appeals were correct that Section 27.009(a)(1) prohibits a pro bono
defendant from recovering attorney’s fees because Section 27.009(a)(1) – unlike
Section 27.009(b) – includes the word “incurred,” it would lead to the absurd result
that a pro bono plaintiff may recover fees but a pro bono defendant may not.
Indeed, the removal of “incurred” from Section 27.009(b) cannot be viewed in
isolation. The legislature also removed “other expenses” from Section 27.009(b).
Thus, a much more reasonable construction is that “incurred” is meant to modify
“other expenses” because the Legislature removed both “incurred” and “other
expenses” from Section 27.009(b). Such a reasonable construction avoids the
absurd result that a party may recover attorney’s fees if it is represented on a pro
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bono basis only if it is the party responding to a motion to dismiss. The TCPA
does not distinguish between those citizens that are represented for free as opposed
to those who pay for their representation. Neither should this Court when
determining whether attorneys’ fees were properly awarded as mandated by the
statute.
The court of appeals attempted to justify its conclusion by stating that the
Legislature chose to treat movants and respondents differently regarding the
recovery of attorney’s fees, and cited as an example that a respondent may only
recover attorney’s fees if the motion was frivolous or solely intended to delay.
(APP C at 27). But Petitioners have never argued that the requirement that a
motion must be frivolous or solely intended to delay applied to anyone other than
the party responding to the motion. Indeed, it makes perfect sense to require that a
motion must be frivolous or solely intended to delay in order for the responding
party to obtain attorney’s fees. What does not make sense is to distinguish
between pro bono parties merely based on whether they are the respondent or the
movant. Accordingly, the court of appeals erred because its construction leads to
absurd results, and a much more reasonable construction avoids these results.
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C. The Court of Appeals Erred Because “Justice and Equity”
Supports an Award of Attorney’s Fees to Petitioners.
Additionally, the court of appeals erred because the presence of “justice and
equity” supports the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees on public policy grounds
under Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
In Brown v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 980 S.W.2d 675 (Tex.
App.―San Antonio 1998, no pet.), the lawyer-appellant argued, among other
things, that the Commission for Lawyer Discipline was not entitled to recover an
award of pro bono attorneys’ fees because the fees were only authorized if the
Commission “incurred” or was contractually liable for such fees. Id. at 683. In
that case, Rule 106 of the Texas Rule of Disciplinary Procedure governed the
recovery of fees. Id. Even though the rule did not state that fees had to be
“contracted-for” or “incurred,” the court of appeals turned to federal court
decisions for further guidance. Id. at 684. In particular, the court of appeals noted
that federal courts had repeatedly allowed attorneys working pro bono to recover
their fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”) for reasons of public
policy, “even though the EAJA expressly authorizes a prevailing party to receive
an award for attorney fees that have been ‘incurred.’” Id. (emphasis added).
Accordingly, the court of appeals found that for similar reasons of public policy,
the Commission was entitled to the recovery of fees because the governing rule
- 14 -
described the award as a “sanction” and that the recovery of fees would encourage
pro bono services to the Bar. Id.
Indeed, under the federal statute, “it is well-settled that, in light of the act’s
legislative history and for reasons of public policy, plaintiffs who are represented
without charge are not generally precluded from an award of attorneys’ fees under
the EAJA.” Watford v. Heckler, 765 F.2d 1562, 1567 n. 6 (11th Cir. 1985); see
Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 900 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc) (there is
“nothing inconsistent in prosecuting a case in the public interest, agreeing not to
charge one’s own client a fee, and thereafter seeking fees’ from the losing
defendant.”)(emphasis in original); see Cornella v. Schweiker, 728 F.2d 978, 985-
87 (8th Cir. 1984)(same). Further, federal courts have continually allowed for the
recovery of attorneys’ fees to prevailing parties represented by legal aid
organizations or pro bono under other federal statutes. See Oldham v. Ehrlich, 617
F.2d 163, 168-169 (8th Cir. 1980) (42 U.S.C. § 1988). In that case, the Eighth
Circuit Court of Appeals found the basic purpose of 42 U.S.C. § 1988 was “to
encourage enforcement and observance of civil rights. . . .” Id. at 168. Thus,
“whether the focus is on enabling suit by those otherwise unable to afford
litigation, or on deterring misconduct by imposing a monetary burden upon the
wrongdoer, a legal aid organization merits an attorney’s fee fully as much as does
the private attorney.” Id. at 169. Thus, the “justice and equity” clause fully
- 15 -
authorizes and supports the trial court’s award of pro bono fees on public policy
grounds under Chapter 27.
II. THIS CASE INVOLVES AN IMPORTANT QUESTION THAT SHOULD BE, BUT
HAS NOT BEEN, RESOLVED BY THIS COURT, AND THE COURT OF APPEALS’
ERROR SHOULD BE CORRECTED.
This Court should grant review because “the court of appeals has decided an
important question of state law that should be, but has not been, resolved by the
Supreme Court.” Tex. R. App. P. 56.1. This Court has never addressed whether
Section 27.009(a)(1) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code prohibits a
defendant from recovering attorney’s fees merely because the defendant is
represented on a pro bono basis. The importance of this issue cannot be
understated because many defendants who seek to have a case dismissed under the
TCPA will be represented on a pro bono basis. The rise of citizen journalism in
recent years means that more and more citizen journalists will be subjected to suits
aimed at deterring constitutional free speech rights – suits just like Cruz’s suit
against Petitioners, who are represented on a pro bono basis.
The purpose of the TCPA is “to encourage and safeguard the constitutional
rights of persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise
participate in government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, at the
same time, protect the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for
demonstrable injury.” Better Bus. Bureau of Metro. Dallas, Inc. v. BH DFW, Inc.,
- 16 -
402 S.W.3d 299, 305 (Tex App.―Dallas, 2013, pet. denied); Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code Ann. § 27.002. This purpose is severely undermined if the court of
appeals’ construction of the TCPA is allowed to stand and defendants are punished
merely for being unable to afford representation, despite succeeding on their
motion to dismiss under the TCPA. Because this case involves an important
question of statutory construction that should be, but has not been, resolved by this
Court, and given the importance of the rights at stake, the Court should grant
review.
CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
Petitioners Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and
Katherine Haenschen request that the Court grant their Petition for Review, reverse
that portion of the court of appeals’ order reversing an award of attorney’s fees to
Petitioners, and render judgment for Petitioners that they may recover attorney’s
fees from Cruz in the amount of $158,521.50 or, in the alternative, to remand in
accordance with its decision herein. Petitioners further pray to the Court for all
relief, at law or in equity, to which they may show themselves justly entitled.
- 17 -
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Charles L. Babcock
Charles L. Babcock
State Bar No. 01479500
cbabcock@jw.com
Nancy W. Hamilton
State Bar No. 11587925
E-mail: nhamilton@jw.com
Jackson Walker L.L.P.
1401 McKinney St. Suite 1900
Houston, Texas 77010
(713) 752-4200
(713) 752-4221 (fax)
ATTORNEYS FOR
PETITIONERS KARL-THOMAS
MUSSELMAN d/b/a BURNT
ORANGE REPORT AND
KATHERINE HAENSCHEN
- 18 -
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I hereby certify that the number of words in this Petition for Review is
4,110, according to the word count of the computer program used to prepare this
document. This is within the 4,500 word limit in Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(2)(D).
