Digitally signed by
Illinois Official Reports Reporter of Decisions
Reason: I attest to the
accuracy and integrity
Appellate Court of this document
Date: 2016.09.29
16:43:52 -05'00'
People v. Rademacher, 2016 IL App (3d) 130881
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption TIMOTHY J. RADEMACHER, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Third District
Docket No. 3-13-0881
Opinion filed April 4, 2016
Modified upon
denial of rehearing August 1, 2016
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Iroquois County, No. 05-CF-87; the
Review Hon. Gordon L. Lustfeldt, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier and James Ryan Williams, both of State Appellate
Appeal Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.
James A. Devine, State’s Attorney, of Watseka (Dawn D. Duffy, of
State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the
People.
Panel JUSTICE SCHMIDT delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justice Holdridge concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice Wright specially concurred, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Timothy J. Rademacher, appeals the first-stage dismissal of his pro se
postconviction petition. On appeal, defendant argues that his petition stated the gist of a
constitutional claim. We affirm.
¶2 FACTS
¶3 Defendant pled guilty to predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS
5/12-14.1(a)(1) (West 2004)) and criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(4) (West
2004)). In exchange for defendant’s plea, the State agreed to an aggregate sentencing range of
12 to 35 years’ imprisonment on the mandatorily consecutive sentences. As the factual basis
for the plea, the parties agreed that if the case proceeded to trial, B.B. would testify that he had
sexual intercourse with defendant at the church’s parsonage in September 2002, when B.B.
was 13 years old. Further, the parties agreed that C.L. would testify that he had sexual
intercourse with defendant in the parsonage between January 2003 and June 2005, when he
was under 13 years old. The court accepted defendant’s guilty plea.
¶4 The Iroquois County probation department submitted a presentence investigation report
(PSI), which the trial court considered at defendant’s sentencing. In a statement included in the
PSI, defendant admitted to sexual activity with B.B. and C.L. while each was spending the
night at the parsonage where defendant lived. The incidents occurred while defendant was
employed as a youth minister at Ashkum United Methodist Church. Reports in the PSI
indicated that the church was located at 208 North 3rd Street, in Ashkum, while the church
parsonage was located at 303 East Washington Street. Statements from the victims also
indicated that all incidents in question took place at the parsonage.
¶5 The PSI also included a reference to a child pornography case pending in another
jurisdiction. This included a number of photographs from that case, which had allegedly been
downloaded onto a church computer. The court overruled defense counsel’s objection to the
photographs, noting that defendant had admitted to downloading the photographs onto the
computer.
¶6 The PSI included a victim impact statement from C.L. In the statement, C.L. described the
stress that the offense had caused him, including flashbacks and nightmares. B.B.’s mother
also wrote a victim impact statement. In the statement, she wrote: “You stole our son from us.
You stole his innocence, his faith, his trust, his will to live.” She also wrote: “When [B.B.] met
you and we found out you were a minister we thought you were going to be good for him,
teaching him about God’s love. Instead you took it all away from him.” The court also
considered the fact that one of the victims had brought a lawsuit against the church. With the
consent of the parties, the court also considered a number of letters sent to the court by the
public.
¶7 At sentencing, the State read C.L.’s victim impact statement while B.B.’s mother read her
own. C.L.’s parents wrote statements after the filing of the PSI, and the State read those
statements to the court. Aside from the PSI and the victim impact statements, the State did not
present any formal evidence in aggravation.
¶8 Defendant called Charles Shelquist as his first witness in mitigation. Shelquist testified that
he was a member of the United Methodist Church clergy, and had served in Onarga, Illinois,
from 1997 to 2004. He became acquainted with defendant when defendant was appointed to
-2-
the church in Ashkum. Though Shelquist described his relationship with defendant as one of
colleagues, he testified that the relationship changed after defendant’s arrest: “Upon hearing of
his arrest I felt he would probably be feeling isolation and possible disconnect from God so I
tried to go see him to see what spiritual care he was receiving because I believe that everybody
deserves to have spiritual care.” Shelquist explained that he met with defendant once or twice a
month, taking communion, talking about scripture, and praying. Shelquist believed that
defendant was sincerely remorseful for committing the offenses in question.
