Opinion issued December 8, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-14-00591-CV
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JARROD DALE YOUNG, Appellant
V.
KATHRYN RENEE TERRAL, Appellee
On Appeal from the 247th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2012-37683
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Jarrod Dale Young filed suit against Kathryn Renee Terral to
establish paternity, conservatorship, and possession of their child. Young appeals
the trial court’s awards of retroactive child support, compensation for prenatal and
postnatal expenses, and attorney’s fees. He contends that the amounts of
retroactive support and medical expenses were outside the guidelines provided in
the Texas Family Code and were not supported by sufficient evidence. See TEX.
FAM. CODE §§ 154.009, 160.636. He also argues that there was insufficient
evidence to support an award of attorney’s fees. See id. §§ 106.002, 160.636(c).
We reverse the award of attorney’s fees, and we remand for further
consideration of that issue. We affirm the remainder of the judgment as modified.
Background
Young and Terral lived together and were in an unmarried relationship when
their daughter was born in 2009. Young contributed to the couple’s living expenses
while he was employed, but he did not contribute during a period of five to six
months of unemployment. The record does not specify how much he contributed
during the period they lived together.
In 2010, the couple separated, and Young moved out. Young initially agreed
with Terral that they would forego formal child support, and that instead he would
pay her car insurance and the child’s healthcare expenses, which together totaled
approximately $200 per month. In 2012, Terral asked that Young pay formal child
support instead, and he signed paperwork from the Attorney General’s office to
that effect. Young then stopped paying for Terral’s car insurance before the formal
support began. Terral testified she was not notified about the end of the insurance
payments, and her car was nearly repossessed. This led to an incident in which
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Terral took the child from Young by force and prevented him from seeing her for
six weeks.
In response, Young filed suit seeking to establish proof of paternity,
conservatorship, possession, child support, and attorney’s fees. Terral filed a
counterpetition seeking conservatorship, a restraining order, retroactive support,
and attorney’s fees. They agreed on temporary orders that made them joint
managing conservators and gave Terral primary possession of the child. The
temporary orders required Young to pay $300 per month in child support,
including withholdings from earnings that would be credited against the child-
support obligation.
The case proceeded to a bench trial. On cross-examination, Terral’s counsel
asked Young whether he was ordered to pay $223 a month, and he confirmed that
number rather than the $300 reflected in the agreed temporary orders. Young also
admitted that he had been working at a new position that paid more than a previous
one without alerting the court, that he earned at least $4,300 each month, and that
this would increase the amount he owed under the statutory guidelines.
Terral presented evidence of her medical expenses. Her mother had obtained
insurance for her under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
(COBRA) in order to pay the medical expenses of the pregnancy. Terral’s mother
testified as to the amount of the COBRA payments with a handwritten
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demonstrative, which the court admitted over Young’s objection to the form of the
evidence. She calculated the total amount of COBRA payments as $8,750.38,
stating that she wanted to be reimbursed for these payments. Young did not
otherwise object to Terral’s evidence on the subject of prenatal and postnatal
expenses.
Both Terral and Young asked for attorney’s fees in their pleadings. Terral
was briefly questioned by her counsel as to whether she was asking for attorney’s
fees and whether the rates had been reasonable. Young’s counsel did not reference
attorney’s fees in court until the end of the trial when judgment was being
rendered, leading Terral’s counsel to argue that such fees had not been proved.
Terral asked for $9,272 in attorney’s fees, and the trial court awarded her $4,000.
The court stated that since this amount was much lower than what was asked for, it
was similar to granting Young’s request for attorney’s fees as well.
The trial court set child support payments at $679 per month, and it ordered
Young to pay $5,072 in retroactive support. The court also ordered Young to pay
$4,375, representing half of the COBRA insurance premiums, as prenatal and
postnatal healthcare expenses. Young appealed.
Analysis
Young raises three issues on appeal. First, he asserts that the trial court erred
in the amount of retroactive child support it ordered and that it deviated from the
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“guiding principles” of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 154.009,
160.636(h). Second, he contends that the trial court had insufficient evidence to
support an award of prenatal and postnatal expenses, claiming that the evidence
submitted by Terral on this issue was improperly presented and was unfair
surprise. See id. § 160.636(g). Finally, Young argues that there was insufficient
evidence to support the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees. See id. § 106.002.