/s/ Charles L. Babcock
Charles L. Babcock
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that, on the 24th day of June, 2015, a true and correct copy
of the foregoing was served on all counsel of record listed below in accordance
with Rule 9.5(c) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure:
Plaintiff Pro Se
Baltasar D. Cruz
Texas Bar No. 05196150
P.O. Box 600823
Dallas, Texas 75360
Telephone: (214) 369-9058
Telecopier: (732) 875-0792
Email: BaltasarDCruz@aol.com
Counsel for Defendant James Van
Sickle
Melissa J. Bellan
State Bar No. 24040506
P.O. Box 570708
Dallas, Texas 75357
Telephone: (469) 601-8870
Facsimile: (214) 279-5846
E-mail: bellanlaw@gmail.com
/s/ Charles L. Babcock
Charles L. Babcock
- 19 -
APPENDIX
A. Dallas County District Court’s Order Granting Defendants Karl-Thomas
Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen’s
Attorneys’ Fees Pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code (Mar. 22, 2013)
B. Dallas County District Court’s Order Granting Defendants James Van
Sickle, Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine
Haenschen’s Motions to Dismiss Pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code (Dec. 10, 2012)
C. The Court of Appeals’ Opinion
D. The text of Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 27.009.
- 20 -
13598317v.4
TAB A
'-\41- \-\ 718
CAUSE NO. 12-09275
BAL T ASAR D. CRUZ, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
vs. §
JAMES VAN SICKLE, § DALLAS COUNTY, TEXAS
KARL-THOMAS MUSSELMAN d/b/a §
BURNT ORANGE REPORT, AND §
KATHERINE HAENSCHEN §
Defendants. § 160m .JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS KARL-THOMAS MUSSELMAN D/B/A BURNT
ORANGE REPORT AND KATHERINE HAENSCHEN'S ATTORNEYS' FEES
PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 27 OF THE
TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE
On March 14, 2013, The Court heard and considered Defendants Karl-Thomas
Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen's (collectively, the .. BOR
Defendants'') Request for Attorneys' Fees and for sanctions. and Defendant James Van Sickle's
("'Van Sickle'') Request for Attorney's Fees and for Sanctions Pursuant to Chapter 27 of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. All parties were present and the Court after
considering the pleadings of the pmiies. Plaintiffs Objections and Responses, filings. evidence,
briefs and arguments of counsel. finds that the BOR Defendants ' attorneys· fees and Defendant
James Van Sickle's attorney's fees should be. and hereby are, GRANTED as follows:
IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED. AND DECREED that the BOR Defendants recover
their attorneys' fees pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code from
Baltasar D. Cruz in the amount of $158.521.50.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that Defendant James Van
Sickle recover his attorney's fees pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code from Baltasar D. Cruz in the amount of $31, 783 .75.
Order Granting Defendants Karl-Thomas Musse lman d/b.'a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen ·s
Attorneys' Fees Pursuant to Chapter 27 ofthe Te xas Civil Practices and Remedies Code PAGE
I
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the request of the
BOR Defendants and of Van Sickle for sanctions pursuant to Section 27.009(2). Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code is hereby DENIED.
All amounts awarded herein shall bear post judgment interest at the rate of 5% per annum
from the date of this Order until paid. All taxable court costs shall be taxed against Plaintiff.
This Order. along with the Colll1 ' s Orders signed on December 10.2012 and February 20.2013.
finally disposes of all claims and all parties, and is therefore a tina! appealable Judgment. Any
additional relief requested by the pa11ies not granted in the Court's December 10, 2012 Order,
February 20. 2013 Order and this Order is hereby denied.
SIGNEDthis22nddayofMarch.2013. ~ ~
//,
~ - ~
PERES~
Order Granting Defendants Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b 1a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen 's
Attorneys' Fees Pursuant to Chapter 27 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code PAGE
2
TAB B
44~"' 616
CAtJSE NO. 12-09275
BALTASAR ll. CRUZ, § IN THE lliSTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
§
vs. § ()ALLAS COUNTY, TEXAS
§
.JAM F:S VAN SICKLE, §
KARL-THOMAS MUSSELMAN d/b/ISTI~ICT
ORDER GRANTII\G J>EFENI>Ai\TS .JAMES VAN SICKLE,
KARL-THOMAS MUSSELMAN ()/IJ/A BURNT ORANGE REPORT ANI>
KATHERINE IIAEi\SCHEN'S MOTIONS TO DISMISS PURSUt\NT TO
CHAPTER 27 OF THE TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES COI>E
On this day came on to be considered Dcfcndant .lrum:s Van Sickk c·van Sickle'") and
Defendants Karl-Thomas Mussdman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Hacnschen·s
(collectively. the '·BOR Defendants"') Motions to Dismiss Pursuant to Chapter 27 of thc TEXAS
CIVIL PR,\CTICE AND RE~IEDIES CODE. and BOR Dcfl.·ndants' Supplement to their Motion to
Dismiss Pursuant to Chapter 27 of the TF.\,\S CIVIL PRACTICF. AND RE~IFDI ES CODE ("' Motions to
Dismiss.. ). The Coun. aftcr reviewing the Motions to Dismiss, Plaintitrs Ohjections and
Response to Defendants· Motions to Dismiss. l30R Ddcndants· Reply to Plaintilrs Objections
and R~sponse. Defendant Van Sickle's Reply to Plaintiffs Objections and Response. Plaintifrs
Supplcmcntal Ohjections and Responses. Motion to Permit Discovery and for Continuance: ;:md
Supplement to Van Sickle·s Reply. pleadings, lilings, and evidence. and hearing the arguments
of counsel. linds that the Motions to Dismiss should be. and hercby arc. GRANTED.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED. ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that Van Sickle's
Motion to Dismiss and the BOR Defendants· Motion to Dismiss and Supplement to Motion to
Dismiss arc hereby GRANTED. and that all causes of action asscncd by Plaintiff Bahndant James Van Sickle. Karl· Thomas Musselman d/b/a Bumt Orange Report and
Katherin~ Haenschen ·s Motions to Dismiss Pursuant to Chapter ?.7 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code
259 PAGE 2
TAB C
Affirm in part; Reverse and Render in part; Opinion Filed December 3, 2014.
S
Court of Appeals
In The
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-13-00191-CV
BALTASAR D. CRUZ, Appellant
V.
JAMES VAN SICKLE, KARL-THOMAS MUSSELMAN D/B/A
BURNT ORANGE REPORT, AND KATHERINE HAENSCHEN, Appellees
On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-09275
OPINION
Before Justices Bridges, Lang, and Evans
Opinion by Justice Evans
Baltasar D. Cruz sued James Van Sickle, Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange
Report, and Katherine Haenschen for libel. Appellees moved to dismiss the suit pursuant to the
Texas Citizens Participation Act (the Act), 1 commonly referred to as an anti-SLAPP 2 statute,
designed to protect citizens who exercise their constitutional rights to, among other things,
communicate about matters of public concern. After a hearing, the trial court granted appellees’
motions and awarded them attorney’s fees. Cruz, an attorney representing himself pro se, brings
121 issues complaining not only of the trial court’s dismissal order and attorney’s fees awards,
1
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.001–.011 (West Supp. 2014).
2
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation.
but other rulings and orders rendered in the case. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm in
part and reverse and render in part.
BACKGROUND
At the heart of this dispute is a single statement about Cruz that appeared in an article
James Van Sickle posted September 6, 2011 on the Burnt Orange Report (BOR), a political
website/blog. The internet post, entitled “Who’s on First? 2012 Dallas County Electoral
Preview,” identified Cruz as a primary candidate for district judge of the 162nd Judicial District
Court and contained the following paragraph about him:
Baltasar Cruz: Baltasar Cruz is another primary candidate from 2010 who
attempted to knock out former State Representative Dale Tillery who is now
District Judge of the 134th Judicial District. Baltasar also has the distinction of
being thrown out three times, finally by the police, of an Elizabeth Edwards book
signing event in Dallas several years ago.
In his live pleading, Cruz alleged the statement that he was ‘“thrown out . . . by the police
of an Elizabeth Edwards book signing event in Dallas several years ago”’ was false and
constituted libel per se, entitling him to damages for loss of reputation and mental anguish as
well as exemplary damages.
Van Sickle filed a motion to dismiss appellant’s lawsuit under the Act. Van Sickle
argued that his speech was protected under the Act and Cruz could not establish by clear and
specific evidence a prima facie case for libel. Musselman and Haenschen (collectively, the BOR
defendants) also filed a dismissal motion under the Act. In addition to arguing Cruz’s lawsuit
was based on their exercise of free speech and that he failed to meet his burden of establishing a
prima facie case by clear and specific evidence, they also asserted that they had no liability for
publishing the article pursuant to section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. See 47
U.S.C. § 230.
–2–
The affidavits provided in support of the motions for dismissal revealed the following.
Van Sickle, a general community member of the BOR website/blog, authored the article.
According to Van Sickle, he wrote and posted the article to provide the public, including BOR
readers, with an overview of the candidates who had announced they were running for political
and judicial offices in Dallas County, Texas. Van Sickle indicated that in the paragraph about
Cruz, he reported a story told to him by a third party about Cruz’s conduct and eventual removal
from an Elizabeth Edwards book signing event a few years earlier. Van Sickle also attested that
he spoke to a source who had attended the book signing and verified the account. After speaking
with other sources who reported instances of Cruz’s past erratic behavior and conduct, Van
Sickle stated he had no reason to doubt the veracity of the statements in his article.
Karl-Thomas Musselman owns the BOR and attested that the BOR’s express purpose is
to enable those involved or interested in politics, particularly those of the Democratic Party, to
speak freely and address their concerns about Texas politics. Musselman contends that the BOR
acts as an interactive computer service that enables computer access by multiple users to a
computer server, including specifically a service or system that provides access to the internet.