¶9 Tammy Biltgen testified that she was the director of youth ministry and Christian
education at Trinity United Methodist Church in Wilmette. She testified that she was friends
with defendant while the two attended classes together at Garrett-Evangelical Theological
Seminary. She stayed in contact with defendant following his arrest. Biltgen testified that
defendant confided in her and another friend that he was homosexual. Biltgen knew that
defendant had pled guilty, but that did not affect her feelings of friendship for him. The parties
then stipulated that two further witnesses—both current pastors who attended seminary school
with defendant—would give similar testimony to that of Biltgen if called.
¶ 10 Laura Crites testified that she formerly worked as a Methodist pastor at two churches in
Iroquois County. She knew defendant both from seminary school and from his time as a pastor
in Ashkum. She, too, had remained in contact with defendant after his arrest. Crites opined that
defendant lacked the maturity to be the sole pastor at a small-town church. She testified that “if
[defendant] did not have the kinds of issues and problems that he ha[d], he would be a gifted
pastor the likes of which I have never seen.”
¶ 11 Steven Lobacz testified that he was both a United Methodist minister, as well as a board
certified psychiatrist. Defendant had revealed to Lobacz during a therapy session that he was
attracted to a boy at his church. Lobacz diagnosed defendant with depression and generalized
anxiety disorder. He opined that defendant would benefit from further therapy in the future.
Lobacz believed that defendant was sincere in his remorse.
¶ 12 The parties stipulated that defendant’s parents would testify that defendant had never been
a source of problems for them and that defendant would be a good candidate for rehabilitation.
¶ 13 In allocution, defendant admitted that he had sexual intercourse with B.B. Though he
admitted to having inappropriate sexual contact with C.L., defendant denied engaging in oral
or anal intercourse with him. Defendant recalled that he would pick C.L. up on Sunday
mornings, then take him home later in the afternoon following church. Occasionally, C.L.
would come to defendant’s house on Saturday and stay overnight. B.B., too, would sleep over
on weekends. Defendant admitted that “[i]n both cases I destroyed their trust and friendship
and broke the promises that I made to them, their families, the church, the community and to
my friends and family.” Defendant apologized profusely throughout his allocution to the
victims, their families, his former congregation, members of the community, and his own
family. The themes of prayer, forgiveness, and God’s love were recurrent throughout the
allocution.
¶ 14 Following arguments, the trial court delivered its remarks, beginning with its consideration
of the statutory factors in aggravation and mitigation. The only mitigating factor found by the
court was defendant’s lack of a criminal history. In aggravation, the court noted that
defendant’s position of trust was an element of the offense with regard to predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child, but not criminal sexual assault. Accordingly, the court considered that
aggravating factor only with respect to the second count. The court also found that defendant’s
-3-
conduct threatened serious harm and that a sentence was necessary to deter others from
committing the same offense. Moreover, the court found “that the offense did take place in a
house of worship or on the grounds of the same.” The court noted that this finding could be
considered an aggravating factor, stating that “[it] is not a factor in either one of the charges[,]
so it can be considered separately.” The court continued: “I think it’s aggravating that these
offenses were committed in a church and that you used religion to ensnare your victims.”
¶ 15 After its brief consideration of the statutory factors, the court began an explanation of how
it reached a sentence. In total, the trial court’s remarks span 13 uninterrupted pages of the
report of proceedings. Because of the importance of the court’s full remarks to our analysis, we
quote those remarks at length:
“These are crimes *** of outrage and I think you can imagine the sentence that might
be imposed on you if they left you tied to a post uptown and put above it some of the
pictures I saw, some of the despicable filth that you left on the Manteno Methodist
Church computer. I don’t think it would take too long for the good citizens of this area
to deal a punishment on you much more severe than my own. And I have struggled
mightily to keep my own emotions as a man, as a church goer, as a father in check and
I believe that I have done so, but you need to understand that society’s worst
opprobrium is reserved for people who commit crimes like this. ***
These victims, these boys all came to you through church. The offenses were
committed on church property. It happened more than once. They occurred while you
were a minister. *** It is clear that you used the cloak of religion to gain access to your
victims and to gain the trust of them and their parents.”