Appellate courts review a trial court’s award of child support, including
retroactive support and prenatal and postnatal expenses, for abuse of discretion.
See Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990). An award of attorney’s
fees is similarly within the trial court’s discretion. Bruni v. Bruni, 924 S.W.2d 366,
368 (Tex. 1996). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily,
unreasonably, or without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Downer v.
Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985); Newberry v.
Bohn–Newberry, 146 S.W.3d 233, 235 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no
pet.).
Under the abuse-of-discretion standard applied in this context, legal and
factual insufficiency are not independent grounds of error, but rather relevant
factors in determining whether the trial court abused its discretion. Ayala v. Ayala,
387 S.W.3d 721, 726 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). In a nonjury
case, complaints regarding legal or factual insufficiency of the evidence may be
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made for the first time on appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(d). A trial court does not
abuse its discretion when there is some evidence of a substantive and probative
character that supports its judgment. Ayala, 387 S.W.3d at 726.
I. Retroactive child support
In his first issue, Young challenges the amount of retroactive child support
ordered by the court. Orders for retroactive child support are subject to the
guidelines provided by Chapter 154 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM.
CODE §§ 154.009, 154.131, 160.636(h). A trial court may order retroactive child
support if the parent previously has not been ordered to pay support for the child.
Id. § 154.009(a). Section 154.131 of the Family Code provides further guidelines
for the amount of retroactive child support, including the following:
In ordering retroactive child support, the court shall consider
the net resources of the obligor during the relevant time period
and whether . . . (2) the obligor had knowledge of his paternity
or probable paternity . . . and (4) the obligor has provided actual
support or other necessaries before the filing of the action.
Id. § 154.131(b). The Family Code also specifies a percentage guideline for parents
whose monthly net resources are not greater than $7,500. Id. §§ 154.125(b). That
guideline currently sets the amount owed at 20% of the obligor’s net resources
when support is owed for one child. Id. An order that does not exceed the total
amount of support that would have been due for the four years preceding the date
the petition seeking support was filed is presumed to be reasonable and in the best
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interest of the child. Id. § 154.131(c). The presumption may be rebutted by
evidence that (1) the obligor knew or should have known that he was the father of
the child for whom support is sought and (2) he sought to avoid the establishment
of a support obligation for the child. Id. § 154.131(d).
Under the Family Code, the trial court has a duty to calculate net resources
for the purposes of determining child support liability. Ayala, 387 S.W.3d at 727.
Accordingly, there must be “some evidence of a substantive and probative
character of net resources” in order for the court to discharge this duty. Newberry,
146 S.W.3d at 236. Nonetheless, courts may calculate net resources based on
“imprecise information.” Ayala, 387 S.W.3d at 727.
A trial court has broad discretion to award an amount other than that
established by the child support guidelines, but only if the evidence rebuts the
presumption that the application of the guidelines is in the best interest of the child.
Id. To determine whether application of the guidelines would be unjust, the court
must consider evidence of all relevant factors, including the ability of the parents
to contribute to the support of the child, an increase or decrease in the income of
the obligee, the amount of alimony or spousal maintenance actually and currently
being paid or received by a party, and the amount of other deductions from the
wage or salary income of the parties. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 154.123.
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Young contends that the trial court did not follow the guidelines when
awarding retroactive child support and that there was insufficient evidence to
support the award. Young bases his argument largely on allegations that the court
did not consider the $77 in withholding from his wages that he had been paying
pursuant to the temporary orders. He claims that if the withholding had been
included in the court’s calculations, the correct amount of retroactive child support
owed since January 2013 should have been $3,790 rather than $5,027.
We conclude the court had sufficient evidence to support its award of
retroactive child support. By statute, the court’s order is presumed reasonable if the
amount of retroactive support is limited to an amount that does not exceed the total
amount of support that would have been due for the four years before Terral’s
counterpetition was filed. See id. § 154.131(c). As the counterpetition was filed in
2012, this period would date back to the time of the child’s birth in 2009.