According to Musselman, the BOR did not have knowledge of or edit Van Sickle’s September 6
post before it appeared on the website. Katherine Haenschen is the editor-in-chief for the BOR.
She attested that she did not have knowledge of or edit Van Sickle’s September 6 post before it
appeared on the BOR website.
Cruz filed a response to the motions that included his affidavit attesting that the
complained-of statement was false and that none of the appellees ever asked him if it was true or
told him they were going to publish the statement. After a hearing, the trial court granted
appellees’ motions to dismiss and awarded them attorney’s fees pursuant under the Act. Cruz
filed this accelerated appeal challenging numerous trial court rulings in the case.
–3–
ANALYSIS
I. Preliminary Concerns
Before analyzing the merits of this appeal, we first consider issues related to Cruz’s
appellate briefing and preservation of appellate complaints.
A. Briefing Deficiencies
Excluding the sections listed under appellate rule of procedure 9.4(i)(1), Cruz’s amended
appellate brief is about 80 pages in length and lists 121 issues complaining of ten different trial
court orders in connection with this appeal. 3 The “Issues Presented” section alone, which is not
included in the preceding page count, is 25 pages in length. A brief must state concisely all
issues or points for review and reveal the legal issues we are called upon to decide. TEX. R. APP.
P. 38.1(f); Bolling v. Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist., 315 S.W.3d 893, 896 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2010, no pet.). Far from concise, many of Cruz’s issues are repetitive and subsumed by,
or overlap, other issues. Moreover, several issues are multifarious in that Cruz complains about
multiple evidentiary rulings within a single issue.
The appellate rules also require a brief to contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record. TEX. R. APP. P.
38.1(i). The argument section of Cruz’s brief consists of 69 pages of text with no headings,
divisions, or groupings of any kind to provide guidance as to where the discussion appears for
each of his 121 issues. It is not until 21 pages into his argument section that Cruz cites his first
case, which defines what generally constitutes a defamatory statement. 4
3
We previously granted Cruz’s motions to increase word and page limits in part, allowing him to file an initial
appellate brief of no more than 65 pages or 19,500 words, and a reply brief of no more than 9,500 words. Cruz has
certified that his amended brief is 19,496 words and his amended reply brief is 9,500 words.
4
In the first 20 pages of his argument, Cruz cites generally to various sections of the Act, and makes passing
references to certain clauses of the U.S. and Texas Constitutions as well as a single reference to rule 45 of the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure with little or no legal analysis or discussion.
–4–
Appellant has the burden to present and discuss his assertions of error in compliance with
the appellate briefing rules. We have no duty, or even right, to perform an independent review
of the record and applicable law to determine whether there was error. See Bolling, 315 S.W.3d
at 895. For the reasons stated below, we conclude the issues identified in the remainder of this
section are inadequately briefed, so we will not address them on the merits.
Cruz challenges the trial court’s evidentiary rulings on numerous objections contained in
(1) responses he filed to the motions to dismiss and appellees’ requests for attorney’s fees, and
(2) the BOR defendants’ response to Cruz’s motion to reconsider attorney’s fees. 5 Cruz does not
identify the specific objections he intends to challenge and provides no discussion or legal
authority in the argument section of his brief to support his challenges to the trial court rulings.
Instead, he asserts that the word limits on briefing prevent him from specifying these objections
and invites us to “review said objections, which are self-explanatory, and reverse the trial court’s
rulings on same.” We decline Cruz’s invitation. As Cruz acknowledges, one of the several trial
court documents to which he directs us is 47 pages long and contains 27 separate evidentiary
objections. The other trial court documents contain multiple objections. We will not look
outside an appellate brief for arguments in support of an issue when doing so would circumvent
the briefing limitations that we have previously extended in this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i);
Coleman v. Prospere, 05-13-00068-CV, 2014 WL 4672456, at *2 n.4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept.
22, 2014, no. pet. h.) (citing Ritchie v. Rupe, 339 S.W.3d 275, 284 n. 11 (Tex. App.—Dallas,
2011), rev’d on other grounds, 443 S.W.3d 856 (Tex. 2014)). Because Cruz’s brief has
presented no argument on these multifarious issues, they are waived. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i);
Bolling, 315 S.W.3d at 895.
5
Issues 25, 26, 42, 44, and 121.
–5–
Cruz also challenges the trial court’s ruling granting Van Sickle’s special exceptions and
appellees’ joint motion to extend time to file their motions to dismiss. 6 Cruz concludes, without
discussion or analysis, that his original pleading provided adequate notice of his claim and that
appellees’ reasons for the requested extension did not establish good cause under section
27.003(b). 7 His entire argument for these 9 issues is completely devoid of any analysis or
discussion as to what constitutes “fair notice” or “good cause” in the context of this case. The
only legal authorities to which he refers are civil procedure rule 45 which sets forth the general
requirements for pleadings, and section 27.003(b) which authorizes the trial court to grant an
extension on a showing of good cause. These conclusory statements unsupported by relevant
legal citations do not comply with appellate briefing requirements. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
Because these issues are inadequately briefed, they are waived. See Bolling, 315 S.W.3d at 895.
Cruz also complains about his inability to conduct discovery, other than requests for
disclosure, before the trial court ruled on the motions to dismiss.8 He contends a trial court
scheduling conference order, in conjunction with the Act’s discovery suspension upon the filing
of a motion to dismiss, gave him only 10 days to conduct discovery. He also complains the trial
court abused its discretion in denying his motion for continuance and to permit discovery
pursuant to section 27.006(b), which he filed at 4:24 p.m. the day before the scheduled dismissal
hearing. Cruz’s “argument” under these issues details the reasons he did not conduct discovery
before the hearing on the motions to dismiss rather than the propriety of the trial court’s rulings
under the Act. Without any analysis or legal authority other than passing references to
6
Issues 1 through 9.
7
Van Sickle specially excepted to Cruz’s petition because it did not specifically identify any libelous statement.
Appellees moved to extend the filing deadline for the motions to dismiss to allow Cruz to replead and allow
appellees, who were served with the lawsuit on different dates, to file their dismissal motions so that they could be
heard at the same time.
8
Issues 10 through 14.
–6–
provisions of the U.S. and Texas constitutions, Cruz concludes his inability to conduct discovery
when combined with the requirement he show “actual malice,” violated his constitutional rights
to due process/due course of law and equal protection. These constitutional “arguments” are
contained in two paragraphs and consist of a total of three sentences. Cruz’s failure to present
any discussion or analysis for his discovery complaints and contention that the Act’s discovery
restrictions and trial court rulings violated his constitutional rights or to support his contention
with appropriate citations to authorities has waived these complaints on appeal. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 38.1(i).
Cruz also complains that the Act’s discovery suspension violated the due process and due
course of law provisions of the U.S. and Texas Constitutions.9 But once again he does nothing
more than reference certain constitutional provisions and state that the burden imposed by Act
“is fundamentally unfair and would normally prevent any Plaintiff who is required to prove an
opposing party’s ‘actual malice’ from overcoming a motion to dismiss on a libel per se claim in
the state of Texas.” Because this issue essentially raises the same complaint as issues we have
already waived for inadequate briefing and provides no further discussion or legal analysis, it
also presents nothing for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
B. Preservation of Error
Cruz asserts the Act violates both the open courts provision and the right to trial by jury
provision of the Texas Constitution “because it suspends discovery upon the filing of a motion to
dismiss while placing the burden on the Plaintiffs to establish ‘by clear and specific evidence’ a
prima facie case for each essential element of their claims” (italics in original). 10 Cruz did not
present these constitutional complaints to the trial court. Accordingly, they are not preserved for
9
Issue 37.
10
Issues 36 and 38.
–7–
appellate review and we need not consider them on appeal. See City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284
S.W.3d 366, 377 (Tex. 2009) (even constitutional complaints are waived on appeal when not
first presented to trial court).
With respect to Cruz’s remaining issues, we have generally structured our discussion to
address Cruz’s contentions as they appear in the argument section of his brief, considering them
only to the extent they are preserved for appellate review and adequately briefed.
II. Trial Court’s Order Granting the Motions to Dismiss
We begin with Cruz’s general contention that the trial court erred in granting appellees’
motions to dismiss.11 To prevail on a motion to dismiss filed pursuant to the Act, a movant must
first show by a preponderance of the evidence that that the legal action “is based on, relates to, or
is in response to” the movant’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of
association. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(b); Pickens v. Cordia, 433 S.W.3d
179, 183 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.). If the movant meets his burden, the trial court must
dismiss the action unless the plaintiff “establishes by clear and specific evidence a prima facie
case for each essential element of the claim in question.” Id. § 27.005(c).