¶ 16 After stating that it had considered the letters received, including some from ministers, the
court explained the role religion played in the case:
“Ordinarily we don’t have religion in court, that’s not a rule that I have made, but it’s
the law. It does, however, seem impossible to avoid it in this case. And I have always
thought it ironic that the Bible, which is really a book of laws, is the only law book I
know of that’s not allowed in court. I have considered these letters *** but I keep
coming back to what you did.
You defied 2 churches, 2 houses of the Lord with your depravity and you cast a pall
on churchmen everywhere. You have subjected now the Methodist Church and these
churches to a lawsuit from one of the most outstanding plaintiff’s tort lawyers in
Illinois. They want over a million dollars and you brought that on your church that you
profess to love. How many children now will be kept out of church and out of youth
group because their parents are afraid they are going to be molested? How much harder
is it going to be for ministers to gain the trust of parishioners and children? And you
have apparently driven at least one of these boys out of the church and away from God,
that’s according to the victim statement, and that’s your fault.”
¶ 17 On the topic of forgiveness, the court explained that “an essential part of the church [is] the
forgiveness of sin and the reconciliation of the sinner with God.” However, the court
continued, “there is a difference between the forgiveness of God and the mercy of man.” The
court declared that defendant had betrayed the church, as well as his family, his friends, the
victims, and the victims’ families. The court also excoriated defendant for continuing to deny
the charges related to C.L.
-4-
¶ 18 The court continued: “You might have started out in the Methodist Church *** but I think
perversion is your true religion and you are its high priest and there’s been enough sacrifice of
young men on the alter [sic] of depravity by you.” The court sentenced defendant to terms of
20 and 10 years’ imprisonment on counts I and II, respectively, to run consecutively. The court
concluded: “There is nobody worse than a desecrater and a betrayer, especially a minister who
does it, who in his actions drives people from God and that’s what you did.”
¶ 19 Defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence, which the trial court denied. On direct
appeal, we remanded the matter for the filing of a Rule 604(d) certificate (Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(d)
(eff. July 1, 2006)) and a de novo hearing on defendant’s postplea motion. People v.
Rademacher, No. 3-07-0064 (2007) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶ 20 On remand, defendant, again, moved for reconsideration of his sentence. The trial court,
again, denied the motion, holding that defendant had to first move to withdraw his guilty plea
under People v. Linder, 186 Ill. 2d 67 (1999), and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(d) (eff. July
1, 2006). Following the denial, defendant filed a pro se motion to amend his motion for
reconsideration. Newly appointed defense counsel then filed a supplemental motion for
reconsideration. The trial court denied the motion, holding that defendant was not legally
entitled to challenge his sentence without moving to withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant
appealed.
¶ 21 On appeal, the Office of the State Appellate Defender, citing Linder, moved to dismiss the
appeal because defendant did not file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. This court allowed
the motion. People v. Rademacher, No. 3-11-0325 (Oct. 4, 2011) (dispositional order).
¶ 22 Defendant subsequently filed a pro se postconviction petition. In his petition, defendant
argued, inter alia, that the trial court deprived him of his constitutional right to a fair
sentencing hearing when it considered in aggravation evidence unsupported by the record.
Specifically, defendant contended that the crimes were committed in the parsonage, which
does not constitute a “place of worship” under the aggravating factors statute. 730 ILCS
5/5-5-3.2(a)(11) (West 2004). Defendant also alleged that the court violated his constitutional
rights by exhibiting a personal and religious bias against him. Defendant further claimed that
appellate counsel was ineffective in that counsel’s motion to dismiss the appeal deprived
defendant of the opportunity to make the above arguments on direct appeal. The trial court
dismissed the petition at the first stage of review.
¶ 23 ANALYSIS
¶ 24 On appeal, defendant renews the aforementioned arguments from his pro se postconviction
petition (improper aggravating factor and bias). Upon review, we find that neither of
defendant’s arguments set forth the gist of a constitutional claim.
¶ 25 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2012))
establishes a three-stage process by which a criminal defendant may challenge his convictions
or sentence for violations of state or federal constitutional rights. People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d
140, 143-44 (2004). At the first stage, a trial court shall summarily dismiss a petition for relief
if “the court determines the petition is frivolous or is patently without merit.” 725 ILCS
5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2012). We review a trial court’s first-stage dismissal of a postconviction
petition de novo. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 247 (2001).