There was sufficient evidence in the record to support an award of
retroactive support beyond the amount that differed between the temporary order
and the increased salary that Young received in 2013. Both parties testified that
Young only paid $200 per month during the period from 2010 until 2012 when
they had an informal agreement. From the evidence produced at trial, the court
could have found that additional retroactive child support was due for this interval
based on Young’s ability to pay and the amount he actually paid. See id. § 154.123.
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Furthermore, the evidence showed that for some periods Young did not contribute
to his daughter’s necessities at all. See id. § 154.131(b). The trial court thus had
“some evidence” to support its judgment in awarding retroactive child support and
did not abuse its discretion. See Ayala, 387 S.W.3d at 727–28; Newberry, 146
S.W.3d at 236. We overrule Young’s first issue.
II. Prenatal and postnatal healthcare expenses
Young asserts that the court abused its discretion by ordering that he pay a
share of the prenatal and postnatal health expenses incurred during Terral’s
pregnancy. He contends that there was insufficient evidence to support the
healthcare expenses in question. He also argues that, because he had requested
discovery of documentation of prenatal or postnatal expenses but allegedly did not
receive a reply, the testimony on prenatal and postnatal expenses was unfair
surprise.
A. Sufficiency of the evidence
Family Code section 160.636 requires a “proper showing” before the court
may order a party to pay an equitable portion of prenatal and postnatal healthcare
expenses for the mother and child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 160.636(g). When there is no
documentation or testimony of expenses introduced into evidence, there is no
“proper showing,” and an award of prenatal and postnatal expenses is an abuse of
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discretion. See In re Q.D.T., No. 14-09-00696-CV, 2010 WL 4366125, at *6 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Q.D.T. dealt with an order to pay prenatal and postnatal expenses when the
sole supporting evidence was the mother’s testimony that she had given a copy of
the medical bills and parenting plan which contained the figures to the court and
opposing counsel. Id. at *5. The mother did not testify to the amount of expenses
and did not file any record of either the parenting plan or medical bills with the
court nor submit any documentation into evidence. Id. at *6. The Fourteenth Court
of Appeals held that because there was no evidence to support the trial court’s
findings, there was no “proper showing” of expenses and thus the award of
prenatal and postnatal expenses was an abuse of discretion. Id.
Young relies on Q.D.T. for the proposition that Terral’s failure to introduce
the actual insurance bills means that there was not a proper showing of expenses.
However, Q.D.T. was decided on the basis that no testimony or documents
whatsoever were included in the record to support the award. Id. In contrast, both
Terral’s mother’s testimony and the handwritten ledger that she completed were
admitted as evidence of the medical expenses. While Young challenged the form
of the evidence at trial, he does not challenge the admission of this evidence on
appeal. Instead, he contends that the handwritten evidence alone was not enough to
provide a proper showing. Young did not controvert the asserted amount of
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medical expenses or at any point provide competing evidence to challenge the
testimony, and there was nothing to suggest that the court could not rely on the
testimony. We conclude the court could consider the testimony and handwritten
evidence a “proper showing” for the purposes of the Family Code.
B. Unfair surprise
If a party fails to make, amend, or supplement a discovery response in a
timely manner, it may not introduce into evidence the material or information that
was not timely disclosed. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6. An exception exists if the court
finds that there was good cause for the failure to timely make the discovery
response or that the failure to make the discovery response will not unfairly
surprise or prejudice the other parties. Id. If a party fails to respond to a discovery
request, exclusion of the undisclosed material is generally mandated absent a
showing of good cause. See Harris Cnty v. Inter Nos, Ltd., 199 S.W.3d 366, 367
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). A party may claim error in the
admission of evidence only if the error affects a substantial right of the party and a
party, on the record, timely objects or moves to strike and states the specific
ground. See TEX. R. EVID. 103(a); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
Young raises the issue of unfair surprise for the first time on appeal. He did
not object to the questions or testimony relating to postnatal or prenatal expenses at
trial, and he did not complain about unfair surprise at any point before the trial
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court. As the issue of unfair surprise was not raised in the trial court and the
appellate record does not include the parties’ discovery requests and responses, we
cannot conclude that the trial court committed error in allowing the admission and
use of the evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 103(a); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
Because the trial court was able to rely on “some evidence” in making its
judgment and there was no objection as to unfair surprise, there was no abuse of
discretion in awarding prenatal and postnatal expenses. See id.; Ayala, 387 S.W.3d
at 726. We overrule Young’s second issue.