A. Standard of Review
Cruz contends we should review de novo the trial court’s determinations under the Act. 12
Appellees do not disagree. 13 Accordingly, we apply a de novo standard of review regarding the
trial court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss. See Shipp v. Malouf, 439 S.W.3d 432, 437 (Tex.
11
Issue 41.
12
Issue 15 generally questions the standard of appellate review applicable to a trial court’s dismissal under the
Act. In his argument, Cruz concludes without any discussion or citation to authority that we should review the trial
court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss de novo as is done in summary judgment rulings.
13
Appellees agree that we review de novo whether the movant met his burden regarding the Act’s applicability
under section 25.005(b). They contend the standard of review for whether the plaintiff satisfied his burden under
section 25.005(c) is less clear. However, they do not dispute that here, we should review de novo whether Cruz met
his burden under section 25.005(c).
–8–
App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) (applying de novo standard of review on trial court determinations
under section 27.005(b) and (c); Am. Heritage Capital, LP v. Gonzalez, 436 S.W.3d 865, 874
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) (applying de novo standard of review to trial court’s
determination under section 27.005(c)); Young v. Krantz, 434 S.W.3d 335, 342–43 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2014, no pet.) (applying de novo standard of review to trial court’s determinations under
section 27.005(b) and (c)); Rehak Creative Servs., Inc. v. Witt, 404 S.W.3d 716, 724–25 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (applying de novo standard of review to trial
court’s determinations under 25.005(b) and (c)).
B. Applicability of the Act
Cruz contends the Act does not apply to his lawsuit because his libel claim is not based
on, related to, or in response to appellees’ exercise of the right of free speech. 14 Specifically,
Cruz argues the statement forming the basis of his libel claim cannot be a “matter of public
concern” as contemplated under section 27.001(7) because (1) it is a false statement of fact and
libelous per se, and (2) section 27.011(a) precludes such a determination. We do not agree with
either of these contentions. The exercise of free speech is defined in the Act as “a
communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” Id. § 27.001(3). Under the
Act, a matter of public concern includes issues related to a public official or public figure. Id. §
27.001(7)(D).
In his motion to dismiss, Van Sickle presented affidavit testimony that he posted the
article in which the complained-of statement appears to provide the public and readers of the
BOR with an overview of candidates who had announced they were running for political and
14
Issues 16 through 24. Additionally, Cruz argues his lawsuit is not based on appellees’ exercise of the right to
petition or right of association to which the Act also applies. See id. at 27.003(a). We focus our analysis on whether
Cruz’s libel action implicates appellees’ rights of free speech and our disposition of that issue makes it unnecessary
to address these other rights.
–9–
judicial offices in Dallas County, Texas. Similarly, Musselman attested that the BOR provides a
forum for individuals to express concerns or comments about Texas politics and addresses
matters of public concern such as issues pertaining to the government and information about
public officials and public figures elected to public office or candidates running for elected
office. Appellees asserted the internet post in question related to speech on a matter of public
concern because it comments on the conduct, qualities, fitness, and temperament of a candidate
for judge in an upcoming electoral race. In response to the motions, Cruz did not present any
controverting evidence on this issue except to state in his affidavit opposing the motion that the
objected-to statement was false and none of the appellees ever asked him if it was true.
In determining whether a lawsuit is related to the exercise of free speech under the broad
language of the Act, we must look to the entire communication as well as the context of the
communication in which the allegedly defamatory statement is made. Shipp, 439 S.W.3d at 438.
It is undisputed that the paragraph about Cruz was written to provide information about him
relevant to his primary candidacy for judge of the 162nd Judicial District Court. The paragraph
recounted his unsuccessful 2010 attempt to be elected as judge of the 134th Judicial District
Court and also contained the statement about the Elizabeth Edwards book signing event of which
Cruz complains. In this context, the complained-of statement was a communication made in
connection with an issue related to Cruz as a public official or public figure.
When a person consents to become a candidate for election to public office, he puts his
character in issue as it relates to his qualification for the office. Express Printing Co. v.
Copeland, 64 Tex. 354, 358 (1885). Because the statements concerned Cruz’s personal character
and fitness for judicial office, they were a matter of public concern and thus related to appellees’
freedom of speech. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.001(3); (7)(D); see also
Copeland, 64 Tex. at 358–59 (there should be freedom in discussing, in good faith, the character,
–10–
the habits and mental and moral qualifications of any person presenting himself as a candidate
for a public office to electors).
In reaching this conclusion, we necessarily reject Cruz’s contention that a false and
libelous statement cannot be a matter of public concern under the Act. Cruz presents no legal
authority for his broad assertion and we have found none. To the contrary, under the Act’s
statutory definitions, the issue of whether a communication implicates “the exercise of the right
to free speech” does not require us to determine the statement’s veracity. See Kinney v. BCG
Attorney Search, Inc., No. 03-12-00579-CV, 2014 WL 1432012 at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin April
11, 2014, pet. filed) (mem. op.).
We are also unpersuaded by Cruz’s position that section 27.011(a) of the Act does not
allow the complained-of statement to be construed as relating to a matter of public concern. That
section provides:
This chapter does not abrogate or lessen any other defense, remedy, immunity, or
privilege available under other constitutional, statutory, case or common law or
rule provisions.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.011(a). Cruz seems to suggest that concluding the
statement at issue relates to a matter of public concern is contrary to 27.011(a) because it would
result in government officials never being allowed to recover for defamation. Once again, Cruz
provides no legal support for his position other than reference to 27.011(a). Moreover, his
construction of 27.011(a) runs counter to section 27.005(c) which prohibits dismissal of his libel
action under the Act if Cruz establishes by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for
each element of his libel claim.
C. Prima Facie Case of Libel Per Se
If, as here, the movants establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the action is
based on or relates to their exercise of free speech, the trial court must dismiss the action unless
–11–
the party who brought the action “establishes by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case
for each essential element of the claim in question.” Id. at § 27.005(c). Generally, a prima facie
case requires only the minimum amount of evidence necessary to support a rational inference
that the allegation of fact is true. See Am. Heritage Capital, 436 S.W.3d at 874. 15 In the next
portion of his argument, Cruz generally challenges the trial court’s determination that he failed to
establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case of libel per se. 16
To prevail on a cause of action for libel, a plaintiff who is a public official or public
figure must prove the defendant published a defamatory statement in writing or graphic form
while acting with actual malice regarding the truth of the statement. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2011) (elements of libel); Rehak, 404 S.W.3d at 727 (elements
of libel for public official plaintiff or public figure plaintiff). Even when the plaintiff is a private
individual, the plaintiff must still establish the defamatory statement was published with
negligence regarding its truth. Rehak, 404 S.W.3d at 727.
Here, Cruz pleaded the statement constituted libel per se because it was of such a nature
to affect him as a practicing attorney and judicial candidate. See Hancock v. Variyam, 400
S.W.3d 59, 64 (Tex. 2013) (a statement injuring person in his office, profession, or occupation
typically considered defamatory per se). Defamation per se claims allow the factfinder to
presume general (noneconomic) damages without proof of injury when the speech is not public
or when the plaintiff proves actual malice. Hancock, 400 S.W.3d at 65–66.
It is undisputed that Cruz was a candidate for judicial office on September 6, 2011, the
date the article containing the complained-of statement was posted on the BOR website. We
15
We have previously stated the purposeful inclusion of the “clear and specific evidence” requirement suggests
an elevated evidentiary standard. Shipp, 439 S.W.3d at 439; Young, 434 S.W.3d at 342–43. We need not explore
the parameters of this elevated standard because even under the general prima facie standard, Cruz has not met his
burden.
16
Issues 27 through 34.
–12–
therefore apply the defamation standards applicable to public official plaintiffs. Monitor Patriot
Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 265, 271–72 (1971) (candidates for elective public office are public
officials for purposes of recovery for defamation); Freedom Newspapers of Tex. v. Cantu, 168
S.W.3d 847, 853 (Tex. 2005) (sheriff candidate was public official). Cruz acknowledges that
among the elements necessary to prevail on public figure/public official libel claim, he must
establish by clear and specific evidence that appellees published the allegedly defamatory
statement with actual malice. See WFAA-TV, Inc., v. McLemore, 978 S.W.2d 568, 571 (Tex.
1998). To establish actual malice, Cruz must show the defamatory statement was published with
either knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard as to its truth. See Hearst Corp. v.
Skeen, 159 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam). To establish reckless disregard, a plaintiff
must prove that the defendant “entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication.” See
id.