-5-
¶ 26 A petition is frivolous or patently without merit if it lacks an arguable basis in law or fact.
People v. Alcozer, 241 Ill. 2d 248 (2011). A petition lacks an arguable basis in law or fact if it
“is one which is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory or a fanciful factual
allegation.” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 16 (2009). At the first stage, a petition is liberally
construed and all well-pled facts are taken as true unless affirmatively rebutted by the trial
record. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 381 (1998). “Because most petitions are drafted at
this stage by defendants with little legal knowledge or training, this court views the threshold
for survival as low.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 9. Accordingly, it is required only that a pro se
defendant allege enough facts to make out a claim that is arguably constitutional, or state the
“gist” of a constitutional claim. People v. Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 24.
¶ 27 I. Improper Sentencing Factor
¶ 28 Defendant first argues that the trial court erroneously found a statutory aggravating factor
applicable at sentencing. Specifically, defendant points out that his offenses took place in the
parsonage, rather than the church itself. Accordingly, defendant argues that the court erred in
finding in aggravation that the offense occurred “in a house of worship or on the grounds of the
same.” This reliance upon an improper factor, defendant contends, rendered his sentencing
noncompliant with the basic requirements of due process.
¶ 29 A. Error
¶ 30 Section 5-5-3.2 of the Unified Code of Corrections sets forth a number of factors that “may
be considered by the court as reasons to impose a more severe sentence.” 730 ILCS
5/5-5-3.2(a) (West 2004). One of those factors allows the court to consider in aggravation the
fact that “the offense took place in a place of worship or on the grounds of a place of worship,
immediately prior to, during or immediately following worship services.” 730 ILCS
5/5-5-3.2(a)(11) (West 2004). A “place of worship” is defined as “any church, synagogue or
other building, structure or place used primarily for religious worship.” Id.
¶ 31 “Parsonage” is defined as “the residence of a member of the clergy as provided by the
parish or church.” Random House Dictionary of the English Language 1413 (2d ed. 1987). In
the present case, the record establishes that the church parsonage has a separate address from
the church itself. Positing that religious worship is surely not the primary use of the parsonage,
defendant argues that the trial court erred in finding that this factor in aggravation was
applicable to his case. Implicit in defendant’s argument is the assumption that the parsonage
should not be considered “on the grounds” of the church. Though the State does not argue
otherwise, we are compelled to address the issue.
¶ 32 The aggravating factors statute defines “place of worship”; however, it does not define
“grounds.” 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(11) (West 2004). It is not apparent on the face of the statute
whether “grounds” should be strictly interpreted to mean the curtilage of the church, or more
broadly interpreted to mean the whole of the church property—a definition that might include
the parsonage. Moreover, it is unclear from the record whether the church property at 208
North 3rd Street abuts with the parsonage property located at 303 East Washington Street. We
raise these questions merely to illustrate that it is far from certain that any error was committed
by the trial court in the present case. We need not presently engage in a full statutory analysis,
however, because defendant’s claim fails on multiple other grounds.
-6-
¶ 33 B. Constitutional Dimension
¶ 34 Even assuming, for the sake of argument, that the trial court erred in finding subsection
(a)(11) of the aggravating factors statute applicable to defendant’s case, defendant’s
postconviction claim nevertheless fails because it is not of sufficient constitutional dimension.
¶ 35 The Act provides an opportunity for a defendant to assert that “there was a substantial
denial of his or her rights under the Constitution of the United States or of the State of Illinois
or both.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a)(1) (West 2012). Accordingly, postconviction relief will be
denied where defendant’s claims are based upon statutory rights or present an otherwise
insufficient constitutional dimension. See People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 203-04 (2004).
¶ 36 In the present case, the aggravating factor applied by the trial court is, of course, a creature
of statute. See 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a) (West 2004). Defendant maintains, however, that
sentencing based upon an improper factor undermined his fundamental right to liberty, and
that his claim is “of course of constitutional dimension.”