III. Attorney’s fees
Young claims that the court abused its discretion by awarding attorney’s
fees. Young argues that Terral did not “prove up” her fees and provide sufficient
evidence to support the award. Terral responds that Young waived the issue
because he did not object or bring the issue of attorney’s fees before the court by
motion.
A court may apportion attorney’s fees in a suit affecting the parent-child
relationship. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 106.002. “The award of attorney’s fees in a
suit affecting the parent-child relationship is within the trial court’s discretion.”
Bruni v. Bruni, 924 S.W.2d 366, 368 (Tex. 1996). However, the award must be
supported by evidence that should include testimony regarding the hours spent on
the case, the nature of preparation, the complexity of the case, the experience of the
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attorney, and the prevailing hourly rates. Branham v. Davenport, No. 01-11-00992-
CV, 2013 WL 5604736, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (citing Hardin v. Hardin, 161 S.W.3d 14, 24 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.)). An attorney may testify to the reasonableness of his or
her own fees as an expert witness. Garcia v. Gomez, 319 S.W.3d 638, 641 (Tex.
2010). The court may not take judicial notice that the usual and customary fees are
reasonable; the party must offer legally and factually sufficient evidence on the
issue. Q.D.T., 2010 WL 4366125 at *9. In a nonjury case, a complaint regarding
legal or factual insufficiency of the evidence may be made for the first time on
appeal in the complaining party’s brief. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(d).
In this case, Terral’s testimony on the reasonableness of attorney’s fees
consisted solely of the following:
Q: Are you asking the Court that Mr. Young pay your
attorney’s fees today?
A: Yes.
Q: And did you agree to pay me a reasonable rate?
A: Yes.
The only other testimony on the reasonableness of attorney’s fees came from
Terral’s counsel asserting at the end of trial that her fees were $9,272.
We conclude that there was insufficient evidence of the reasonableness of
attorney’s fees in this case. While Young did not object to Terral’s assertion of
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attorney’s fees at trial, this is a complaint regarding the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the award, and thus it can be brought for the first time on appeal. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(d); Q.D.T., 2010 WL 4366125 at *9. There is no evidence in
the record of the amount of hours spent on the case, the nature of preparation, the
experience of the attorney, or the complexity of the case. See Davenport, 2013 WL
5604736, at *8. Terral asserts that full invoices and the contract for employment
were disclosed in earlier discovery, but she admits that they were not submitted as
part of the record and thus cannot be considered on appeal. See Q.D.T, 2010 WL
4366125 at *5; Barnard v. Barnard, 133 S.W.3d 782, 789 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2004, pet. denied). Neither party adduced sufficient evidence to support attorney’s
fees. Terral’s bare assertion that fees were assessed at a “reasonable rate” is
insufficient to support the award. See Davenport, 2013 WL 5604736, at *8.
Because the attorney’s fee award was not supported by sufficient evidence
that the fees were reasonable, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion
by awarding attorney’s fees in the amount of $4,000. See Q.D.T., 2010 WL
4366125 at *10. However, as there is “some evidence” that attorney’s fees were
incurred, we remand to the trial court for further proceedings. See Garcia, 319
S.W.3d at 642 (noting that when there is evidence that legal services were
performed, it “blinks reality” to assume no fees were incurred); Akin, Gump,
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Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat’l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106,
124 (Tex. 2009).
We sustain Young’s third issue, and reverse and remand the award of
attorney’s fees.
Conclusion
We reverse the trial court’s judgment in part, and we remand the issue of
attorney’s fees to the trial court for further proceedings. The remainder of the trial
court’s judgment is affirmed.
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Massengale, and Lloyd.
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Jarrod Dale Young v. Kathryn Renee Terral
Combined Opinion