The only evidence attached to Cruz’s responses to the appellees’ motions to dismiss was
his affidavit and appellees’ responses to request for admissions. In his affidavit, Cruz attested
that the police did not throw him out of an Elizabeth Edwards book signing and that the
statement in the article that they did is entirely false. Appellees’ responses to the requests for
admissions merely reveal that appellees were not present at the book signing and had no personal
knowledge as to whether Cruz was thrown out of the event by the police.
Cruz contends the nature of the statement itself, combined with his evidence of falsity
and appellees’ refusal to remove it from the website when they had no personal knowledge as to
its truth, was sufficient to establish a prima facie case of actual malice. We do not agree. As
noted above, Cruz must present evidence that appellees published the statement knowing it was
false or with reckless disregard for its truth. See id. The evidence Cruz presented did not satisfy
either of these criteria. Citing Huckabee v. Time Warner Entertainment Co., Cruz argues a
–13–
defendant’s selective omission of facts to purposely create a false portrayal of events can be
evidence of actual malice. 19 S.W.3d 413, 425–26 (Tex. 2000). But Cruz does not indicate or
provide any evidence as to what facts were omitted in this case to establish actual malice. Cruz’s
evidence merely showed appellees were not present at the event and had no personal knowledge
of the facts contained in the statement. This was not evidence of appellees’ state of mind at the
time the article was posted. See Forbes Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 173
(Tex. 2003) (relevant inquiry for “actual malice” purposes focuses on defendant’s state of mind
at time of publication).
Cruz also argues that appellees’ refusal to remove the complained-of statement from the
website was “primarily out of resentment towards Appellant for suing them – i.e., actual malice.”
Cruz’s “evidence” that appellees refused to remove the statement from its website consists of
BOR counsel’s response to the trial judge’s question during the dismissal hearing as to whether
appellees had the ability pull the article down from the website. Generally, an attorney’s
statements must be under oath to be considered evidence. Banda v. Garcia, 955 S.W.2d 270,
272 (Tex. 1997). Our review of the record reveals there was no evidence before the trial court at
the dismissal hearing that appellees refused requests to remove the statement or that they failed
to remove the statement knowing it was false or with reckless disregard as to its truth.
Regardless, the actual malice standard focuses on the defendant’s state of mind at the time of
publication not after the defendant was sued. See id. Evidence of events after an article has been
printed and distributed has been held to have little if any bearing on the defendant’s state of mind
at the time of publication. See Forbes Inc.,124 S.W.3d at 174.
Additionally, Cruz contends that once he lost the primary election, he was no longer a
public official and only had to establish the statement was “false, defamatory and constitutes
–14–
libel per se,” not actual malice 17 The success of this argument is completely dependent upon our
application of the continuous publication rule to the internet post based on appellees’ failure to
remove the statement from the BOR website. Cruz basically contends he has a separate and
distinct cause of action for defamation each day the statement is not removed from the site and
once his status changed, so did the elements necessary to establish his defamation claim. 18 But
rather than provide any independent discussion in his brief to support application of the
continuous publication rule to internet publications, Cruz provides a single, general reference to
a 13-page 2002 student comment from a law review that does not pertain to Texas law. 19 His
brief does not discuss the article or provide any analysis regarding the single publication rule or
continuous publication rule in reference to existing Texas law. 20 Accordingly, Cruz has not
demonstrated the applicability of the continuous publication rule to the post in question. We
therefore reject his argument premised on the rule.
Because Cruz produced no evidence that the statement of which he complains was
published with actual malice, he did not meet his burden under section 27.005(c) of establishing
17
Even in a defamation per se claim between private parties over a matter of private concern there must still be
a showing that the statement was published with negligence regarding the truth of the statement. See Hancock, 400
S.W.3d at 65 n.7.
18
In contrast to the continuous publication rule, the single publication rule provides that a libel action accrues
for limitations purposes upon publication which is complete on the last day of mass distribution of copies of the
printed matter and rejects the principle that a new publication, and therefore a separate tort, is created each time the
material is sold. Holloway v. Butler, 662 S.W.2d 688, 690–91(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref’d
n.r.e.).
19
Odelia Braun, Comment, Internet Publications and Defamation: Why the Single Publication Rule Should Not
Apply, 32 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 2002.
20
These rules evolved to determine the publication date for limitations purposes and involve considerations
completely distinct from those that are applicable when assessing the state of mind of the defendant at the time of
publication. See Forbes, Inc., 124 S.W.3d at 173. The fourteenth court of appeals has recently applied the single
publication rule, rather than the continuous publication rule, to a television report posted on the internet. See
Mayfield v. Fullhart, 444 S.W.3d 222, 228–30 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. filed). Relying in large
part on the Fifth Circuit’s analysis in Bi-Weekly Administration, Inc. v. Belo Corp., 512 F.3d 137 (5th Cir. 2007), the
Mayfield court noted that every court that had decided the issue to date had held the single publication rule applied
to information publicly available on the internet. Mayfield, 444 S.W.3d at 229. Although not bound by its
interpretation of Texas law, we also find the Fifth Circuit’s reasoning persuasive.
–15–
a prima facie case for libel. Our conclusion that Cruz presented no evidence of actual malice
makes it unnecessary to address his arguments concerning whether the trial court could consider
appellees’ evidence in determining whether Cruz met his burden under section 27.005(c). 21
Cruz next contends that if section 27.005(c) required him to prove by clear and specific
evidence the complained-of statement was published with actual malice to defeat appellees’
motions, it runs afoul of section 27.011(a) of the Act because this burden had the effect of
abrogating or lessening his right to assert a libel per se claim against appellees under Texas
common law. 22 Once again, Cruz’s argument is nothing more than brief, conclusory statements
unsupported by any legal authority apart from section 27.011(a). As such, this contention is
waived for inadequate briefing. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1.
III. Trial Court’s Order Awarding Attorney’s Fees
After the trial court granted appellees’ motions to dismiss, a hearing was held on January
9, 2013 on appellees’ request for attorney’s fees and sanctions pursuant to section 27.009(a) of
the Act. At the hearing, Cruz objected to appellees presenting any evidence of attorney’s fees
because they had failed to respond to his requests for disclosures regarding their testifying
experts on the issue of attorney’s fees. The trial court continued the hearing to allow Cruz the
discovery he sought. 23 On February 7, 2013, appellees filed affidavits concerning their
attorney’s fees through January 31, 2013. At the subsequent hearing on March 14, 2013,
appellees relied on these affidavits instead of introducing live testimony on attorney’s fees
because Cruz did not file any controverting affidavits.
21
Issues 39 and 40.
22
Issue 35.
23
The trial court initially reset the hearing for January 31, 2013 but rescheduled to March 14 after it became
clear the hearing could not be completed in the time allotted.
–16–
Cruz objected to appellees’ affidavits on several grounds. He also contended there was
no evidence appellees incurred any attorney’s fees as required under the Act. The trial court
ultimately signed an order awarding the BOR defendants $158,521.50 in attorney’s fees and
awarding Van Sickle $31,783.75 in attorney’s fees. The trial court denied appellees’ request for
sanctions pursuant to section 27.009(2). Cruz makes various challenges to the trial court’s
awards of attorney’s fees. We begin our discussion with his complaint about certain discovery,
procedural, and evidentiary rulings related to the attorney’s fees awards. 24
A. Discovery Issues
Cruz contends the trial court abused its discretion in sua sponte continuing the January 9
attorney’s fees hearing to give appellees time to supplement their inadequate disclosure
responses rather than excluding appellees’ evidence of attorney’s fees. 25 Cruz has provided no
discussion or legal authority to support his contention that the trial court continuance was
improper. Instead, Cruz cites several cases for the unremarkable proposition that failure to
timely disclose expert witnesses will result in exclusion of testimony unless the proffering party
demonstrates good cause or lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice for its admission. But
nowhere does he discuss how this proposition precluded the trial court from continuing the
hearing in light of rule 193.6(c). Rule 193.6(c) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
specifically permits a trial court to temporarily postpone a hearing to allow supplementation of a
discovery response even when the proponent of the evidence fails to establish good cause or the
lack of unfair surprise or unfair prejudice. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(c). Accordingly, Cruz has
not demonstrated any reversible error in connection with the trial court’s continuance.
24
Issues 43, and 45 through 120.
25
Issues 43 and 49.
–17–
Cruz next contends that appellees’ evidence on attorney’s fees should have been excluded
because their supplemental disclosure responses did not disclose the bases for the experts’
opinions, contain the attorney’s fees agreements, or the resume of the BOR defendants’
attorney. 26 In their supplemental disclosure, the BOR defendants identified three attorneys from
the law firm that was representing them in this matter and designated one of these attorneys as a
testifying expert stating that he:
will testify on the subject of attorney’s fees incurred in defending against the
action brought by Plaintiff and whether such an award would be equitable and
just.