¶ 37 The alleged excessiveness of a sentence that is within statutory limits does not create a
constitutional issue that may serve as the basis for postconviction relief. People v. Boyd, 347
Ill. App. 3d 321, 331 (2004). Our supreme court has suggested that whether a sentence
conforms to statute is key in determining whether a constitutional question has been raised.
People v. Sluder, 40 Ill. 2d 559, 561 (1968) (“[T]he sentence imposed is within the statutory
limits prescribed for the offense to which the defendant had pleaded guilty, and this issue does
not involve a constitutional question.”). In People v. Del Vecchio, 129 Ill. 2d 265, 293 (1989),
the supreme court, on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition, refused to reach
the issue of whether a juvenile offense could be used in aggravation because, inter alia, “it
involves a question of statutory construction and not a constitutional matter.” See also People
v. Kessinger, 133 Ill. App. 3d 831, 832, 834 (1985) (refusing to consider erroneous imposition
of extended-term sentence on grounds that it did not rise to the level of a constitutional
deprivation). Even the complete lack of a hearing on factors in aggravation and mitigation does
not rise to the level of a constitutional deprivation because, as our supreme court has often
stated, “ ‘the statute providing for a hearing in aggravation and mitigation *** does not confer
any constitutional rights.’ ” People v. Scott, 49 Ill. 2d 231, 234 (1971) (quoting People v.
Wilbourn, 48 Ill. 2d 187, 190 (1971)).
¶ 38 The error alleged here by defendant would not rise to the level of a constitutional
deprivation because any such error is one created solely by statute. Defendant here allowed his
victims to spend the night at his house, which was property owned by the church. He
proceeded to perform sexual acts on the victims in that house before taking them to church the
next morning. In the trial court’s words, defendant “used religion to ensnare [his] victims.”
That the trial court reasonably cited this pattern of behavior in aggravation does not offend
either the federal or state constitution. Any purported error was only committed insofar as the
facts of defendant’s case do not line up with the language and definitions set forth in subsection
(a)(11) of the aggravating factors statute. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(11) (West 2004). In other
words, but for the existence of that statute, there could be no claim of error.1 Accordingly, the
1
A trial court is free to consider factors in aggravation that are not specifically listed in a statute.
E.g., People v. Allen, 119 Ill. App. 3d 845, 846 (1983). Thus, even if the parsonage in the present case
did not satisfy the aggravating factors statute, the court was free to consider defendant’s behavior as a
nonstatutory aggravating factor.
-7-
issue raised by defendant is one of statutory construction, and is not an issue of constitutional
deprivation.
¶ 39 In coming to this conclusion, we reject defendant’s reliance upon People v. Martin, 119 Ill.
2d 453 (1988), and People v. Reed, 376 Ill. App. 3d 121 (2007). Each of those cases was
decided on direct appeal, and thus did not involve postconviction proceedings under the Act.
Defendant’s cited authority does nothing to refute our supreme court’s well-settled position
that matters of statutory interpretation are not of sufficient constitutional dimension as required
by the Act. See Kessinger, 133 Ill. App. 3d at 834.
¶ 40 C. Prejudice
¶ 41 Though our finding that defendant’s improper aggravating factor argument did not raise a
constitutional issue is dispositive, we must note that his argument would fail on another ground
as well. That is, even assuming—again, arguendo—that the issue was of sufficient
constitutional dimension, defendant’s contention that he was arguably prejudiced by the
allegedly erroneous finding is affirmatively rebutted by the record.
¶ 42 A sentencing court’s consideration of an improper factor in aggravation warrants relief
only when a defendant can demonstrate that he or she was prejudiced by the court’s
consideration of that factor. Reed, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 128. To obtain remand for resentencing, a
defendant “must show more than the mere mentioning of an improper fact.” Id. “An isolated
remark made in passing, even though improper, does not necessarily require that defendant be
resentenced. [Citation.] Rather, defendant must show that the trial court relied on the improper
fact when imposing sentence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.
¶ 43 Of course, the pleading standards at the first stage of proceedings under the Act are low.
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 9. Accordingly, defendant need not outright establish that he was
prejudiced by the alleged error, but merely establish an arguable basis for such prejudice. See,
e.g., id. at 16. All well-pled facts in defendant’s petition are taken as true unless affirmatively
rebutted by the record. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 381.