* * *
[Counsel] will testify that the attorneys’ fees incurred in defending against the
action brought by Plaintiff are reasonable in Dallas County and were necessary
for the defense of the suit. He will rely upon the applicable factors set out in State
Bar Rule 1.04 regarding the reasonableness of the fees. He will also opine that
the unreasonable actions of the Plaintiff were responsible for making the fees
higher than they ordinarily would have been. This opinion is based upon the
Plaintiff taking legal positions that were unsupported by legal authority and by
requiring unnecessary hearings before the court. This same conduct supports
[counsel’s] opinion that the award of fees would be equitable and just.
The BOR defendants’ supplemental disclosure also attached billing statements and the resumes
of three attorneys from the law firm who performed work on the case. 27
Van Sickle’s amended disclosure designated four lawyers from the law firm representing
him as testifying experts stating:
One or more . . . will testify regarding the reasonable and necessary attorneys’
fees incurred in this case. The basis for the opinion will be his/her respective
experience in the area of civil litigation in Texas and a review of the pleadings
and documents in the case as of the time of testimony.
26
Issues 45 through 51 and 63 through 65.
27
Although Cruz asserts that the testifying attorney for the BOR defendants did not provide his resume in
accordance with rule 194.2(f)(3), their supplemental responses note that the attorney’s “current resume is attached
and bibliography is attached as Exhibit “E.” Our record does not contain the attachments to the supplemental
disclosure responses. At the March 14 hearing, however, the attorney stated the attachment contained his picture,
and “goes on in some detail to indicate what my background is, cases that I’ve tried, et cetera, et cetera.”
–18–
The attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in preparing this case on behalf of [Van
Sickle] are reasonable and necessary. The [law firm] is retained by [Van Sickle].
The amended disclosure also included the hourly rates for the attorneys working on the
case, billing statements for the total amount of fees and expenses as of the time of the disclosure,
and the resumes of two of the attorneys.
Appellees’ supplemental responses disclosed the names of the attorneys who might
testify about the respective party’s attorney’s fees and about the reasonableness and necessity of
the fees based on one or more of the following: (1) factors set forth in Texas Disciplinary Rule
1.04, 28 (2) their legal experience, and (3) review of the documents and pleadings in the case. The
disclosures also included billing statements and the resumes of the testifying experts. These
disclosures provided Cruz with the general substance of the attorneys’ anticipated testimony.
Based on the record before us, we conclude appellees sufficiently complied with the disclosure
rules and the trial court did not abuse its discretion refusing to exclude appellees’ evidence on
attorney’s fees. See Goldman v. Olmstead, 414 S.W.3d 346, 364–65 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013,
pet. denied); Reynolds v. Nagely, 262 S.W.3d 521, 531 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied). 29
B. Procedural and Evidentiary Issues
In multiple issues, Cruz generally attacks the manner by which appellees sought to prove
their attorney’s fees. 30 At the March 14 hearing, appellees informed the Court that they had filed
attorney’s fees affidavits pursuant to section 18.001 of the civil practice and remedies code and
that Cruz had not filed any controverting affidavits. When the BOR attorney attempted to
28
TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.04, reprinted in TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. G
app. A (West 2013) (TEX. STATE BAR R. art. X, § 9).
29
In issue 48, Cruz also contends that Van Sickle’s attorney’s fees affidavit should have been excluded under
the best evidence rule because the written fee agreement was not produced. Because Cruz provided no discussion or
legal authority other than a general reference to rule 1002 of the Texas Rules of Evidence, he has waived this
complaint. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
30
Issues 52 through 62 and 66 through 86.
–19–
present his affidavit as an exhibit, the Court responded, “I just need to know when it was filed, if
it’s in my record.” Appellees stated the affidavits were filed on February 7 and covered their
fees up to January 31, 2013. The Court then confirmed that he would only be hearing argument
rather than testimony from appellees. Cruz now complains the trial court improperly considered
affidavits that were not formally introduced into evidence. Cruz did not object to this procedure
during the hearing. Indeed, after the hearing, Cruz filed “Plaintiff’s Response to Defendants’
Briefs on Attorneys’ Fees and Sanctions, and Objections to Affidavits Introduced into Evidence
By Defendants at March 14, 2013 hearing on Defendants’ Requests for Attorneys’ Fees” (italics
added). Although Cruz raised various objections to the affidavits, he did not assert they were
never introduced into evidence. Cruz, therefore, failed to preserve this complaint for appellate
review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Moreover, he has cited no legal authority, nor have we found
any, to support his contention that affidavits filed with the trial court over one month before the
attorney’s fees hearing had to be formally introduced into evidence at the hearing after the trial
court indicated he just needed to know when it was filed. We resolve this complaint against
Cruz.
Cruz also objects to the affidavits on the grounds they did not reference or comply with
chapter 18 of the civil practice and remedies code. At the hearing, Cruz argued specifically that
the affiants did not put forth the information required by section 18.002(b), which is the form of
affidavit applicable for a person in charge of records. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18.002(b) (“An
affidavit concerning cost and necessity of services by the person who is in charge of records
showing the service provided and the charge made is sufficient if it follows the following
form….”). Because the affiants were the lead attorneys who provided legal services to appellees,
section 18.002(a) was the applicable section not section 18.002(b). See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18.002(a)
(“An affidavit concerning cost and necessity of services by the person who provided the service
–20–
is sufficient if it follows the following form….”) (emphasis added). Cruz has provided no legal
authority, and we have found none, that would preclude an attorney overseeing or in charge of a
file from testifying as to the reasonableness and necessity of their legal fees and the legal fees of
the attorneys and staff working under them. Moreover, our review of the affidavits reveal that
they substantially complied with section 18.001. See TEX. R. APP. P. 18.002(c) (“an affidavit
that substantially complies with Section 18.001 is sufficient”). The affidavits were taken before
an officer with authority to administer oaths, made by persons who provided the services,
included itemized statements of the services and charges, and were filed and served at least 30
days before the day on which evidence was first presented to the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P.
18.001.
As part of his argument under these issues, Cruz also makes the bold assertion that
appellees drafted the fee affidavits to conceal the fact that they were filed pursuant to chapter 18
and, thus acted in a “dishonest, misleading, fraudulent and/or unethical” manner. The only
evidence Cruz references to support his position are the affidavits themselves and we have
already concluded they substantially comply with section 18.001. Moreover, Cruz made no
objection on this basis at the March 14 hearing when he learned that appellees were relying on
the affidavits to support their evidentiary burden. Instead, Cruz merely stated, “this is the first
time that I realized that they are claiming that their affidavits are being filed under Chapter 18 of
the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Their affidavits do not comply with the
requirements of Chapter 18 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.” 31 He has thus failed to
preserve this argument. For all of the preceding reasons, Cruz’s procedural and evidentiary
31
Our resolution of this issue makes it unnecessary to address Cruz’s request that we sanction appellees and/or
their attorneys for preparing and filing the affidavits in the trial court.
–21–
complaints lack merit. We therefore conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
considering the appellees’ fee affidavits in connection with their request for attorney’s fees.
C. Fee Awards pursuant to Section 27.009
When the trial court dismisses a legal action under the Act, “the court shall award to the
moving party: (1) court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and other expenses incurred in
defending against the legal action as justice and equity may require.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 27.009(a)(1). Cruz contends that the phrase “as justice and equity may require”
indicates that an attorney’s fees award under section 27.009(a)(1) is discretionary. 32 We
disagree. Statutes that provide a court “may recover,” “shall be awarded,” or “is entitled to”
attorney’s fees are not discretionary. See Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 20 (Tex. 1998);
see also Sierra Club v. Andrews Cnty., 418 S.W.3d 711, 720 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, pet.
filed) (award of attorney’s fees mandatory if motion for dismissal granted). Accordingly, Cruz’s
contention is not well-taken. 33 Pursuant to the plain wording of the Act, appellees are entitled to
an award of attorney’s fees that is supported by the evidence. See Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 20;
Sierra Club, 418 S.W.3d at 720–21.
Next, Cruz generally contends the evidence was insufficient to establish the attorney’s
fees awarded to appellees were “incurred, reasonable, just and equitable” as required under the
32
Issue 99.
33
Cruz also relies on the author’s/sponsor’s statement of intent in the bill analysis stating after a claim is
dismissed under the Act, “the plaintiff who has wrongly brought the lawsuit may be required to pay attorney’s fees
of the defendant.” This general statement directly contradicts the specific section analysis of section 27.009 in the
bill analysis which “Requires the court” to award to a successful moving party court cost, reasonable attorney’s fees,
and other expenses incurred in defending the legal action as justice and equity may require.
–22–
Act. 34 We first address Cruz’s arguments that appellees did not incur any fees in defending
against his claim. 35
1. Were Attorney’s Fees Incurred?
We recently addressed section 27.009(a)(1) in connection with a sufficiency challenge to
a trial court’s attorney’s fees award under the Act. See Am. Heritage Capital, 436 S.W.3d at
877–78. In American Heritage Capital, we assumed without deciding reasonable attorney’s fees
had to be incurred for recovery under 27.009(a)(1). See id. at 877. We also interpreted
“incurred” to mean liable for payment. See id. Our construction in American Heritage Capital
is consistent with the supreme court’s construction of the similarly worded attorney’s fees
provision in the Texas Medical Liability Act. See Garcia v. Gomez, 319 S.W.3d 638, 642 (Tex.
2010). In Garcia, the supreme court construed the statutory language “reasonable attorney’s fees
and costs of court incurred by the physician or health care provider” to limit the fee award to the
lesser of (1) a reasonable fee or (2) the fee actually incurred, noting that it had previously held a
health care liability defendant incurs attorney’s fees under this statute when he is “‘personally
liable in the first instance for both defense costs and any potential judgment.’” Garcia, 319
S.W.3d at 642–43 (quoting Aviles v. Aguirre, 292 S.W.3d 648, 649 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam)).
The BOR defendants contend that pursuant to the last antecedent rule, “incurred” only
applies to “other expenses” and not “attorney’s fees.” The last antecedent rule states that a
34
Issues 87 through 98 and 100 through 120.
35
In issues 89 and 90, Cruz asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in denying him the opportunity to
call appellees’ attorneys to testify at the March 14 hearing regarding their attorney fee agreements with appellees.
His entire argument with respect to these two issues is a single sentence asserting the trial court erred in refusing to
allow him to call the attorneys because “he was entitled to present evidence that appellees did not ‘incur’ any
attorneys [sic] as contemplated under Sec. 27.009(a)(1) TCPRC” and “the mere filing of an affidavit under chapter
18 does not preclude such an inquiry nor support or require a finding that fees described in such an affidavit have
been incurred.” [Italics in original]. Cruz provides no discussion or citations to applicable legal authorities to
support his contention. And although Cruz was permitted to make a bill in the trial court, there is no discussion in
his brief as to what the excluded testimony would have established. Accordingly, these issues present nothing for
review.
–23–
qualifying phrase in a statute must be confined to the words and phrases immediately preceding
it to which it may, without impairing the meaning of the sentence, be applied. Spradlin v. Jim
Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000). That rule of construction, however, is
“neither controlling nor inflexible.” Id. (quoting City of Corsicana v. Willmann, 216 S.W.2d
175, 176 (Tex. 1949)). Here, the use of the term “other” preceding “expenses” suggests that
court costs and attorney’s fees are also expenses. It makes no sense to require only expenses
other than court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to be “incurred.” According to the BOR
defendants’ construction, the legislature would have to place “incurred” after each cost listed to
insure it applied to that cost item resulting in a cumbersome and awkward sentence.
No case has construed the language of section 27.0009(a)(1) as the BOR defendants
suggest and we will not do so in light of the supreme court’s construction of the similarly worded
attorney’s fees statute in Garcia. 319 S.W.3d at 642–43 (“reasonable attorney’s fees and costs
incurred by the physician or health care provider” requires attorney’s fees to be both reasonable
and incurred). Because Van Sickle and the BOR defendants were represented by different
attorneys, we will separately address the propriety of each fee award based on our construction
of the statute and the evidence presented below.
a. BOR Attorney’s Fees Award
In support of their request for attorney’s fees, the BOR defendants filed an affidavit
pursuant to chapter 18 of the civil practice and remedies code. In the affidavit, their attorney
attested he was licensed to practice law since 1977, was currently a partner in the law firm of
Jackson Walker L.L.P, and the law firm and he represented the BOR defendants in this case. He
also swore that he had personal knowledge of the facts contained in the affidavit. The affidavit
incorporated a “prebill worksheet,” invoice summary, and an itemized statement of the legal
services the attorney and the law firm provided to the BOR defendants. The invoice summary
–24–
listed total fees of $158,521.50. However, the prebill worksheet and invoice summary indicate
that the BOR defendants were non-billable clients “approved by B&C.” There is also a notation
on the prebill worksheet stating “12/7/10: per emails, TCT1 has B&C approval to do probono
(sic) work for this client.skg.” Cruz argues that because the BOR defendants are being
represented pro bono, they have not incurred any attorney’s fees as required under section
27.009(a). We agree. The undisputed evidence demonstrates the BOR defendants were being
represented pro bono. Accordingly, they did not incur attorney’s fees under section 27.009(a)(1)
because they did not at any time become liable for the attorney’s fees set forth in the invoices.
See Aviles, 292 S.W.3d at 649; Am. Heritage Capital, 436 S.W.3d at 877–78; see also Jackson v.
State Office of Admin. Hearings, 351 S.W.3d 290, 299–300 (Tex. 2011) (pro se attorney litigant
did not incur attorney’s fees under Texas Public Information Act).
The BOR defendants cite Brown v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 980 S.W.2d 675,
684 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, no pet.) to support their contention that even if section
27.009(a)(1) requires attorney’s fees to be incurred, the statutory language “as justice and equity
may require” authorizes an award of pro bono fees on public policy grounds. In Brown, the
appeals court upheld the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees to the Commission even though
lawyers represented it on a pro bono basis. Id. at 684. The court rejected Brown’s argument that
the Commission could only recover attorney’s fees actually incurred, noting applicable
disciplinary rules did not require “fees be contracted-for or incurred; the rules merely require that
an award of attorney fees be reasonable.” 36 Id. Moreover, contrary to the BOR defendants’
36
The BOR defendants cite additional cases where the recovery of attorney’s fees was allowed when the fees
were not actually incurred, but like Brown, the statutes authorizing the recovery of fees did not require them to be
incurred. See Gluck v. Hadlock, No. 02-09-00411-CV, 2011 WL 944439 at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth March 17,
2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (recovery of pro bono attorney’s fees under section 92.109(a) of the property code); AMX
Enters., L.L.P. v. Master Realty Corp., 283 S.W.3d 506, 520 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.)(in-house
counsel’s attorney’s fees recoverable under chapter 38 of the civil practice and remedies code); Beckstrom v.
Gilmore, 886 S.W.2d 845, 847 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1994, writ denied) (attorney representing himself pro se could
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contentions, the phrase “as justice and equity may require” in section 27.009(a)(1) are additional
limitations on the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees, requiring them to be equitable and just.
See Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 20.
The BOR defendants also rely on federal cases permitting pro bono attorneys to recover
fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act for public policy reasons even though the EAJA
expressly authorizes a prevailing party to receive an award for attorney’s fees “incurred.” We do
not find the federal cases persuasive here, particularly in light of Garcia and Aviles defining
“incurred” in a similar attorney’s fees statute to mean fees that have been paid or for which one
has become liable. We must give effect to the language used by the legislature and it is not our
place to substitute our view of public policy for that of the legislature. See Curry v. Harris Cnty.
Appraisal Dist., 434 S.W.3d 815, 823 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.).
Finally, the BOR defendants direct us to the omission of the term “incurred” in the
section permitting the trial court to award costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to the party
responding to the motion to dismiss if the court finds the dismissal motion is frivolous or solely
intended to delay. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.009(b) (“If the court finds that a
motion to dismiss filed under this chapter is frivolous or solely intended to delay, the court may
award court costs and reasonable attorney's fees to the responding party.”). They argue it would
be absurd to preclude a fee award to movants who are represented pro bono when there is no
such restriction on respondents who are represented pro bono.
“The absurdity safety valve is reserved for truly exceptional cases and mere oddity does
not equal absurdity.” Jaster v. Comet II Constr. Inc., 438 S.W.3d 556, 569 (Tex. 2014) (citing
recover fees under chapter 38 of the civil practice and remedies code); Tuberquia v. Jamison & Harris, No. A14-91-
00055-CV, 1991 WL 260344 at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 12, 1991, no writ) (not designated for
publication) (attorney representing his law firm could recover fees under chapter 38 of the civil practice and
remedies code).