¶ 44 In the present case, defendant’s argument—that the trial court’s consideration of an
improper aggravating factor was prejudicial—is affirmatively rebutted by the record. In the
court’s lengthy explanation of the sentence, it detailed the damage done by defendant to the
victims, their families, the church, and the community. The court’s comment, that the statutory
aggravating factor in question was applicable, was a de minimis portion of the court’s remarks.
Moreover, despite the heinous nature of defendant’s crimes, and the obvious consideration the
trial court gave to that fact, the court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 30 years’
imprisonment—5 years fewer than the maximum term allowed under defendant’s plea deal. It
strains credulity to think that the court’s passing reference to the applicability of a statutory
aggravating factor played any appreciable role in defendant’s sentence. Defendant has pointed
only to the mere mention of an allegedly improper factor. Any inference of prejudice to be
drawn from that passing remark is affirmatively rebutted by the record.
¶ 45 II. Personal and Religious Bias
¶ 46 Defendant next contends that he stated the gist of a constitutional claim when, in his
postconviction petition, he argued that the trial court exhibited personal and religious bias
against him at sentencing. In support of his claim, defendant cites numerous examples of the
-8-
court’s statements at sentencing. See, e.g., supra ¶¶ 16-19. Defendant claims that these
statements, including the court’s repeated references to church and religion, exemplify the
“judge’s active, personal or religious ‘animosity, hostility, ill will or distrust’ toward
[defendant].”
¶ 47 A sentencing hearing is fundamentally unfair—and due process is denied—when the
proceeding is affected by judicial bias. See Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904-05 (1997).
Such is the result regardless of whether the ultimate sentence imposed was within the statutory
limits. E.g., Townsend v. Burke, 334 U.S. 736, 741 (1948). Similarly, a sentencing hearing will
be found fundamentally unfair where religion is a factor in the sentence imposed. See Zant v.
Stephens, 462 U.S. 862, 885 (1983). In People v. Vance, 76 Ill. 2d 171 (1979), our supreme
court cautioned that “[r]eviewing court judges should be chary of condemning as motivated by
prejudice those actions of trial judges which may represent only a difference of opinion as to
the seriousness of a particular offense in the context of community conditions.” Id. at 181. The
court held that “ ‘something more’ ” than an unfavorable result to the defendant is required to
demonstrate bias or prejudice on the part of the trial court. Id. The court described that
“ ‘something more’ ” as “a showing of animosity, hostility, ill will, or distrust towards [a]
defendant.” Id.
¶ 48 The trial court’s remarks in the present case do not evince any animosity, hostility, ill will,
or distrust toward defendant. The court condemned defendant and his actions in the strongest
possible terms. The court described the outrage felt in the community stemming from
defendant’s crimes. Still, the record demonstrates that the court fairly considered all of the
evidence presented at trial and, despite its harsh rhetoric, imposed a sentence significantly
under the maximum aggregate term that defendant faced. Defendant was convicted of using
his position as a youth minister to engage in sexual contact with two young boys. These crimes
warranted harsh criticism from the trial court. We hold that harsh criticism, based on the
particular facts of a defendant’s case, does not constitute any sort of evidence of prejudice
derived from personal bias.
¶ 49 Furthermore, the court’s references to religion did not reflect any religious animosity or ill
will toward defendant. To be sure, the court’s repeated references to religion and church are
more than is commonly seen in a sentencing hearing. However, these references were plainly
invited by defendant. After calling six clergy members to testify in mitigation, defendant’s
lengthy statement in allocution was ripe with religiosity. Having invited a sentencing hearing
teeming with religion, defendant may not now argue that the trial court’s references to that
topic deprived him of due process. More importantly, a number of factors cited by the trial
court in aggravation necessarily related to religion, namely that defendant used religion to
ensnare his victims, that defendant’s crimes were committed on church property, and that child
pornography was found on a church computer. On the facts of this case, it would have been
virtually impossible for the court to avoid mentioning church or religion in sentencing. The
trial court simply could not reference those factors without referencing religion. Defendant’s
claims that the trial court exhibited personal or religious bias against him are thus affirmatively
rebutted by the record.