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Combs v. Health Care Servs. Corp., 401 S.W.3d 623, 630 (Tex. 2013)). The legislature has
chosen to treat movants and respondents differently regarding the recovery of attorney’s fees
under the Act. For example, although an award of reasonable attorney's fees incurred is
mandatory for a successful movant, a fee award to a successful respondent is completely
discretionary and requires a finding the motion was frivolous or solely intended to delay. We
therefore cannot conclude that requiring attorney’s fees to be “incurred” for a mandatory award
while omitting that requirement for a discretionary award is absurd.
Because the undisputed evidence before us establishes that their attorneys represented
them pro bono, the BOR defendants did not incur any attorney’s fees in defending against Cruz’s
lawsuit. Accordingly, they were not entitled an award for attorney’s fees pursuant to the Act.
Based on the record before us, we conclude the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to the
BOR defendants.
b. Van Sickle’s Attorney’s Fees award
The fee affidavit of Van Sickle’s attorney filed with the trial court stated that her law firm
was retained by Van Sickle to represent him in this matter. She also stated the fees and expenses
her firm charged in connection with the representation of Van Sickle were reasonable and
necessary. Attached to the affidavit were three invoices addressed to Van Sickle, each detailing
the nature of the legal work performed, the time expended for the work, and the attorney
performing the work. At the end of each invoice is a summary of the fees and disbursements,
and a “balance now due” together with a remittance form for payment. The last invoice, dated
January 31, 2013, combines the outstanding amounts of the two preceding invoices for a total
“balance now due” of $32,317.65. Although there is no indication that Van Sickle paid these
invoices, we conclude the record contains some evidence that Van Sickle was personally liable
for the invoices and thus incurred the attorney’s fees invoiced. The invoices were addressed to
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him, contained a balance due, and a remittance form for payment. Accordingly, we reject
Cruz’s contention that there was no evidence Van Sickle incurred attorney’s fees. See Garcia,
319 S.W.3d at 642–43.
2. Was the Attorney’s Fees Award reasonable? 37
Cruz concludes, without any discussion of the evidence before the trial court, that the
attorney’s fees awarded bore no relationship to what a lawyer would reasonably charge to defend
such a case or what a reasonably sophisticated client would agree to pay. We have already
concluded Van Sickle’s attorney’s fee affidavit substantially complied with section 18.001. The
affidavit also supports the full amount of the trial court’s award to Van Sickle. Because Cruz did
not file a controverting affidavit, Van Sickle’s affidavit was sufficient evidence to support the
trial court’s finding that the attorney’s fees charged were reasonable and necessary. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 18.001(b); Hong v. Bennett, 209 S.W.3d 795, 800 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no
pet.).
3. Was the attorney’s fees award just and equitable? 38
To support his contention that justice and equity do not support the award of attorney’s
fees, Cruz returns to the merits of his underlying lawsuit which we have already concluded was
properly dismissed. The language “as justice and equity may require” was added by a senate
amendment to the house bill’s version of section 29.009 to ensure a court could award attorney’s
fees that were less than what the attorney typically charges, if appropriate. 39 See House Research
Org., Texas House of Representatives, Bill Analysis H.B. 2973 (May 2, 2011). Whether the
37
Issues 91, 92, 111, and 113. In light of our conclusion that there was no evidence the BOR defendants
incurred any attorney’s fees, we need not address these or any remaining issues regarding their attorney’s fees
award, including those specifically challenging their award as unconscionable (Issues 114–16).
38
Issues 91, 92, 100 through 110, and 112.
39
We may consider legislative history when construing a statute whether or not the statute is ambiguous. See
TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.023(3) (West 2013).
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amount of an attorney’s fees award is equitable and just is left to the sound discretion of the trial
court. See Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 21. There is nothing in the record before us to suggest that
the trial court abused its discretion in awarding the amount of attorney’s fees set forth in the
uncontroverted affidavit filed by Van Sickle’s attorney.
4. Attorney’s Fees to Recover Attorney’s Fees
Cruz asserts that section 27.009 only permits the trial court to award attorney’s fees
incurred up to the time of dismissal of the legal action. 40 He argues attorney’ fees incurred post-
dismissal, including those necessary to obtain an attorney’s fees award under the Act, are not
recoverable because they are not “defending against the legal action,” as the statute requires. We
do not read the statutory language so narrowly.
We are required to construe the Act liberally to effectuate its purpose and intent fully.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.011(b). The Act defines “legal action” as a lawsuit,
cause of action, petition, complaint, cross-claim, or counterclaim or any other judicial pleading
or filing that requests legal or equitable relief. Id. § 27.001(6). In the case before us, Van Sickle
sought and received attorney’s fees through January 31, 2013. A review of the billing statements
attached to the affidavit reveals that after the December 10 dismissal order, Van Sickle incurred
attorney’s fees with respect to reviewing the dismissal order, Cruz’s motion for new trial, and
their request for attorney’s fees under the Act. All of these fees were incurred in connection with
Van Sickle’s defense of Cruz’s libel lawsuit against him. Accordingly, the trial court did not err
in awarding attorney’s fees incurred after December 10 dismissal order.
The sole legal authority Cruz provides to support his narrow construction of the Act’s
statutory language on attorney’s fees is Twin City Fire Insurance Co. v. Vega-Garcia, 223
S.W.3d 762 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied). Vega-Garcia involved attorney’s fees
40
Issues 117 and 118.
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awarded in matters involving worker’s compensation benefits. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN.
§§ 408.147, .221 (West 2006). We held that because the statutory scheme expressly limited
recovery of attorney’s fees to those incurred as a result of issues unsuccessfully raised by an
insurance carrier in a suit for judicial review, claimant Vega-Garcia could not recover fees
incurred in pursuit of fees when “the issue of attorney’s fees was not an issue on which judicial
review was sought [by the carrier] in district court.” Vega-Garcia, 223 S.W.3d at 769. Because
Vega-Garcia involved a different statute with specific limiting language that is not present in
section 29.009(a)(1), Cruz’s reliance on the case is misplaced.
CONCLUSION
We resolve Cruz’s issues 93–96 in his favor to the extent that we reverse that part of the
trial court’s judgment awarding attorney’s fees to the BOR defendants. We render judgment that
the BOR defendants take nothing on their request for attorney’s fees. We resolve all remaining
issues against Cruz and affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other respects.
130191F.P05 /David Evans/
DAVID EVANS
JUSTICE
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
BALTASAR D. CRUZ, Appellant On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District
Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-13-00191-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-09275
Opinion delivered by Justice Evans, Justices
JAMES VAN SICKLE, KARL-THOMAS Bridges and Lang participating.
MUSSELMAN d/b/a BURNT ORANGE
REPORT, and KATHERINE
HAENSCHEN, Appellees
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we AFFIRM the trial court’s
judgment granting appellees’ motions to dismiss and the trial court’s attorney’s fees award to
James Van Sickle.
We REVERSE THAT PART of the trial court’s judgment awarding attorney’s fees to
Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen and RENDER
judgment that appellees Karl-Thomas Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine
Haenschen take nothing on their request for attorney's fees.
It is ORDERED that appellee James Van Sickle recover his costs of this appeal and the
full amount of the trial court’s judgment from appellant Baltasar D. Cruz and from the cash
deposit in lieu of supersedeas bond. After the judgment and all costs have been paid, the clerk of
the 160th Judicial District Court is directed to release the balance, if any, of the cash deposit to
Baltasar D. Cruz.
It is FURTHER ORDERED that appellant Baltasar D. Cruz and appellees Karl-Thomas
Musselman d/b/a Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen bear their own costs of appeal.
Judgment entered this 3rd day of December, 2014.
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TAB D
§ 27.009. Damages and Costs, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 27.009
! ""
# $ %
& " ' ( ! & ) !&
* ' ++,
* ' ++, - !
) . /' +//
(a) If the court orders dismissal of a legal action under this chapter, the court shall award to the moving party:
(1) court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and other expenses incurred in defending against the legal action as justice and
equity may require; and
(2) sanctions against the party who brought the legal action as the court determines sufficient to deter the party who
brought the legal action from bringing similar actions described in this chapter.
(b) If the court finds that a motion to dismiss filed under this chapter is frivolous or solely intended to delay, the court may
award court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to the responding party.
Credits
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., ch. 341 (H.B. 2973), § 2, eff. June 17, 2011.
Notes of Decisions (26)
V. T. C. A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 27.009, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 27.009
Current through Chapters effective immediately through Chapter 46 of the 2015 Regular Session of the 84th Legislature
End of Document © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1
Baltasar D. Cruz v. James Van Sickle, Karl-Thomas Musselman D/B/A Burnt Orange Report and Katherine Haenschen
Combined Opinion