¶ 50 III. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel
¶ 51 Finally, defendant argues that “[i]f this Court concludes the constitutional issues are
forfeited,” we should find that his argument that appellate counsel was ineffective was not
-9-
frivolous or patently without merit. Though we have not found that defendant’s prior
arguments were forfeited, instead resolving those issues on their merits, we will nevertheless
address defendant’s ineffectiveness claim.
¶ 52 Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel are cognizable under the Act and are
analyzed under the same rubric as claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. People v.
Mack, 167 Ill. 2d 525, 531-32 (1995). In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel, a defendant must show “(1) that counsel’s performance was deficient or fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) that defendant suffered prejudice as a
result of counsel’s deficient performance.” Id. at 532 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). In order to prove prejudice stemming from the deficient performance of
appellate counsel, a defendant must show that there was a reasonable probability that, but for
that deficient performance, the sentence or conviction would have been reversed. People v.
Olinger, 176 Ill. 2d 326, 356 (1997). A petition will not be dismissed at the first stage of
proceedings under the Act if it provides an arguable basis for each of those prongs. Hodges,
234 Ill. 2d at 17.
¶ 53 Defendant failed to show that he was arguably prejudiced by appellate counsel’s allegedly
deficient performance. As explained in our analysis above, had defendant’s arguments been
presented on direct appeal, they would not have resulted in the reversal of his conviction or
sentence. As to defendant’s improper factors argument, the record is completely devoid of any
indication that defendant suffered any prejudice—a requirement if a defendant is to obtain
relief based upon improper sentencing factors. See supra ¶¶ 41-44. Moreover, defendant’s bias
argument would have failed because it was completely rebutted by the record. See supra
¶¶ 46-49.
¶ 54 Defendant’s prejudice argument fails on a second, more subtle ground as well. The
argument presumes that but for counsel’s motion to dismiss the appeal, this court would have
reached the merits on direct appeal. It is well settled, however, that a defendant’s failure to
comply with Rule 604(d) precludes the appellate court from considering the merits of a
defendant’s appeal. People v. Flowers, 208 Ill. 2d 291, 300-01 (2003). This court, having been
of the opinion that it was precluded from considering the merits of defendant’s appeal,
presumably would have reached that conclusion whether or not counsel raised it in a motion.
¶ 55 Defendant’s failure to show arguable prejudice is dispositive. See People v. Hale, 2013 IL
113140, ¶ 17 (allowing that a reviewing court may decide ineffectiveness claim on prejudice
prong “without addressing counsel’s performance”). Even so, we feel compelled to address the
issue of appellate counsel’s allegedly deficient performance. Defendant’s argument is
premised upon appellate counsel’s motion to dismiss the appeal pursuant to Rule 604(d). That
motion, of course, was granted and its legal position endorsed by this court. Defendant’s
argument then, in essence, is that this court erred in granting the motion. He contends that Rule
604(d) requires a motion to withdraw a guilty plea only where a defendant seeks to challenge
his sentence as excessive. Defendant maintains that he challenges his sentence not as excessive
but as improper.
¶ 56 In People v. Evans, 174 Ill. 2d 320 (1996), our supreme court held that the requirement of
Rule 604(d)—that a defendant wishing to appeal his sentence first file a motion to reconsider
that sentence—did not apply in the context of fully negotiated guilty pleas. In holding that such
a defendant must file a motion to withdraw the guilty plea, the court reasoned that “[t]o permit
a defendant to challenge his sentence without moving to withdraw the guilty plea in these
- 10 -
instances would vitiate the negotiated plea agreement he entered into with the State.” Id. at
332. Three years later, in Linder, 186 Ill. 2d at 74, the court extended the reasoning in Evans to
the context of partially negotiated guilty pleas, where a defendant pleads guilty in exchange for
a cap on the possible sentence. The Linder court explained:
“By agreeing to plead guilty in exchange for a recommended sentencing cap, a
defendant is, in effect, agreeing not to challenge any sentence imposed below that cap
on the grounds that it is excessive. See People v. Catron, 285 Ill. App. 3d 36, 37 (1996)
(defendant who agrees to a potential range of sentences implicitly concedes that a
sentence imposed within the range cannot be excessive). While the defendant may not
like the sentencing court’s ultimate disposition, that is a risk he assumes as part of his
bargain. A defendant who is unwilling to accept that risk should not agree to a cap
rather than a fixed term. Where the sentence imposed is within the agreed upon cap, as
the sentences here were, allowing the defendant to seek reconsideration of his sentence
without also moving to withdraw his guilty plea unfairly binds the State to the terms of
the plea agreement while giving the defendant the opportunity to avoid or modify those
terms. That is precisely the situation the Evans rule was designed to prevent.” Id.
Rule 604(d) was subsequently amended to its present form, which holds that “[n]o appeal shall
be taken upon a negotiated plea of guilty challenging the sentence as excessive unless the
defendant, within 30 days of the imposition of sentence, files a motion to withdraw the plea of
guilty and vacate the judgment.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(d) (eff. July 1, 2006).
¶ 57 Following Linder and the amendment to Rule 604(d), some courts have taken the position
espoused here by defendant. Most recently, the Fourth District, in People v. Palmer-Smith,
2015 IL App (4th) 130451, ¶ 28, drew a distinction between excessive sentencing and
improper sentencing. The court explained that the defendant in that case had argued that the
trial court “engaged in improper sentencing as opposed to excessive sentencing. Such a
specific challenge is not barred by Rule 604(d) ***.” Id. In dicta, the Second District cited
Palmer-Smith with approval, stating that a defendant could challenge his sentence—via
postplea motion and via appeal—without moving to withdraw his guilty plea “as long as the
motion and the appeal are based on something other than a contention that the sentence is
merely excessive.” People v. Martell, 2015 IL App (2d) 141202, ¶ 10.
¶ 58 We respectfully disagree with those courts. Any distinction between excessive sentencing
and improper sentencing is one without any practical difference. By way of illustration,
defendant here must show that the allegedly improper considerations by the trial court were
prejudicial. That is, he must show that those considerations led to a sentence that was—of
course—excessive. Any “improper sentencing” argument is, by its very nature, an implicit
argument that the sentence imposed was excessive. In other words, as the trial court in the
present case aptly noted, any distinction between improper and excessive “is merely a play on
words—any sentence which is unfair or the result of bias is[,] by definition, excessive.”
¶ 59 Virtually any excessive sentencing argument could be easily converted to an improper
sentencing argument. This position would completely undermine the holding in Linder, where
the court held that, when the sentence imposed is within the agreed upon range, “allowing the
defendant to seek reconsideration of his sentence without also moving to withdraw his guilty
plea unfairly binds the State to the terms of the plea agreement while giving the defendant the
opportunity to avoid or modify those terms.” Linder, 186 Ill. 2d at 74.
- 11 -
¶ 60 Moreover, drawing a distinction between improper sentencing and excessive sentencing
would completely swallow the withdrawal requirement of Rule 604(d), reducing that
requirement to nothingness in the context of partially negotiated pleas. We cannot imagine the
attorney unable to convert an “excessive” sentencing claim into an “improper” sentencing
claim. We are unaware of any excessive sentence claims wherein the defendant argues “the
trial judge did everything correctly, fairly considered all the appropriate factors in aggravation
and mitigation, only considered relevant and admissible evidence, etc., etc., but, doggone it,
the sentence is still just too long.” “The main purpose behind the promulgation of Rule 604(d)
was to reduce the large number of appeals being taken from guilty pleas.” Evans, 174 Ill. 2d at
329. Allowing defendants to appeal “improper” sentences imposed pursuant to partially
negotiated pleas without moving to withdraw their plea would open the floodgates to appeals
from such pleas. Also, this procedure would deny the State the benefit of its bargain. The result
would thus be completely contrary to the stated purpose of that rule.
¶ 61 To the extent that there should be exceptions to the holding in Linder or to Rule 604(d), we
believe those exceptions should be carved out explicitly by our supreme court, rather than
ad hoc by the appellate courts.
¶ 62 CONCLUSION
¶ 63 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Iroquois County is affirmed.
¶ 64 Affirmed.
¶ 65 JUSTICE WRIGHT, specially concurring.
¶ 66 I concur in the result but take no position with respect to the views expressed in paragraphs
54-61.
- 12 -